<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--[if IE 7]>    <html class="ie ie7 lt-ie10 lt-ie9 lt-ie8" lang="en"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]>    <html class="ie ie8 lt-ie10 lt-ie9 " lang="en"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 9]>    <html class="ie ie9 lt-ie10" lang="en"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if gt IE 9]><!--> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <!--<![endif]-->
<head>
  <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" />
<meta name="csrf-token" content="T7nIdRTx7Rn5ooW6ZSulZl6iIFA2kusvcUvyHybsVnV4tioHGKgdmv8AIE173p4MVYJ63FY5L4OlBdDuURGFDQ==" />

  <meta name="theme-color" content="#d8352a">
  <meta name="msapplication-navbutton-color" content="#d8352a">
  <meta charset="utf-8">
<script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"5b06465c9f","applicationID":"367227","transactionName":"el9cTBRXCl8EFk5QX1dEV1YSFxVbDhM=","queueTime":1,"applicationTime":100,"agent":""}</script>
<script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={xpid:"VwcEVlFACwUHVlNV"};window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,n,e){function r(e){if(!n[e]){var o=n[e]={exports:{}};t[e][0].call(o.exports,function(n){var o=t[e][1][n];return r(o||n)},o,o.exports)}return n[e].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<e.length;o++)r(e[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,n,e){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(n){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(15),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,n,e){r(e.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,n){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,n,e){function r(t,n,e,r,s){try{p?p-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,n,e),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,n,e){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=n,this.line=e}function o(t,n){var e=n?null:c.now();i("err",[t,e])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(16),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,l="nr@seenError",p=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(8),t(7),"addEventListener"in window&&t(5),c.xhrWrappable&&t(9),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,n,e){d&&(p+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,n,e){d&&!e[l]&&(f(e,l,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(e))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&p>0&&(p-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})},{}],3:[function(t,n,e){t("loader").features.ins=!0},{}],4:[function(t,n,e){function r(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var o=t("ee"),i=t("handle"),a=t(8),s=t(7),c="learResourceTimings",f="addEventListener",u="resourcetimingbufferfull",d="bstResource",l="resource",p="-start",h="-end",m="fn"+p,w="fn"+h,v="bstTimer",y="pushState",g=t("loader");g.features.stn=!0,t(6);var b=NREUM.o.EV;o.on(m,function(t,n){var e=t[0];e instanceof b&&(this.bstStart=g.now())}),o.on(w,function(t,n){var e=t[0];e instanceof b&&i("bst",[e,n,this.bstStart,g.now()])}),a.on(m,function(t,n,e){this.bstStart=g.now(),this.bstType=e}),a.on(w,function(t,n){i(v,[n,this.bstStart,g.now(),this.bstType])}),s.on(m,function(){this.bstStart=g.now()}),s.on(w,function(t,n){i(v,[n,this.bstStart,g.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),o.on(y+p,function(t){this.time=g.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),o.on(y+h,function(t){i("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),f in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+c]?window.performance[f](u,function(t){i(d,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(l)]),window.performance["c"+c]()},!1):window.performance[f]("webkit"+u,function(t){i(d,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(l)]),window.performance["webkitC"+c]()},!1)),document[f]("scroll",r,{passive:!0}),document[f]("keypress",r,!1),document[f]("click",r,!1)}},{}],5:[function(t,n,e){function r(t){for(var n=t;n&&!n.hasOwnProperty(u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&o(n)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,n){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t(18)(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";n.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,n){var e=t[1],r=c(e,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof e.handleEvent)return e.handleEvent.apply(e,arguments)}var n={object:t,"function":e}[typeof e];return n?s(n,"fn-",null,n.name||"anonymous"):e});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],6:[function(t,n,e){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t(18)(r);n.exports=r,o.inPlace(window.history,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],7:[function(t,n,e){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t(18)(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";n.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],8:[function(t,n,e){function r(t,n,e){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,e)}function o(t,n,e){this.method=e,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,e)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t(18)(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";n.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],9:[function(t,n,e){function r(t,n){d.inPlace(n,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,n=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!n.resolved&&(n.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){g.push(t),h&&(x?x.then(a):w?w(a):(E=-E,O.data=E))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<g.length;t++)r([],g[t]);g.length&&(g=[])}function s(t,n){return n}function c(t,n){for(var e in t)n[e]=t[e];return n}t(5);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t(18)(u),l=NREUM.o,p=l.XHR,h=l.MO,m=l.PR,w=l.SI,v="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],g=[];n.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var n=new p(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[n],n),n.addEventListener(v,o,!1)}catch(e){try{u.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(r){}}return n};if(c(p,b),b.prototype=p.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,n){r(t,n),i(n)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),h){var x=m&&m.resolve();if(!w&&!m){var E=1,O=document.createTextNode(E);new h(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===v||a()})},{}],10:[function(t,n,e){function r(t){var n=this.params,e=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<d;r++)t.removeEventListener(u[r],this.listener,!1);if(!n.aborted){if(e.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,4===t.readyState){n.status=t.status;var i=o(t,this.lastSize);if(i&&(e.rxSize=i),this.sameOrigin){var c=t.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");c&&(n.cat=c.split(", ").pop())}}else n.status=0;e.cbTime=this.cbTime,f.emit("xhr-done",[t],t),s("xhr",[n,e,this.startTime])}}}function o(t,n){var e=t.responseType;if("json"===e&&null!==n)return n;var r="arraybuffer"===e||"blob"===e||"json"===e?t.response:t.responseText;return h(r)}function i(t,n){var e=c(n),r=t.params;r.host=e.hostname+":"+e.port,r.pathname=e.pathname,t.sameOrigin=e.sameOrigin}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable){var s=t("handle"),c=t(11),f=t("ee"),u=["load","error","abort","timeout"],d=u.length,l=t("id"),p=t(14),h=t(13),m=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(9),f.on("new-xhr",function(t){var n=this;n.totalCbs=0,n.called=0,n.cbTime=0,n.end=r,n.ended=!1,n.xhrGuids={},n.lastSize=null,p&&(p>34||p<10)||window.opera||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){n.lastSize=t.loaded},!1)}),f.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},i(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),f.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,n){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid)}),f.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,n){var e=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(e&&r){var i=h(r);i&&(e.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"===t.type&&(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof n.onload))&&o.end(n)}catch(e){try{f.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<d;s++)n.addEventListener(u[s],this.listener,!1)}),f.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,n,e){this.cbTime+=t,n?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof e.onload||this.end(e)}),f.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,n){var e=""+l(t)+!!n;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[e]&&(this.xhrGuids[e]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),f.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,n){var e=""+l(t)+!!n;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[e]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[e],this.totalCbs-=1)}),f.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,n){n instanceof m&&"load"===t[0]&&f.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],n)}),f.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,n){n instanceof m&&"load"===t[0]&&f.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],n)}),f.on("fn-start",function(t,n,e){n instanceof m&&("onload"===e&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),f.on("fn-end",function(t,n){this.xhrCbStart&&f.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,n],n)})}},{}],11:[function(t,n,e){n.exports=function(t){var n=document.createElement("a"),e=window.location,r={};n.href=t,r.port=n.port;var o=n.href.split("://");!r.port&&o[1]&&(r.port=o[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),r.port&&"0"!==r.port||(r.port="https"===o[0]?"443":"80"),r.hostname=n.hostname||e.hostname,r.pathname=n.pathname,r.protocol=o[0],"/"!==r.pathname.charAt(0)&&(r.pathname="/"+r.pathname);var i=!n.protocol||":"===n.protocol||n.protocol===e.protocol,a=n.hostname===document.domain&&n.port===e.port;return r.sameOrigin=i&&(!n.hostname||a),r}},{}],12:[function(t,n,e){function r(){}function o(t,n,e){return function(){return i(t,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,e),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(15),s=t(16),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=u);var d=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",p=l+"ixn-";a(d,function(t,n){u[n]=o(l+n,!0,"api")}),u.addPageAction=o(l+"addPageAction",!0),u.setCurrentRouteName=o(l+"routeName",!0),n.exports=newrelic,u.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var h=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,n){var e={},r=this,o="function"==typeof n;return i(p+"tracer",[f.now(),t,e],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],e),o)try{return n.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],e),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],e)}}}};a("setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,n){h[n]=o(p+n)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),i("err",[t,f.now()])}},{}],13:[function(t,n,e){n.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(n){return}}}},{}],14:[function(t,n,e){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),n.exports=r},{}],15:[function(t,n,e){function r(t,n){var e=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(e[i]=n(r,t[r]),i+=1);return e}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;n.exports=r},{}],16:[function(t,n,e){function r(t,n,e){n||(n=0),"undefined"==typeof e&&(e=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=e-n||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[n+r];return i}n.exports=r},{}],17:[function(t,n,e){n.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],18:[function(t,n,e){function r(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[a])}var o=t("ee"),i=t(16),a="nr@original",s=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,c=!1;n.exports=function(t,n){function e(t,n,e,o){function nrWrapper(){var r,a,s,c;try{a=this,r=i(arguments),s="function"==typeof e?e(r,a):e||{}}catch(f){l([f,"",[r,a,o],s])}u(n+"start",[r,a,o],s);try{return c=t.apply(a,r)}catch(d){throw u(n+"err",[r,a,d],s),d}finally{u(n+"end",[r,a,c],s)}}return r(t)?t:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[a]=t,d(t,nrWrapper),nrWrapper)}function f(t,n,o,i){o||(o="");var a,s,c,f="-"===o.charAt(0);for(c=0;c<n.length;c++)s=n[c],a=t[s],r(a)||(t[s]=e(a,f?s+o:o,i,s))}function u(e,r,o){if(!c||n){var i=c;c=!0;try{t.emit(e,r,o,n)}catch(a){l([a,e,r,o])}c=i}}function d(t,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var e=Object.keys(t);return e.forEach(function(e){Object.defineProperty(n,e,{get:function(){return t[e]},set:function(n){return t[e]=n,n}})}),n}catch(r){l([r])}for(var o in t)s.call(t,o)&&(n[o]=t[o]);return n}function l(n){try{t.emit("internal-error",n)}catch(e){}}return t||(t=o),e.inPlace=f,e.flag=a,e}},{}],ee:[function(t,n,e){function r(){}function o(t){function n(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?c(t,s,i):i()}function e(e,r,o,i){if(!l.aborted||i){t&&t(e,r,o);for(var a=n(o),s=h(e),c=s.length,f=0;f<c;f++)s[f].apply(a,r);var d=u[y[e]];return d&&d.push([g,e,r,a]),a}}function p(t,n){v[t]=h(t).concat(n)}function h(t){return v[t]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||o(e)}function w(t,n){f(t,function(t,e){n=n||"feature",y[e]=n,n in u||(u[n]=[])})}var v={},y={},g={on:p,emit:e,get:m,listeners:h,context:n,buffer:w,abort:a,aborted:!1};return g}function i(){return new r}function a(){(u.api||u.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,u=l.backlog={})}var s="nr@context",c=t("gos"),f=t(15),u={},d={},l=n.exports=o();l.backlog=u},{}],gos:[function(t,n,e){function r(t,n,e){if(o.call(t,n))return t[n];var r=e();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,n,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[n]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;n.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,n,e){function r(t,n,e,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,n,e)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");n.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,n,e){function r(t){var n=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==n&&"function"!==n?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");n.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,n,e){function r(){if(!x++){var t=b.info=NREUM.info,n=l.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(u.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&n))return u.abort();f(y,function(n,e){t[n]||(t[n]=e)}),c("mark",["onload",a()+b.offset],null,"api");var e=l.createElement("script");e.src="https://"+t.agent,n.parentNode.insertBefore(e,n)}}function o(){"complete"===l.readyState&&i()}function i(){c("mark",["domContent",a()+b.offset],null,"api")}function a(){return E.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(s=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),s))-b.offset}var s=(new Date).getTime(),c=t("handle"),f=t(15),u=t("ee"),d=window,l=d.document,p="addEventListener",h="attachEvent",m=d.XMLHttpRequest,w=m&&m.prototype;NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:d.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:m,REQ:d.Request,EV:d.Event,PR:d.Promise,MO:d.MutationObserver};var v=""+location,y={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-1071.min.js"},g=m&&w&&w[p]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),b=n.exports={offset:s,now:a,origin:v,features:{},xhrWrappable:g};t(12),l[p]?(l[p]("DOMContentLoaded",i,!1),d[p]("load",r,!1)):(l[h]("onreadystatechange",o),d[h]("onload",r)),c("mark",["firstbyte",s],null,"api");var x=0,E=t(17)},{}]},{},["loader",2,10,4,3]);</script>
  <meta property="fb:app_id" content="127105130696839">
  <script>
  if (/iPad/.test(navigator.userAgent)) {
    // 972px layout + 20px gutter on left & right.
    document.write('<meta name="viewport" content="width=1012">');
  } else {
    document.write('<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">');
  }
</script>

  <meta name="description" content="The unpredictability of hurricanes makes it hard to say for sure whether climate change is making them worse. But we do know that sea-level rise and increased evaporation will worsen the impacts." />
<meta name="pubdate" content="20170828" />
<meta name="commissioning-region" content="au" />
<meta name="searchtype" content="post" />
<meta name="original-source" content="http://theconversation.com/is-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098" />
<meta name="news_keywords" content="Climate change, Coastal flooding, Extreme rainfall, Extreme weather, Flooding, Global Perspectives, Hurricane Harvey, Storms, Tropical cyclones, houston" />

  <meta name="author" content="Andrew King" />

  <meta name="institution" content="University of Melbourne" />

  <meta property="og:site_name" content="The Conversation" />
<meta property="og:title" content="Is Hurricane Harvey a harbinger for Houston&#39;s future?" />
<meta property="og:description" content="The unpredictability of hurricanes makes it hard to say for sure whether climate change is making them worse. But we do know that sea-level rise and increased evaporation will worsen the impacts." />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://images.theconversation.com/files/183581/original/file-20170828-17121-mbjuxn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;rect=5%2C226%2C3594%2C1746&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1356&amp;h=668&amp;fit=crop" />
<meta property="og:updated_time" content="2018-02-16T13:43:25Z" />
<meta property="og:url" content="http://theconversation.com/is-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098" />
<meta property="article:publisher" content="https://facebook.com/ConversationEDU" />

  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@ConversationEDU" />
<meta name="twitter:creator" content="@AndrewKingClim" />


  <script>
//<![CDATA[

  window.TC = {};
  window.TC.Config = {"sharejs_init_delay_ms":0};

//]]>
</script>
  <!-- refspec d5ef143 -->
  <title>Is Hurricane Harvey a harbinger for Houston&#39;s future?</title>
  <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/assets/webpacked-core-f2ac315252fd763492f83ef646434670.css" />





<!--[if lt IE 9]><script src="/javascripts/vendor/shim.js"></script><![endif]-->

<!--[if IE 7]><link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/assets/webpacked-ie/ie7-6d51734d54c1381ddb81cbfb2f4f265c.css" /><![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]><link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/assets/webpacked-ie/ie8-f5aeba8308e795837415a09f179d3e49.css" /><![endif]-->

<link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/assets/webpacked-print-4082ef3200d9f974dd858c91a43c3c0b.css" />


  <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="/assets/logos/logo-114x114-65dfe0d7cfa1a27576c4bea09d5070a3.png">
<link rel="icon" sizes="192x192" href="/assets/logos/logo-192x192-0dc138eb03a755cacf6c3df151929282.png">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico">

  <script>
      (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){
          (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),
          m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)
      })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');

    var ga = ga || function() {};

    ga('create', 'UA-21436757-1', 'auto');


      ga('set', 'dimension1', 'Reader');
      ga('set', 'dimension2', 'us');
      ga('set', 'dimension3', 'au');
      ga('set', 'dimension4', 'post');

    ga('send', 'pageview');
</script>


    
    
    <link rel="canonical" href="http://theconversation.com/is-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098" />
    

</head>
<body class="region_us content content-show  refresh-article" data-https="available">
  <nav class="editorial-menu">
</nav>

  
  <span id="small-sidebar-open-button" class="icon-menu"></span>
  <div id="small-sidebar">
    <span id="small-sidebar-close-button" class="icon-delete"></span>
    <nav class="small-sidebar-group small-sidebar-editions">
      <h3>Editions</h3>
      <fieldset class="region-select">
        <select id="small-region-select-dropdown">
            <option data-code="AFRICA" value="/africa">
              Africa
            </option>
            <option data-code="AU" value="/au">
              Australia
            </option>
            <option data-code="CA" value="/ca">
              Canada
            </option>
            <option data-code="FR" value="/fr">
              France
            </option>
            <option data-code="GLOBAL" value="/global">
              Global Perspectives
            </option>
            <option data-code="ID" value="/id">
              Indonesia
            </option>
            <option data-code="UK" value="/uk">
              United Kingdom
            </option>
            <option data-code="US" value="/us" selected="selected">
              United States
            </option>
        </select>
      </fieldset>
    </nav>

    <nav class="small-sidebar-group">
      <h3>Sections</h3>
      <ul>
          <li class="home-page ">
            <a class="" href="/us">Home<span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>
          <li class="arts ">
            <a class="" href="/us/arts">Arts <span><span title="and">+</span> Culture</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>
          <li class="business ">
            <a class="" href="/us/business">Economy <span><span title="and">+</span> Business</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>
          <li class="education ">
            <a class="" href="/us/education">Education<span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>
          <li class="environment ">
            <a class="active" href="/us/environment">Environment <span><span title="and">+</span> Energy</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>
          <li class="ethics ">
            <a class="" href="/us/ethics">Ethics <span><span title="and">+</span> Religion</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>
          <li class="health ">
            <a class="" href="/us/health">Health <span><span title="and">+</span> Medicine</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>
          <li class="politics ">
            <a class="" href="/us/politics">Politics <span><span title="and">+</span> Society</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>
          <li class="technology last">
            <a class="" href="/us/technology">Science <span><span title="and">+</span> Technology</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>
      </ul>
    </nav>

    <nav id="small-sidebar-search" class="small-sidebar-group">
      <h3>Search</h3>
      <form action="/search">
        <input type="text" name="q" placeholder="Search analysis, academics…">
        <button type="submit"><span class="icon-search"></span></button>
      </form>
    </nav>

    <nav class="small-sidebar-group">
      <h3>Services</h3>
      <ul>
        <li>
          <a href="/us/newsletter">
            Newsletter<span class="icon-chevron-right"></span>
</a>        </li>
          <li id="play-newsstand-link">
            <a href="http://google.com/newsstand/s/CBIwr8WNoC4">Read on Play Newsstand<span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>

          <li id="applenews-link">
            <a href="https://apple.news/TwTJF4g8lTJGKVT-OWib5Tw">Read on Apple News<span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>

          <li id="flipboard-link">
            <a href="https://flipboard.com/@ConversationUS">Read on Flipboard<span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>
      </ul>
    </nav>

    <nav class="small-sidebar-group">
      <h3>Information</h3>

      <ul>
        <li><a href="/us/who-we-are"><span>Who we are</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a></li>
        <li><a href="/us/charter"><span>Our charter</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a></li>
        <li><a href="/us/team"><span>Our team</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a></li>
        <li><a href="/us/partners"><span>Partners and funders</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a></li>
        <li><a href="/institutions"><span>Contributing institutions</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a></li>
        <li><a href="/us/contact-us"><span>Contact us</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a></li>
          <li>
            <a href="https://donate.theconversation.com/us?utm_source=theconversation.com&amp;utm_medium=website&amp;utm_campaign=mobile-sidebar"><span>Donate</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a>
          </li>
          <li><a href="/us/friends"><span>Friends of The Conversation</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a></li>
        <li><a href="/us/privacy-policy"><span>Privacy policy</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a></li>
        <li><a href="/us/terms-and-conditions"><span>Terms and conditions</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a></li>
        <li><a href="/us/corrections"><span>Corrections</span><span class="icon-chevron-right"></span></a></li>
      </ul>
    </nav>
  </div>
  <div id="small-sidebar-overlay"></div>


  <div id="page-wrapper">
    <section id="topbar">
  <div class="wrapper clearfix">

    <a class="topbar-mobile-home-link" href="/us">
      <img alt="The Conversation" src="/assets/carlton/logos/logo-7eb5f99842eee4b04f0d879253705740.svg" />
</a>
    
  <nav class="topbar-module">
    <ul class="topbar-item-list">
      <li class="topbar-home-link">
        <a href="/us">
          <i class="icon-home"></i>
</a>      </li>
      <li class="topbar-edition-selector-title topbar-label">Edition:</li>
    </ul>
  </nav>

  <nav class="topbar-edition-selector topbar-dropdown topbar-module">
    <a class="menu-button-open" href="/us">Available editions</a>
    <div class="menu-button-contents">
      <span class="menu-button-text">
        <span class="current-region">United States</span>
      </span>
      <i class="icon-caret-down drop-down-caret"></i>
    </div>

    <ul class="menu">
        <li class="region africa">
          <a title="Africa edition" href="/africa">Africa</a>
        </li>
        <li class="region au">
          <a title="Australia edition" href="/au">Australia</a>
        </li>
        <li class="region ca">
          <a title="Canada edition" href="/ca">Canada</a>
        </li>
        <li class="region fr">
          <a title="France edition" href="/fr">France</a>
        </li>
        <li class="region global">
          <a title="Global Perspectives edition" href="/global">Global Perspectives</a>
        </li>
        <li class="region id">
          <a title="Indonesia edition" href="/id">Indonesia</a>
        </li>
        <li class="region uk">
          <a title="United Kingdom edition" href="/uk">United Kingdom</a>
        </li>
    </ul>
  </nav>


      <nav class="topbar-promotional-links topbar-module">
    <ul class="topbar-item-list">

        <li class="tc-donate">
          <a href="https://donate.theconversation.com/us?utm_source=theconversation.com&amp;utm_medium=website&amp;utm_campaign=topbar">Donate</a>
        </li>

    </ul>
  </nav>


    <nav class="topbar-account-nav topbar-dropdown topbar-module">


    <ul class="topbar-item-list auth">
      <li class="author-signup">
        <a href="/become-an-author">Become an author</a>
      </li>
      <li class="reader-signup">
        <a href="https://theconversation.com/sign_up?return_to=%2Fis-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098">Sign up as a reader</a>
      </li>
      <li class="reader-signin">
        <a href="/sign_in?return_to=%2Fis-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098">Sign in</a>
      </li>
    </ul>
</nav>



    <nav class="topbar-stay-informed topbar-module">
  <ul class="topbar-button-list">
    <li class="topbar-button with-label newsletter">
      <a title="Sign up to receive our daily email newsletter" href="/us/newsletter">
        <i class="icon-email"></i>
        <span class="topbar-button-text">
          Get newsletter
        </span>
</a>    </li>
    <li class="topbar-button facebook">
      <a title="The Conversation on Facebook" href="https://facebook.com/theConversationUS">
        <i class="icon-facebook-simple"></i>
</a>    </li>
    <li class="topbar-button twitter">
      <a title="The Conversation on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ConversationUS">
        <i class="icon-twitter"></i>
</a>    </li>
    <li class="topbar-button rss">
      <a title="Feeds from The Conversation" href="/us/feeds">
        <i class="icon-rss"></i>
</a>    </li>
  </ul>
</nav>


  </div>
</section>

    
  <section id="header">
    <div class="wrapper nocontent">
      <header id="masthead" class="clearfix">
  <a class="masthead-home-link" href="/us">
    <img alt="The Conversation" src="/assets/carlton/logos/logo-7eb5f99842eee4b04f0d879253705740.svg" />
</a>
  <form class="masthead-search" action="/us/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
    <fieldset>
  <legend>Search</legend>
  <div class="row">
    <div class="input-wrapper">
      <label for="q"><i class="icon-search"></i></label>
      <input type="text" name="q" id="q" value="" placeholder="Search analysis, research, academics…" />
    </div>
    <button type="submit" class="button" value="Search"></button>
  </div>
</fieldset>

</form>
  <div class="masthead-tagline">
    Academic rigor, journalistic flair
  </div>
</header>

      <nav id="primary-navigation" class=" nocontent">
  <ol>
        <li class="arts ">
          <a class="" title="Arts + Culture" href="/us/arts">Arts <span><span title="and">+</span> Culture</span></a>
        </li>
        <li class="business ">
          <a class="" title="Economy + Business" href="/us/business">Economy <span><span title="and">+</span> Business</span></a>
        </li>
        <li class="education ">
          <a class="" title="Education" href="/us/education">Education</a>
        </li>
        <li class="environment ">
          <a class="current" title="Environment + Energy" href="/us/environment">Environment <span><span title="and">+</span> Energy</span></a>
        </li>
        <li class="ethics ">
          <a class="" title="Ethics + Religion" href="/us/ethics">Ethics <span><span title="and">+</span> Religion</span></a>
        </li>
        <li class="health ">
          <a class="" title="Health + Medicine" href="/us/health">Health <span><span title="and">+</span> Medicine</span></a>
        </li>
        <li class="politics ">
          <a class="" title="Politics + Society" href="/us/politics">Politics <span><span title="and">+</span> Society</span></a>
        </li>
        <li class="technology last">
          <a class="" title="Science + Technology" href="/us/technology">Science <span><span title="and">+</span> Technology</span></a>
        </li>
  </ol>
</nav>

    </div>
  </section>

    

    <section id="topics">
      <div class="wrapper nocontent">
          <section id="hot-topics" class=" clearfix nocontent">
    <h3>
      <a href="/us/topics">
        <i class="icon-tag"></i> Follow Topics
</a>    </h3>

    <ol>
        <li>
          <a class="nocontent" data-id="11106" href="/us/topics/epa-11106">EPA</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a class="nocontent" data-id="19352" href="/us/topics/us-energy-policy-19352">US energy policy</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a class="nocontent" data-id="9045" href="/us/topics/hurricanes-9045">Hurricanes</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a class="nocontent" data-id="623" href="/us/topics/wildlife-623">Wildlife</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a class="nocontent" data-id="5941" href="/us/topics/climate-science-5941">Climate science</a>
        </li>
        <li>
          <a class="nocontent" data-id="72" href="/us/topics/conservation-72">Conservation</a>
        </li>
    </ol>
  </section>

      </div>
    </section>


    <div id="outer">
      

      


<article id="article" class="content-post clearfix" data-id="83098" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article">
  <section class="content-column-header">
  <div class="wrapper">
    <a class="button content-column-feed" href="https://theconversation.com/columns/andrew-king-103126.atom">
      <i class="icon-rss"></i>
      <span>Subscribe</span>
</a>  </div>

  <a class="column-header" href="/columns/andrew-king-103126">
    <div class="wrapper">
      <div class="content-column-image grid-two">
          <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/103126/width170/image-20150924-14304-1b45tvn.jpg" src="/assets/author/width170_default-19ec5bd0b0425d75df0ad1707d18c36b.jpg" itemprop="image" />
      </div>

      <div class="content-column-title grid-fourteen grid-last">
        <h3><span>Climate fingerprints</span></h3>
        <p class="byline">Detecting the climate change signal in extreme weather&nbsp;events</p>
      </div>
    </div>
</a></section>

  <div class="wrapper">
    <div class="content-header grid-twelve">
      
  <header class="grid-twelve large-grid-eleven">
    <div>
      <div class="content-header-block">
        <h1 class="entry-title instapaper_title" itemprop="name">
          <strong>
            Is Hurricane Harvey a harbinger for Houston’s&nbsp;future?
          </strong>
        </h1>
      </div>
    </div>
    <time datetime="2017-08-28T06:03:28Z" itemprop="datePublished" content="2017-08-28T06:03:28Z">August 28, 2017 2.03am EDT</time>
  </header>

    </div>

    <div class="content-sidebar column-sidebar grid-four large-grid-four grid-last">
      
        <section class="content-authors">
  <div class="content-authors-synopsis">
    <a href="#" class="content-authors-toggle">
      <i class="icon-caret-down"></i>
      <i class="icon-caret-up"></i>
      <span class="nobr">Andrew King</span>
    </a>
  </div>

  <div class="content-authors-group">
    <h3 class="double-bordered">Author</h3>
    <ol>
      <li class="vcard" id="author-185336" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person">
    <a rel="author" href="/profiles/andrew-king-103126">
      <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/103126/width170/image-20150924-14304-1b45tvn.jpg" src="/assets/author/width170_default-19ec5bd0b0425d75df0ad1707d18c36b.jpg" itemprop="image" />
      <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name">
        Andrew King
      </span>
</a>
    

    <p class="role">
      Climate Extremes Research Fellow, University of Melbourne
    </p>

</li>

    </ol>
  </div>
</section>

      
    <section class="content-disclosure-statement">
      <h3 class="double-bordered">Disclosure statement</h3>
        <p><span>Andrew King receives funding from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science. </span></p>
    </section>

      

  <section class="content-partners">
    <h3 class="double-bordered">Partners</h3>
      <p class="disclosure-logo clearfix"><a class="logo" href="/institutions/university-of-melbourne-722"><img alt="University of Melbourne" src="https://images.theconversation.com/institutions/722/logos/logo-1513124826.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=170&amp;h=170" /></a></p>
      <p class="funding-statement"><a href="/institutions/university-of-melbourne-722">University of Melbourne</a> provides funding as a founding partner of The Conversation AU.</p>
      <p class="disclosure-logo clearfix"><a class="logo" href="/au/partners/victoria-state-government"><img alt="Victoria State Government" src="https://images.theconversation.com/partners/357/logos/logo-1441606271.png?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=170&amp;h=170" /></a></p>
      <p class="funding-statement"><a href="/au/partners/victoria-state-government">Victoria State Government</a> provides funding as a strategic partner of The Conversation AU.</p>


    <p><a href="/us/partners">View all partners</a></p>
  </section>

      
  <section class="content-republish">
    <a class="button primary steal-button" data-republish="/share/is-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098" href="#republish">Republish this article</a>

    <p>
      <a class="license-logo" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/"><img src="/assets/call-to-actions/republish-ca547a7c5135cc6d1a28933dc8b6823c.png" alt="Republish" /></a>
      Republish our articles for free, online or in print, under Creative Commons license.
    </p>


  </section>

    </div>

    <div class="grid-twelve large-grid-eleven">
      
  <figure class="content-lead-image grid-twelve large-grid-eleven">
  <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/183581/original/file-20170828-17121-mbjuxn.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=926&amp;fit=clip" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" data-id="183581" itemprop="image" />
    <figcaption>
      Houston’s Interstate Highway 45 was totally submerged in the deluge.
      <span class="attribution"><span class="source">REUTERS/Richard Carson</span></span>
    </figcaption>
</figure>



      <div class="top">
        
  <aside class="grid-two content-share">
    <ul>
      <li class="email">
        <a class="email-button" data-id="83098" target="_blank" href="mailto:?subject=Is%20Hurricane%20Harvey%20a%20harbinger%20for%20Houston%27s%20future%3F%20%E2%80%94%20The%20Conversation&amp;body=Hi.%20I%20found%20an%20article%20that%20you%20might%20like%3A%20%22Is%20Hurricane%20Harvey%20a%20harbinger%20for%20Houston%27s%20future%3F%22%20%E2%80%94%20http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fis-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098"><i class="icon-email"></i> <span>Email</span></a>
      </li>

      <li class="twitter">
        <a class="twitter-button" data-url="http://theconversation.com/is-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098" data-id="83098" target="_blank" href="http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Is+Hurricane+Harvey+a+harbinger+for+Houston%27s+future%3F&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fis-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098%3Futm_source%3Dtwitter%26utm_medium%3Dtwitterbutton&amp;utm_campaign=none&amp;via=ConversationEDU"><i class="icon-twitter"></i> <span>Twitter</span></a>
      </li>

      <li class="facebook">
        <a class="facebook-button" data-url="http://theconversation.com/is-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098" data-id="83098" target="_blank" href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fis-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098%3Futm_source%3Dfacebook%26utm_medium%3Dfacebookbutton"><i class="icon-facebook"></i> <span>Facebook</span></a>
      </li>

      <li class="linkedin">
        <a class="linkedin-button" data-url="http://theconversation.com/is-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098" data-id="83098" target="_blank" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;source=The+Conversation&amp;summary=Over+the+past+week+we+have+seen+two+major+tropical+storms+devastate+different+parts+of+the+world.+First+Typhoon+Hato+struck+Hong+Kong+and+Southern+China+%5Bkilling+at+least+a+dozen+people%5D%28http%3A%2F%2Fwww...&amp;title=Is+Hurricane+Harvey+a+harbinger+for+Houston%27s+future%3F&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fis-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098%3Futm_source%3Dlinkedin%26utm_medium%3Dlinkedinbutton"><i class="icon-linkedin"></i> <span>LinkedIn</span></a>
      </li>

      <li class="whatsapp">
        <a class="whatsapp-button" data-href="http://theconversation.com/is-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098" data-action="share/whatsapp/share" data-id="83098" target="_blank" href="whatsapp://send?text=Is+Hurricane+Harvey+a+harbinger+for+Houston%27s+future%3F+http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fis-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098%3Futm_source%3Dwhatsapp%26utm_medium%3Dwhatsappbutton"><i class="icon-whatsapp"></i> <span>WhatsApp</span></a>
      </li>

      <li class="fb-messenger">
        <a class="fb-messenger-button" data-href="http://theconversation.com/is-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098" data-action="share/fb-messenger/share" data-id="83098" target="_blank" href="fb-messenger://share?link=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fis-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098%3Futm_source%3Dfb_messenger%26utm_medium%3Dfb_messenger_button"><i class="icon-fb-messenger"></i> <span>Messenger</span></a>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </aside>

      </div>

      
  <div class="grid-ten large-grid-nine grid-last content-body content entry-content instapaper_body" itemprop="articleBody">
    <p>Over the past week we have seen two major tropical storms devastate different parts of the world. First Typhoon Hato struck Hong Kong and Southern China <a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-24/typhoon-hato-hits-southern-china/8838850">killing at least a dozen people</a>. And over the weekend Hurricane Harvey made landfall from the Gulf of Mexico, bringing extremely heavy rain to southern Texas and causing <a href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-28/catastrophic-floods-strike-houston-thousands-flee-homes/8847624">devastating floods in Houston</a>.</p>

<p><blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
            <a href="https://twitter.com/NWS/status/901832717070983169"></a>
           </blockquote>
          <script async src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p>

<p>Tropical cyclones are, of course, a natural feature of our climate. But the extreme impacts of these recent storms, especially in Houston, has understandably led to questions over whether climate change is to blame.</p>

<h2>How are tropical cyclones changing?</h2>

<p>Tropical cyclones, called typhoons in the Northwest Pacific and hurricanes in the North Atlantic, are major storm systems that initiate near the Equator and can hit locations in the tropics and subtropics around the world. </p>

<p>When we look at the Atlantic Basin we see increases in tropical storm numbers over the past century, although there is high year-to-year variability. The year 2005, when Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, marks the high point.</p>

<figure class="align-center zoomable">
            <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/183559/original/file-20170828-27527-1whr52i.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/183559/original/file-20170828-27527-1whr52i.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip"></a>
            <figcaption>
              <span class="caption">There is a trend towards more tropical storms and hurricanes in the North Atlantic.</span>
              <span class="attribution"><span class="source">US National Hurricane Center</span></span>
            </figcaption>
          </figure>

<p>We can be confident that we’re seeing more severe tropical cyclones in the North Atlantic than we did a few decades ago. It is likely that climate change has contributed to this trend, although there is low statistical confidence associated with this statement. What that means is that this observed increase in hurricane frequency is more likely than not linked with climate change, but the increase may also be linked to decadal variability.</p>

<h2>Has Harvey been enhanced by climate change?</h2>

<p>Unlike other types of extreme weather <a href="https://theconversation.com/southeast-europe-swelters-through-another-heatwave-with-a-human-fingerprint-82139">such as heatwaves</a>, the influence of climate change on tropical cyclones is hard to pin down. This is because tropical cyclones form as a result of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827030639/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html">many factors coming together</a>, including high sea surface temperatures, and weak changes in wind strength through the depth of the atmosphere.</p>

<p>These storms are also difficult to simulate using climate models. To study changes in tropical cyclones we need to run our models at high resolution and with interactions between the atmosphere and the ocean being represented.</p>

<p>It’s much easier to study heat extremes, because we can do this by looking at a single, continuous variable: temperature. Tropical cyclones, on the other hand, are not a continuous variable; they either form or they don’t. This makes them much harder to model and study.</p>

<p>Tropical cyclones also have many different characteristics that might change in unpredictable ways as they develop, including their track, their overall size, and their strength. Different aspects of the cyclones are likely to change in different ways, and no two cyclones are the same. Compare that with a heatwave, which often have similar spatial features.</p>

<p>For all these reasons, it is very hard to say exactly how climate change has affected Hurricane Harvey.</p>

<h2>So what can we say?</h2>

<p>While it’s hard to pin the blame for Hurricane Harvey directly on climate change, we can say this: human-caused climate change has enhanced some of the impacts of the storm.</p>

<p>Fortunately, in Harvey’s case, the storm surge hasn’t been too bad, unlike for Hurricanes Katrina and Sandy, for example. This is because <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-08-27/lack-of-a-storm-surge-keeps-harvey-from-katrina-sandy-status">Harvey did not travel as far, and weakened rapidly when it made landfall</a>.</p>

<p>We know that storm surges due to tropical cyclones have been enhanced by climate change. This is because the <a href="https://theconversation.com/contributions-to-sea-level-rise-have-increased-by-half-since-1993-largely-because-of-greenlands-ice-79175">background sea level has increased</a>, making it more likely that storm surges will inundate larger unprotected coastal regions.</p>

<p>Building levees and sea walls can alleviate some of these impacts, although these barriers will need to be higher (and therefore more expensive) in the future to keep out the rising seas.</p>

<figure class="align-center zoomable">
            <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/183579/original/file-20170828-17116-1jkhxyj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img alt="" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/183579/original/file-20170828-17116-1jkhxyj.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip"></a>
            <figcaption>
              <span class="caption">Rockport, Texas, was one of the coastal towns flooded by Hurricane Harvey.</span>
              <span class="attribution"><span class="source">EPA/Darren Abate</span></span>
            </figcaption>
          </figure>

<h2>Deluge danger</h2>

<p>Harvey’s biggest effect is through its intense and prolonged rainfall. A low pressure system to the north is keeping Harvey over southern Texas, resulting in greater rainfall totals.</p>

<p><blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
            <a href="https://twitter.com/DrJucker/status/901968781634748416"></a>
           </blockquote>
          <script async src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p>

<p>The rainfall totals are <a href="https://twitter.com/NWSHouston/status/901975198517395456">already remarkable</a> and are only going to get worse.</p>

<p>We know that climate change is enhancing extreme rainfall. As the atmosphere is getting warmer it can hold more moisture (roughly <a href="https://theconversation.com/increases-in-rainfall-extremes-linked-to-global-warming-11933">7% more for every 1℃ rise in temperature</a>). This means that when we get the right circumstances for very extreme rainfall to occur, climate change is likely to make these events even worse than they would have been otherwise. Without a full analysis it is hard to put exact numbers on this effect, but on a basic level, wetter skies mean more intense rain.</p>

<h2>Houston, we have a problem</h2>

<p>There are other factors that are making this storm worse than others in terms of its impact. Houston is the <a href="http://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/Houston-among-the-fastest-growing-cities-in-the-7743136.php">second-fastest growing city</a> in the US, and the fourth most populous overall. </p>

<p><blockquote class="twitter-tweet" lang="en">
            <a href="https://twitter.com/StephenMStrader/status/901852872547213314"></a>
           </blockquote>
          <script async src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p>

<p>As the region’s population grows, more and more of southern Texas is being paved with impermeable surfaces. This means that when there is extreme rainfall the water takes longer to drain away, prolonging and intensifying the floods.</p>

<p>Hurricane Harvey is likely to end up being one of the most costly disasters in US history. It is also likely that climate change and population growth in the region have worsened the effects of this major storm.</p>
  </div>

      
    <div class="grid-ten grid-prepend-two large-grid-nine grid-last content-topics topic-list">
      <i class="icon-tag"></i>
      <ul>
          <li class="topic-list-item">
            <a href="/topics/climate-change-27">Climate change</a>
          </li>
          <li class="topic-list-item">
            <a href="/topics/extreme-weather-3799">Extreme weather</a>
          </li>
          <li class="topic-list-item">
            <a href="/topics/storms-8517">Storms</a>
          </li>
          <li class="topic-list-item">
            <a href="/topics/coastal-flooding-8519">Coastal flooding</a>
          </li>
          <li class="topic-list-item">
            <a href="/topics/flooding-8771">Flooding</a>
          </li>
          <li class="topic-list-item">
            <a href="/topics/tropical-cyclones-10454">Tropical cyclones</a>
          </li>
          <li class="topic-list-item">
            <a href="/topics/extreme-rainfall-20730">Extreme rainfall</a>
          </li>
          <li class="topic-list-item">
            <a href="/topics/houston-39637">houston</a>
          </li>
          <li class="topic-list-item">
            <a href="/topics/hurricane-harvey-42406">Hurricane Harvey</a>
          </li>
          <li class="topic-list-item">
            <a href="/topics/global-perspectives-45141">Global Perspectives</a>
          </li>
      </ul>
    </div>

        <nav class="post-navigation grid-ten large-grid-nine grid-prepend-two">
    <ol>
      <li>
  <div class="post-navigation-option ">
      <a class="article" href="/southeast-europe-swelters-through-another-heatwave-with-a-human-fingerprint-82139">
        <h4 class="direction">
          Previous post
        </h4>
        <time datetime="2017-08-09T07:30:29Z" itemprop="datePublished" content="2017-08-09T07:30:29Z">August 9, 2017</time>
        Southeast Europe swelters through another heatwave with a human&nbsp;fingerprint
</a>  </div>
</li>

      <li>
  <div class="post-navigation-option ">
      <a class="article" href="/europe-will-benefit-hugely-from-keeping-global-warming-to-1-5-c-85009">
        <h4 class="direction">
          Next post
        </h4>
        <time datetime="2017-10-04T22:44:22Z" itemprop="datePublished" content="2017-10-04T22:44:22Z">October 4, 2017</time>
        Europe will benefit hugely from keeping global warming to&nbsp;1.5°C
</a>  </div>
</li>

    </ol>
  </nav>


      <div class="bottom">
        
  <aside class="content-targeted-share grid-ten grid-prepend-two large-grid-nine grid-last">
    <ul>
      <li class="twitter">
        <a class="twitter-button button" data-url="http://theconversation.com/is-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098" data-id="83098" target="_blank" href="http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Is+Hurricane+Harvey+a+harbinger+for+Houston%27s+future%3F&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fis-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098%3Futm_source%3Dtwitter%26utm_medium%3Dtwitterbutton&amp;utm_campaign=none&amp;via=ConversationEDU"><i class="icon-twitter"></i> <span>Tweet</span></a>
      </li>

      <li class="facebook">
        <a class="facebook-button button" data-url="http://theconversation.com/is-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098" data-id="83098" target="_blank" href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fis-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098%3Futm_source%3Dfacebook%26utm_medium%3Dfacebookbutton"><i class="icon-facebook-simple"></i> <span>Share</span></a>
      </li>
      <li class="newsletter">
        <a class="button newsletter-button" href="/us/newsletter">
          <i class="icon-email"></i>
          <span class="not-small">Get newsletter</span>
          <span class="small-only">Newsletter</span>
</a>      </li>
    </ul>
  </aside>

      </div>
    </div>

    
  </div>
</article>



<div id="comments-container"></div>

  <div class="page-addendum">
  <div class="wrapper">
    <div class="grid-eight">
      <div class="addendum-block most-popular">
  <h3 class="thick-light-bordered slammed">Most popular on The Conversation</h3>
  
      <ul>
          <li><a href="/15-questions-to-determine-if-your-relationship-is-hall-of-fame-material-or-a-strikeout-89733">15 questions to determine if your relationship is Hall of Fame material or a&nbsp;strikeout</a></li>
          <li><a href="/5-charts-show-why-the-south-is-the-least-healthy-region-in-the-us-89729">5 charts show why the South is the least healthy region in the&nbsp;US</a></li>
          <li><a href="/the-real-st-valentine-was-no-patron-of-love-90518">The ‘real’ St. Valentine was no patron of&nbsp;love</a></li>
          <li><a href="/what-might-explain-the-unhappiness-epidemic-90212">What might explain the unhappiness epidemic?</a></li>
          <li><a href="/the-destructive-life-of-a-mardi-gras-bead-71657">The destructive life of a Mardi Gras&nbsp;bead</a></li>
      </ul>
      <ul>
          <li><a href="/with-teen-mental-health-deteriorating-over-five-years-theres-a-likely-culprit-86996">With teen mental health deteriorating over five years, there’s a likely&nbsp;culprit</a></li>
          <li><a href="/why-security-measures-wont-stop-school-shootings-90738">Why security measures won’t stop school&nbsp;shootings</a></li>
          <li><a href="/prehistoric-wine-discovered-in-inaccessible-caves-forces-a-rethink-of-ancient-sicilian-culture-89116">Prehistoric wine discovered in inaccessible caves forces a rethink of ancient Sicilian&nbsp;culture</a></li>
          <li><a href="/what-the-flu-does-to-your-body-and-why-it-makes-you-feel-so-awful-91530">What the flu does to your body, and why it makes you feel so&nbsp;awful</a></li>
          <li><a href="/the-hidden-superpower-of-black-panther-scientist-role-models-91042">The hidden superpower of ‘Black Panther’: Scientist role&nbsp;models</a></li>
      </ul>
</div>

    </div>

    <div class="grid-four">
      <div class="addendum-block research-and-expert-database">
  <h3 class="thick-light-bordered">Expert Database <i class="icon-the-conversation"></i></h3>

  <form class="for formtastic expert_search_form" novalidate="novalidate" id="new_expert_search_form" action="/experts/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="&#x2713;" />
    <fieldset class="inputs"><ol>
      <li class="string input required stringish" id="expert_search_form_term_input"><label for="expert_search_form_term" class="label">Find experts with <span class='nobr'>knowledge in:</span><abbr title="required">*</abbr></label><input placeholder="e.g. Cyber Security" id="expert_search_form_term" type="text" name="expert_search_form[term]" />

</li>
</ol></fieldset>
    <fieldset class="actions"><ol>
      <li class="action input_action " id="expert_search_form_submit_action"><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Search" class="find-experts button large primary" /></li>
</ol></fieldset></form></div>

    </div>

    <div class="grid-four grid-last">
      <div class="addendum-block want-to-write">
  <h3 class="thick-light-bordered">Want to write?</h3>
  <p>
    Write an article and join a growing community of more than 62,800 academics and researchers from 2,280 institutions.
  </p>
  <p class="more">
    <a class="button" href="/become-an-author">Register now</a>
  </p>
</div>

    </div>
  </div>
</div>



  <script src="https://theconversation.com/javascripts/lib/content_tracker_hook.js" id="theconversation_tracker_hook" data-counter="https://counter.theconversation.com/content/83098/count" async="async"></script>



    </div>

    
  <div id="footers">
    
    <section class="footer-primary">
  <header>
    <div class="wrapper nocontent">
      <h2>The Conversation</h2>
    </div>
  </header>

  <div class="wrapper nocontent">
    <section class="community footer-link-list grid-five large-grid-four">
      <h6>Community</h6>
      <nav>
        <ul>
          <li><a href="/us/community-standards">Community standards</a></li>
          <li><a href="/us/republishing-guidelines">Republishing guidelines</a></li>
            <li><a href="/us/friends">Friends of The Conversation</a></li>
            <li><a href="/experts">Research and Expert Database</a></li>

            <li>
              <a href="https://analytics.theconversation.com/us">
                <i class="icon icon-the-conversation"></i> Analytics
</a>            </li>

          <li><a href="/us/feeds"><i class="icon icon-rss-non-coloured"></i> Our feeds</a></li>

            <li>
              <a href="https://donate.theconversation.com/us?utm_source=theconversation.com&amp;utm_medium=website&amp;utm_campaign=footer">
                <i class="icon icon-friend-of-tc"></i> Donate
</a>            </li>
        </ul>
      </nav>
    </section>

    <section class="company footer-link-list grid-five large-grid-seven">
      <h6>Company</h6>
      <nav>
        <ul>
          <li><a href="/us/who-we-are">Who we are</a></li>
          <li><a href="/us/charter">Our charter</a></li>
          <li><a href="/us/team">Our team</a></li>
          <li><a href="/us/partners">Partners and funders</a></li>
          <li><a href="/institutions">Contributing institutions</a></li>
          <li><a href="/us/resources-for-media">Resource for media</a></li>
          <li><a href="/us/contact-us">Contact us</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://jobs.theconversation.com/search/organisations/the-conversation/the-conversation-us">Work with us</a></li>
        </ul>
      </nav>
    </section>

    <section class="footer-subscription grid-six large-grid-five grid-last">
      <h6>Stay informed and subscribe to our free daily newsletter and get the latest analysis and commentary directly in your inbox.</h6>

      <div class="newsletter-signup-form">
  <form action="/subscriptions" method="post" class="subscription-newsletter-form">
    <input type="hidden" name="subscribe[location]" id="subscribe_location" value="footer" />
    <input type="hidden" name="subscribe[newsletter_list_id]" id="subscribe_newsletter_list_id" value="3" />

    <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Subscribe" class="subscribe button primary" />

    <div class="field-wrapper">
      <label class="subscribe-email-label" for="subscribe_email">
        Email address
      </label>

      <div class="subscription-newsletter-status">
        <i class="success-icon">✔</i>
        <i class="icon-delete failure-icon"></i>
        <img class="spinner-icon" src="/assets/spinner-9643e2633c59d728d78b58f465f2fb9c.gif" alt="Spinner" />
      </div>

      <input type="email" name="subscribe[email]" id="subscribe_email" value="" placeholder="Your email address" class="email" spellcheck="false" />
    </div>
  </form>
</div>

      <div class="sitewide-social-media">
        <h6>Follow us on social media</h6>

        <ul>
          <li class="facebook">
            <a title="The Conversation on Facebook" href="https://facebook.com/theConversationUS">
              <i class="icon-facebook-simple"></i>
</a>          </li>
          <li>
            <a title="The Conversation on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ConversationUS">
              <i class="icon-twitter"></i>
</a>          </li>
        </ul>
      </div>
    </section>
  </div>
</section>

    <footer id="footer">
  <div class="wrapper nocontent">
    <nav>
      <a href="/us/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a>
      <a href="/us/terms-and-conditions">Terms and conditions</a>
      <a href="/us/corrections">Corrections</a>
      <script>
  (function() {
    var img = document.createElement('img'); img.width = 1; img.height = 1;
    img.src = 'https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=1517004835184558&amp;ev=NoScript';
    img.style.display = "none";
    var s = document.getElementsByTagName('footer')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(img, s);
  })();
</script>

    </nav>
    <p class="copyright">
      <span>Copyright &copy; 2010–2018</span><span class="comma">, </span><span><a href="/us/who-we-are">The Conversation US, Inc.</a></span>
    </p>
  </div>
</footer>

  </div>

  </div>

  <script>
//<![CDATA[
!function(e){var n=window.webpackJsonp;window.webpackJsonp=function(r,o,c){for(var f,d,u,i=0,b=[];i<r.length;i++)d=r[i],t[d]&&b.push(t[d][0]),t[d]=0;for(f in o)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(o,f)&&(e[f]=o[f]);for(n&&n(r,o,c);b.length;)b.shift()();if(c)for(i=0;i<c.length;i++)u=a(a.s=c[i]);return u};var r={},t={15:0};function a(n){if(r[n])return r[n].exports;var t=r[n]={i:n,l:!1,exports:{}};return e[n].call(t.exports,t,t.exports,a),t.l=!0,t.exports}a.e=function(e){var n=t[e];if(0===n)return new Promise(function(e){e()});if(n)return n[2];var r=new Promise(function(r,a){n=t[e]=[r,a]});n[2]=r;var o=document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0],c=document.createElement("script");c.type="text/javascript",c.charset="utf-8",c.async=!0,c.timeout=12e4,a.nc&&c.setAttribute("nonce",a.nc),c.src=a.p+""+e+"-"+{0:"d3c87c4e466283407c25",1:"1d00b4e7824b2addcfb6",2:"23958b7cfa51bf5c6bb7",3:"ecaad3f9275b3a09fc09",4:"bb96b2ac4c3a6a28efaf",5:"51d9555d0c4d91f908f9",6:"560aa264b52fda7da271",7:"1492dbc3e6db7b6d0f31",8:"71678ed1b5514f8012fd",9:"6cbcf38abaeea9ed636a",10:"114f06cefd8949796440",11:"7e78b1b39d220baaed80",12:"211bb23fa4f15237d89c",13:"1ab7dc3c4782f62a9657",14:"b519b202a62d48dc3178"}[e]+".js";var f=setTimeout(d,12e4);function d(){c.onerror=c.onload=null,clearTimeout(f);var n=t[e];0!==n&&(n&&n[1](new Error("Loading chunk "+e+" failed.")),t[e]=void 0)}return c.onerror=c.onload=d,o.appendChild(c),r},a.m=e,a.c=r,a.d=function(e,n,r){a.o(e,n)||Object.defineProperty(e,n,{configurable:!1,enumerable:!0,get:r})},a.n=function(e){var n=e&&e.__esModule?function(){return e.default}:function(){return e};return a.d(n,"a",n),n},a.o=function(e,n){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,n)},a.p="/assets/",a.oe=function(e){throw e}}([]);
//# sourceMappingURL=manifest-a8742a2d14391a33cfa2.js.map
//]]>
</script>
  <script src="/assets/vendor-ecaad3f9275b3a09fc09.js"></script>
  <script src="/assets/application-bb96b2ac4c3a6a28efaf.js"></script>

  <script>
//<![CDATA[

  TC.locale = "en-US";
  TC.localePath = "/assets/en-US-c7d0794638f774274b5d282c49972ea2.json";
  TC.init = function() {
    TC.time = new TC.TimeFormatter(TC.locale);
    TC.currentUser = new TC.User(null);
      TC.page = new TC.ContentPage({
    content_id: 83098,
    content_slug: "is-hurricane-harvey-a-harbinger-for-houstons-future-83098",
    comments_closed_at: "",
    search_referrer: {
      adapter: "",
      query: "",
      rank: "",
      region: "us",
    }
  });

  }

//]]>
</script>
<script>
//<![CDATA[
webpackJsonp([5],{1250:function(t,e,n){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0});var o=n(1251),r=n(1261),i=n.n(r),a=n(1265);window.i18n=o.a,i18n.use(i.a).init({backend:{loadPath:TC.localePath,crossDomain:!1},lng:TC.locale},function(t){t&&t.length&&Object(a.a)("/no_js_locale?message="+t[0]);try{TC.init()}catch(t){throw Object(a.a)("/js_init_failure?message="+t),t}})},1251:function(t,e,n){"use strict";var o=n(1252);e.a=o.a;o.a.changeLanguage.bind(o.a),o.a.cloneInstance.bind(o.a),o.a.createInstance.bind(o.a),o.a.dir.bind(o.a),o.a.exists.bind(o.a),o.a.getFixedT.bind(o.a),o.a.init.bind(o.a),o.a.loadLanguages.bind(o.a),o.a.loadNamespaces.bind(o.a),o.a.loadResources.bind(o.a),o.a.off.bind(o.a),o.a.on.bind(o.a),o.a.setDefaultNamespace.bind(o.a),o.a.t.bind(o.a),o.a.use.bind(o.a)},1252:function(t,e,n){"use strict";var o=n(64),r=n(168),i=n(1253),a=n(1254),s=n(1255),c=n(1256),l=n(1257),u=n(1258),p=n(1259),f=n(1260),h=n(387),g=n(388),d=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n=arguments[e];for(var o in n)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,o)&&(t[o]=n[o])}return t};function y(t,e){if(!t)throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");return!e||"object"!=typeof e&&"function"!=typeof e?t:e}function v(t,e){if("function"!=typeof e&&null!==e)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function, not "+typeof e);t.prototype=Object.create(e&&e.prototype,{constructor:{value:t,enumerable:!1,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),e&&(Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(t,e):function(t,e){for(var n=Object.getOwnPropertyNames(e),o=0;o<n.length;o++){var r=n[o],i=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,r);i&&i.configurable&&void 0===t[r]&&Object.defineProperty(t,r,i)}}(t,e))}function b(){}var m=function(t){function e(){var n=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},r=arguments[1];!function(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,e);var i=y(this,t.call(this));if(i.options=Object(f.b)(n),i.services={},i.logger=o.a,i.modules={external:[]},r&&!i.isInitialized&&!n.isClone){var a;if(!i.options.initImmediate)return a=i.init(n,r),y(i,a);setTimeout(function(){i.init(n,r)},0)}return i}return v(e,t),e.prototype.init=function(t,e){var n=this;function r(t){return t?"function"==typeof t?new t:t:null}if("function"==typeof t&&(e=t,t={}),t||(t={}),"v1"===t.compatibilityAPI?this.options=d({},Object(f.a)(),Object(f.b)(g.b(t)),{}):"v1"===t.compatibilityJSON?this.options=d({},Object(f.a)(),Object(f.b)(g.c(t)),{}):this.options=d({},Object(f.a)(),this.options,Object(f.b)(t)),this.format=this.options.interpolation.format,e||(e=b),!this.options.isClone){this.modules.logger?o.a.init(r(this.modules.logger),this.options):o.a.init(null,this.options);var h=new s.a(this.options);this.store=new i.a(this.options.resources,this.options);var y=this.services;y.logger=o.a,y.resourceStore=this.store,y.resourceStore.on("added removed",function(t,e){y.cacheConnector.save()}),y.languageUtils=h,y.pluralResolver=new c.a(h,{prepend:this.options.pluralSeparator,compatibilityJSON:this.options.compatibilityJSON,simplifyPluralSuffix:this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix}),y.interpolator=new l.a(this.options),y.backendConnector=new u.a(r(this.modules.backend),y.resourceStore,y,this.options),y.backendConnector.on("*",function(t){for(var e=arguments.length,o=Array(e>1?e-1:0),r=1;r<e;r++)o[r-1]=arguments[r];n.emit.apply(n,[t].concat(o))}),y.backendConnector.on("loaded",function(t){y.cacheConnector.save()}),y.cacheConnector=new p.a(r(this.modules.cache),y.resourceStore,y,this.options),y.cacheConnector.on("*",function(t){for(var e=arguments.length,o=Array(e>1?e-1:0),r=1;r<e;r++)o[r-1]=arguments[r];n.emit.apply(n,[t].concat(o))}),this.modules.languageDetector&&(y.languageDetector=r(this.modules.languageDetector),y.languageDetector.init(y,this.options.detection,this.options)),this.translator=new a.a(this.services,this.options),this.translator.on("*",function(t){for(var e=arguments.length,o=Array(e>1?e-1:0),r=1;r<e;r++)o[r-1]=arguments[r];n.emit.apply(n,[t].concat(o))}),this.modules.external.forEach(function(t){t.init&&t.init(n)})}["getResource","addResource","addResources","addResourceBundle","removeResourceBundle","hasResourceBundle","getResourceBundle"].forEach(function(t){n[t]=function(){var e;return(e=n.store)[t].apply(e,arguments)}}),"v1"===this.options.compatibilityAPI&&g.a(this);var v=function(){n.changeLanguage(n.options.lng,function(t,o){n.isInitialized=!0,n.logger.log("initialized",n.options),n.emit("initialized",n.options),e(t,o)})};return this.options.resources||!this.options.initImmediate?v():setTimeout(v,0),this},e.prototype.loadResources=function(){var t=this,e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:b;if(this.options.resources)e(null);else{if(this.language&&"cimode"===this.language.toLowerCase())return e();var n=[],o=function(e){e&&t.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e).forEach(function(t){n.indexOf(t)<0&&n.push(t)})};if(this.language)o(this.language);else this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng).forEach(function(t){return o(t)});this.options.preload&&this.options.preload.forEach(function(t){return o(t)}),this.services.cacheConnector.load(n,this.options.ns,function(){t.services.backendConnector.load(n,t.options.ns,e)})}},e.prototype.reloadResources=function(t,e){t||(t=this.languages),e||(e=this.options.ns),this.services.backendConnector.reload(t,e)},e.prototype.use=function(t){return"backend"===t.type&&(this.modules.backend=t),"cache"===t.type&&(this.modules.cache=t),("logger"===t.type||t.log&&t.warn&&t.error)&&(this.modules.logger=t),"languageDetector"===t.type&&(this.modules.languageDetector=t),"postProcessor"===t.type&&h.a.addPostProcessor(t),"3rdParty"===t.type&&this.modules.external.push(t),this},e.prototype.changeLanguage=function(t,e){var n=this,o=function(t){t&&(n.language=t,n.languages=n.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t),n.translator.changeLanguage(t),n.services.languageDetector&&n.services.languageDetector.cacheUserLanguage(t)),n.loadResources(function(o){!function(t,o){o&&(n.emit("languageChanged",o),n.logger.log("languageChanged",o)),e&&e(t,function(){return n.t.apply(n,arguments)})}(o,t)})};t||!this.services.languageDetector||this.services.languageDetector.async?!t&&this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.async?this.services.languageDetector.detect(o):o(t):o(this.services.languageDetector.detect())},e.prototype.getFixedT=function(t,e){var n=this,o=function t(e){var o=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},r=d({},o);return r.lng=r.lng||t.lng,r.lngs=r.lngs||t.lngs,r.ns=r.ns||t.ns,n.t(e,r)};return"string"==typeof t?o.lng=t:o.lngs=t,o.ns=e,o},e.prototype.t=function(){var t;return this.translator&&(t=this.translator).translate.apply(t,arguments)},e.prototype.exists=function(){var t;return this.translator&&(t=this.translator).exists.apply(t,arguments)},e.prototype.setDefaultNamespace=function(t){this.options.defaultNS=t},e.prototype.loadNamespaces=function(t,e){var n=this;if(!this.options.ns)return e&&e();"string"==typeof t&&(t=[t]),t.forEach(function(t){n.options.ns.indexOf(t)<0&&n.options.ns.push(t)}),this.loadResources(e)},e.prototype.loadLanguages=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=[t]);var n=this.options.preload||[],o=t.filter(function(t){return n.indexOf(t)<0});if(!o.length)return e();this.options.preload=n.concat(o),this.loadResources(e)},e.prototype.dir=function(t){if(t||(t=this.languages&&this.languages.length>0?this.languages[0]:this.language),!t)return"rtl";return["ar","shu","sqr","ssh","xaa","yhd","yud","aao","abh","abv","acm","acq","acw","acx","acy","adf","ads","aeb","aec","afb","ajp","apc","apd","arb","arq","ars","ary","arz","auz","avl","ayh","ayl","ayn","ayp","bbz","pga","he","iw","ps","pbt","pbu","pst","prp","prd","ur","ydd","yds","yih","ji","yi","hbo","men","xmn","fa","jpr","peo","pes","prs","dv","sam"].indexOf(this.services.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(t))>=0?"rtl":"ltr"},e.prototype.createInstance=function(){return new e(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},arguments[1])},e.prototype.cloneInstance=function(){var t=this,n=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},o=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:b,r=d({},this.options,n,{isClone:!0}),i=new e(r,o);return["store","services","language"].forEach(function(e){i[e]=t[e]}),i.translator=new a.a(i.services,i.options),i.translator.on("*",function(t){for(var e=arguments.length,n=Array(e>1?e-1:0),o=1;o<e;o++)n[o-1]=arguments[o];i.emit.apply(i,[t].concat(n))}),i.init(r,o),i},e}(r.a);e.a=new m},1253:function(t,e,n){"use strict";var o=n(168),r=n(187),i=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n=arguments[e];for(var o in n)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,o)&&(t[o]=n[o])}return t};function a(t,e){if("function"!=typeof e&&null!==e)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function, not "+typeof e);t.prototype=Object.create(e&&e.prototype,{constructor:{value:t,enumerable:!1,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),e&&(Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(t,e):function(t,e){for(var n=Object.getOwnPropertyNames(e),o=0;o<n.length;o++){var r=n[o],i=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,r);i&&i.configurable&&void 0===t[r]&&Object.defineProperty(t,r,i)}}(t,e))}var s=function(t){function e(){var n=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},o=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{ns:["translation"],defaultNS:"translation"};!function(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,e);var r=function(t,e){if(!t)throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");return!e||"object"!=typeof e&&"function"!=typeof e?t:e}(this,t.call(this));return r.data=n,r.options=o,r}return a(e,t),e.prototype.addNamespaces=function(t){this.options.ns.indexOf(t)<0&&this.options.ns.push(t)},e.prototype.removeNamespaces=function(t){var e=this.options.ns.indexOf(t);e>-1&&this.options.ns.splice(e,1)},e.prototype.getResource=function(t,e,n){var o=(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{}).keySeparator||this.options.keySeparator;void 0===o&&(o=".");var i=[t,e];return n&&"string"!=typeof n&&(i=i.concat(n)),n&&"string"==typeof n&&(i=i.concat(o?n.split(o):n)),t.indexOf(".")>-1&&(i=t.split(".")),r.d(this.data,i)},e.prototype.addResource=function(t,e,n,o){var i=arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4]?arguments[4]:{silent:!1},a=this.options.keySeparator;void 0===a&&(a=".");var s=[t,e];n&&(s=s.concat(a?n.split(a):n)),t.indexOf(".")>-1&&(o=e,e=(s=t.split("."))[1]),this.addNamespaces(e),r.h(this.data,s,o),i.silent||this.emit("added",t,e,n,o)},e.prototype.addResources=function(t,e,n){for(var o in n)"string"==typeof n[o]&&this.addResource(t,e,o,n[o],{silent:!0});this.emit("added",t,e,n)},e.prototype.addResourceBundle=function(t,e,n,o,a){var s=[t,e];t.indexOf(".")>-1&&(o=n,n=e,e=(s=t.split("."))[1]),this.addNamespaces(e);var c=r.d(this.data,s)||{};o?r.b(c,n,a):c=i({},c,n),r.h(this.data,s,c),this.emit("added",t,e,n)},e.prototype.removeResourceBundle=function(t,e){this.hasResourceBundle(t,e)&&delete this.data[t][e],this.removeNamespaces(e),this.emit("removed",t,e)},e.prototype.hasResourceBundle=function(t,e){return void 0!==this.getResource(t,e)},e.prototype.getResourceBundle=function(t,e){return e||(e=this.options.defaultNS),"v1"===this.options.compatibilityAPI?i({},this.getResource(t,e)):this.getResource(t,e)},e.prototype.toJSON=function(){return this.data},e}(o.a);e.a=s},1254:function(t,e,n){"use strict";var o=n(64),r=n(168),i=n(387),a=n(388),s=n(187),c=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n=arguments[e];for(var o in n)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,o)&&(t[o]=n[o])}return t},l="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t};function u(t,e){if("function"!=typeof e&&null!==e)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function, not "+typeof e);t.prototype=Object.create(e&&e.prototype,{constructor:{value:t,enumerable:!1,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),e&&(Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(t,e):function(t,e){for(var n=Object.getOwnPropertyNames(e),o=0;o<n.length;o++){var r=n[o],i=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,r);i&&i.configurable&&void 0===t[r]&&Object.defineProperty(t,r,i)}}(t,e))}var p=function(t){function e(n){var r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};!function(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,e);var i=function(t,e){if(!t)throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");return!e||"object"!=typeof e&&"function"!=typeof e?t:e}(this,t.call(this));return s.a(["resourceStore","languageUtils","pluralResolver","interpolator","backendConnector"],n,i),i.options=r,i.logger=o.a.create("translator"),i}return u(e,t),e.prototype.changeLanguage=function(t){t&&(this.language=t)},e.prototype.exists=function(t){var e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}};return"v1"===this.options.compatibilityAPI&&(e=a.d(e)),void 0!==this.resolve(t,e)},e.prototype.extractFromKey=function(t,e){var n=e.nsSeparator||this.options.nsSeparator;void 0===n&&(n=":");var o=e.keySeparator||this.options.keySeparator||".",r=e.ns||this.options.defaultNS;if(n&&t.indexOf(n)>-1){var i=t.split(n);(n!==o||n===o&&this.options.ns.indexOf(i[0])>-1)&&(r=i.shift()),t=i.join(o)}return"string"==typeof r&&(r=[r]),{key:t,namespaces:r}},e.prototype.translate=function(t){var e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if("object"!==(void 0===e?"undefined":l(e))?e=this.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler(arguments):"v1"===this.options.compatibilityAPI&&(e=a.d(e)),void 0===t||null===t||""===t)return"";"number"==typeof t&&(t=String(t)),"string"==typeof t&&(t=[t]);var n=e.keySeparator||this.options.keySeparator||".",o=this.extractFromKey(t[t.length-1],e),r=o.key,i=o.namespaces,s=i[i.length-1],u=e.lng||this.language,p=e.appendNamespaceToCIMode||this.options.appendNamespaceToCIMode;if(u&&"cimode"===u.toLowerCase())return p?s+(e.nsSeparator||this.options.nsSeparator)+r:r;var f=this.resolve(t,e),h=Object.prototype.toString.apply(f),g=void 0!==e.joinArrays?e.joinArrays:this.options.joinArrays;if(f&&"string"!=typeof f&&["[object Number]","[object Function]","[object RegExp]"].indexOf(h)<0&&(!g||"[object Array]"!==h)){if(!e.returnObjects&&!this.options.returnObjects)return this.logger.warn("accessing an object - but returnObjects options is not enabled!"),this.options.returnedObjectHandler?this.options.returnedObjectHandler(r,f,e):"key '"+r+" ("+this.language+")' returned an object instead of string.";if(e.keySeparator||this.options.keySeparator){var d="[object Array]"===h?[]:{};for(var y in f)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(f,y)&&(d[y]=this.translate(""+r+n+y,c({},e,{joinArrays:!1,ns:i})));f=d}}else if(g&&"[object Array]"===h)(f=f.join(g))&&(f=this.extendTranslation(f,r,e));else{var v=!1,b=!1;if(this.isValidLookup(f)||void 0===e.defaultValue||(v=!0,f=e.defaultValue),this.isValidLookup(f)||(b=!0,f=r),b||v){this.logger.log("missingKey",u,s,r,f);var m=[],x=this.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng,e.lng||this.language);if("fallback"===this.options.saveMissingTo&&x&&x[0])for(var O=0;O<x.length;O++)m.push(x[O]);else"all"===this.options.saveMissingTo?m=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e.lng||this.language):m.push(e.lng||this.language);this.options.saveMissing&&(this.options.missingKeyHandler?this.options.missingKeyHandler(m,s,r,f):this.backendConnector&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing(m,s,r,f)),this.emit("missingKey",m,s,r,f)}f=this.extendTranslation(f,r,e),b&&f===r&&this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey&&(f=s+":"+r),b&&this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler&&(f=this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(f))}return f},e.prototype.extendTranslation=function(t,e,n){var o=this;n.interpolation&&this.interpolator.init(c({},n,{interpolation:c({},this.options.interpolation,n.interpolation)}));var r=n.replace&&"string"!=typeof n.replace?n.replace:n;this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(r=c({},this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,r)),t=this.interpolator.interpolate(t,r,n.lng||this.language),!1!==n.nest&&(t=this.interpolator.nest(t,function(){return o.translate.apply(o,arguments)},n)),n.interpolation&&this.interpolator.reset();var a=n.postProcess||this.options.postProcess,s="string"==typeof a?[a]:a;return void 0!==t&&s&&s.length&&!1!==n.applyPostProcessor&&(t=i.a.handle(s,t,e,n,this)),t},e.prototype.resolve=function(t){var e=this,n=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},o=void 0;return"string"==typeof t&&(t=[t]),t.forEach(function(t){if(!e.isValidLookup(o)){var r=e.extractFromKey(t,n),i=r.key,a=r.namespaces;e.options.fallbackNS&&(a=a.concat(e.options.fallbackNS));var s=void 0!==n.count&&"string"!=typeof n.count,c=void 0!==n.context&&"string"==typeof n.context&&""!==n.context,l=n.lngs?n.lngs:e.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(n.lng||e.language);a.forEach(function(t){e.isValidLookup(o)||l.forEach(function(r){if(!e.isValidLookup(o)){var a=i,l=[a],u=void 0;s&&(u=e.pluralResolver.getSuffix(r,n.count)),s&&c&&l.push(a+u),c&&l.push(a+=""+e.options.contextSeparator+n.context),s&&l.push(a+=u);for(var p=void 0;p=l.pop();)e.isValidLookup(o)||(o=e.getResource(r,t,p,n))}})})}}),o},e.prototype.isValidLookup=function(t){return!(void 0===t||!this.options.returnNull&&null===t||!this.options.returnEmptyString&&""===t)},e.prototype.getResource=function(t,e,n){var o=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return this.resourceStore.getResource(t,e,n,o)},e}(r.a);e.a=p},1255:function(t,e,n){"use strict";var o=n(64);function r(t){return t.charAt(0).toUpperCase()+t.slice(1)}var i=function(){function t(e){!function(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,t),this.options=e,this.whitelist=this.options.whitelist||!1,this.logger=o.a.create("languageUtils")}return t.prototype.getScriptPartFromCode=function(t){if(!t||t.indexOf("-")<0)return null;var e=t.split("-");return 2===e.length?null:(e.pop(),this.formatLanguageCode(e.join("-")))},t.prototype.getLanguagePartFromCode=function(t){if(!t||t.indexOf("-")<0)return t;var e=t.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(e[0])},t.prototype.formatLanguageCode=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.indexOf("-")>-1){var e=["hans","hant","latn","cyrl","cans","mong","arab"],n=t.split("-");return this.options.lowerCaseLng?n=n.map(function(t){return t.toLowerCase()}):2===n.length?(n[0]=n[0].toLowerCase(),n[1]=n[1].toUpperCase(),e.indexOf(n[1].toLowerCase())>-1&&(n[1]=r(n[1].toLowerCase()))):3===n.length&&(n[0]=n[0].toLowerCase(),2===n[1].length&&(n[1]=n[1].toUpperCase()),"sgn"!==n[0]&&2===n[2].length&&(n[2]=n[2].toUpperCase()),e.indexOf(n[1].toLowerCase())>-1&&(n[1]=r(n[1].toLowerCase())),e.indexOf(n[2].toLowerCase())>-1&&(n[2]=r(n[2].toLowerCase()))),n.join("-")}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?t.toLowerCase():t},t.prototype.isWhitelisted=function(t){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitWhitelist)&&(t=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)),!this.whitelist||!this.whitelist.length||this.whitelist.indexOf(t)>-1},t.prototype.getFallbackCodes=function(t,e){if(!t)return[];if("string"==typeof t&&(t=[t]),"[object Array]"===Object.prototype.toString.apply(t))return t;if(!e)return t.default||[];var n=t[e];return n||(n=t[this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)]),n||(n=t[this.formatLanguageCode(e)]),n||(n=t.default),n||[]},t.prototype.toResolveHierarchy=function(t,e){var n=this,o=this.getFallbackCodes(e||this.options.fallbackLng||[],t),r=[],i=function(t){t&&(n.isWhitelisted(t)?r.push(t):n.logger.warn("rejecting non-whitelisted language code: "+t))};return"string"==typeof t&&t.indexOf("-")>-1?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&i(this.formatLanguageCode(t)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&i(this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&i(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t))):"string"==typeof t&&i(this.formatLanguageCode(t)),o.forEach(function(t){r.indexOf(t)<0&&i(n.formatLanguageCode(t))}),r},t}();e.a=i},1256:function(t,e,n){"use strict";var o=n(64);var r=[{lngs:["ach","ak","am","arn","br","fil","gun","ln","mfe","mg","mi","oc","tg","ti","tr","uz","wa"],nr:[1,2],fc:1},{lngs:["af","an","ast","az","bg","bn","ca","da","de","dev","el","en","eo","es","es_ar","et","eu","fi","fo","fur","fy","gl","gu","ha","he","hi","hu","hy","ia","it","kn","ku","lb","mai","ml","mn","mr","nah","nap","nb","ne","nl","nn","no","nso","pa","pap","pms","ps","pt","pt_br","rm","sco","se","si","so","son","sq","sv","sw","ta","te","tk","ur","yo"],nr:[1,2],fc:2},{lngs:["ay","bo","cgg","fa","id","ja","jbo","ka","kk","km","ko","ky","lo","ms","sah","su","th","tt","ug","vi","wo","zh"],nr:[1],fc:3},{lngs:["be","bs","dz","hr","ru","sr","uk"],nr:[1,2,5],fc:4},{lngs:["ar"],nr:[0,1,2,3,11,100],fc:5},{lngs:["cs","sk"],nr:[1,2,5],fc:6},{lngs:["csb","pl"],nr:[1,2,5],fc:7},{lngs:["cy"],nr:[1,2,3,8],fc:8},{lngs:["fr"],nr:[1,2],fc:9},{lngs:["ga"],nr:[1,2,3,7,11],fc:10},{lngs:["gd"],nr:[1,2,3,20],fc:11},{lngs:["is"],nr:[1,2],fc:12},{lngs:["jv"],nr:[0,1],fc:13},{lngs:["kw"],nr:[1,2,3,4],fc:14},{lngs:["lt"],nr:[1,2,10],fc:15},{lngs:["lv"],nr:[1,2,0],fc:16},{lngs:["mk"],nr:[1,2],fc:17},{lngs:["mnk"],nr:[0,1,2],fc:18},{lngs:["mt"],nr:[1,2,11,20],fc:19},{lngs:["or"],nr:[2,1],fc:2},{lngs:["ro"],nr:[1,2,20],fc:20},{lngs:["sl"],nr:[5,1,2,3],fc:21}],i={1:function(t){return Number(t>1)},2:function(t){return Number(1!=t)},3:function(t){return 0},4:function(t){return Number(t%10==1&&t%100!=11?0:t%10>=2&&t%10<=4&&(t%100<10||t%100>=20)?1:2)},5:function(t){return Number(0===t?0:1==t?1:2==t?2:t%100>=3&&t%100<=10?3:t%100>=11?4:5)},6:function(t){return Number(1==t?0:t>=2&&t<=4?1:2)},7:function(t){return Number(1==t?0:t%10>=2&&t%10<=4&&(t%100<10||t%100>=20)?1:2)},8:function(t){return Number(1==t?0:2==t?1:8!=t&&11!=t?2:3)},9:function(t){return Number(t>=2)},10:function(t){return Number(1==t?0:2==t?1:t<7?2:t<11?3:4)},11:function(t){return Number(1==t||11==t?0:2==t||12==t?1:t>2&&t<20?2:3)},12:function(t){return Number(t%10!=1||t%100==11)},13:function(t){return Number(0!==t)},14:function(t){return Number(1==t?0:2==t?1:3==t?2:3)},15:function(t){return Number(t%10==1&&t%100!=11?0:t%10>=2&&(t%100<10||t%100>=20)?1:2)},16:function(t){return Number(t%10==1&&t%100!=11?0:0!==t?1:2)},17:function(t){return Number(1==t||t%10==1?0:1)},18:function(t){return Number(0==t?0:1==t?1:2)},19:function(t){return Number(1==t?0:0===t||t%100>1&&t%100<11?1:t%100>10&&t%100<20?2:3)},20:function(t){return Number(1==t?0:0===t||t%100>0&&t%100<20?1:2)},21:function(t){return Number(t%100==1?1:t%100==2?2:t%100==3||t%100==4?3:0)}};var a=function(){function t(e){var n,a=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};!function(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,t),this.languageUtils=e,this.options=a,this.logger=o.a.create("pluralResolver"),this.rules=(n={},r.forEach(function(t){t.lngs.forEach(function(e){n[e]={numbers:t.nr,plurals:i[t.fc]}})}),n)}return t.prototype.addRule=function(t,e){this.rules[t]=e},t.prototype.getRule=function(t){return this.rules[this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)]},t.prototype.needsPlural=function(t){var e=this.getRule(t);return e&&e.numbers.length>1},t.prototype.getSuffix=function(t,e){var n=this,o=this.getRule(t);if(o){if(1===o.numbers.length)return"";var r=o.noAbs?o.plurals(e):o.plurals(Math.abs(e)),i=o.numbers[r];this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix&&2===o.numbers.length&&1===o.numbers[0]&&(2===i?i="plural":1===i&&(i=""));var a=function(){return n.options.prepend&&i.toString()?n.options.prepend+i.toString():i.toString()};return"v1"===this.options.compatibilityJSON?1===i?"":"number"==typeof i?"_plural_"+i.toString():a():"v2"===this.options.compatibilityJSON||2===o.numbers.length&&1===o.numbers[0]?a():2===o.numbers.length&&1===o.numbers[0]?a():this.options.prepend&&r.toString()?this.options.prepend+r.toString():r.toString()}return this.logger.warn("no plural rule found for: "+t),""},t}();e.a=a},1257:function(t,e,n){"use strict";var o=n(187),r=n(64),i=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n=arguments[e];for(var o in n)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,o)&&(t[o]=n[o])}return t};var a=function(){function t(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};!function(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,t),this.logger=r.a.create("interpolator"),this.init(e,!0)}return t.prototype.init=function(){var t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};arguments[1]&&(this.options=t,this.format=t.interpolation&&t.interpolation.format||function(t){return t},this.escape=t.interpolation&&t.interpolation.escape||o.c),t.interpolation||(t.interpolation={escapeValue:!0});var e=t.interpolation;this.escapeValue=void 0===e.escapeValue||e.escapeValue,this.prefix=e.prefix?o.g(e.prefix):e.prefixEscaped||"{{",this.suffix=e.suffix?o.g(e.suffix):e.suffixEscaped||"}}",this.formatSeparator=e.formatSeparator?e.formatSeparator:e.formatSeparator||",",this.unescapePrefix=e.unescapeSuffix?"":e.unescapePrefix||"-",this.unescapeSuffix=this.unescapePrefix?"":e.unescapeSuffix||"",this.nestingPrefix=e.nestingPrefix?o.g(e.nestingPrefix):e.nestingPrefixEscaped||o.g("$t("),this.nestingSuffix=e.nestingSuffix?o.g(e.nestingSuffix):e.nestingSuffixEscaped||o.g(")"),this.resetRegExp()},t.prototype.reset=function(){this.options&&this.init(this.options)},t.prototype.resetRegExp=function(){var t=this.prefix+"(.+?)"+this.suffix;this.regexp=new RegExp(t,"g");var e=""+this.prefix+this.unescapePrefix+"(.+?)"+this.unescapeSuffix+this.suffix;this.regexpUnescape=new RegExp(e,"g");var n=this.nestingPrefix+"(.+?)"+this.nestingSuffix;this.nestingRegexp=new RegExp(n,"g")},t.prototype.interpolate=function(t,e,n){var r=this,i=void 0,a=void 0;function s(t){return t.replace(/\$/g,"$$$$")}var c=function(t){if(t.indexOf(r.formatSeparator)<0)return o.d(e,t);var i=t.split(r.formatSeparator),a=i.shift().trim(),s=i.join(r.formatSeparator).trim();return r.format(o.d(e,a),s,n)};for(this.resetRegExp();i=this.regexpUnescape.exec(t);)a=c(i[1].trim()),t=t.replace(i[0],a),this.regexpUnescape.lastIndex=0;for(;i=this.regexp.exec(t);)"string"!=typeof(a=c(i[1].trim()))&&(a=o.e(a)),a||(this.logger.warn("missed to pass in variable "+i[1]+" for interpolating "+t),a=""),a=this.escapeValue?s(this.escape(a)):s(a),t=t.replace(i[0],a),this.regexp.lastIndex=0;return t},t.prototype.nest=function(t,e){var n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},r=void 0,a=void 0,s=i({},n);function c(t){if(t.indexOf(",")<0)return t;var e=t.split(",");t=e.shift();var n=e.join(",");n=(n=this.interpolate(n,s)).replace(/'/g,'"');try{s=JSON.parse(n)}catch(e){this.logger.error("failed parsing options string in nesting for key "+t,e)}return t}for(s.applyPostProcessor=!1;r=this.nestingRegexp.exec(t);){if((a=e(c.call(this,r[1].trim()),s))&&r[0]===t&&"string"!=typeof a)return a;"string"!=typeof a&&(a=o.e(a)),a||(this.logger.warn("missed to resolve "+r[1]+" for nesting "+t),a=""),t=t.replace(r[0],a),this.regexp.lastIndex=0}return t},t}();e.a=a},1258:function(t,e,n){"use strict";var o=n(187),r=n(64),i=n(168),a=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n=arguments[e];for(var o in n)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,o)&&(t[o]=n[o])}return t},s=function(){return function(t,e){if(Array.isArray(t))return t;if(Symbol.iterator in Object(t))return function(t,e){var n=[],o=!0,r=!1,i=void 0;try{for(var a,s=t[Symbol.iterator]();!(o=(a=s.next()).done)&&(n.push(a.value),!e||n.length!==e);o=!0);}catch(t){r=!0,i=t}finally{try{!o&&s.return&&s.return()}finally{if(r)throw i}}return n}(t,e);throw new TypeError("Invalid attempt to destructure non-iterable instance")}}();function c(t,e){if("function"!=typeof e&&null!==e)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function, not "+typeof e);t.prototype=Object.create(e&&e.prototype,{constructor:{value:t,enumerable:!1,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),e&&(Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(t,e):function(t,e){for(var n=Object.getOwnPropertyNames(e),o=0;o<n.length;o++){var r=n[o],i=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,r);i&&i.configurable&&void 0===t[r]&&Object.defineProperty(t,r,i)}}(t,e))}var l=function(t){function e(n,o,i){var a=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};!function(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,e);var s=function(t,e){if(!t)throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");return!e||"object"!=typeof e&&"function"!=typeof e?t:e}(this,t.call(this));return s.backend=n,s.store=o,s.services=i,s.options=a,s.logger=r.a.create("backendConnector"),s.state={},s.queue=[],s.backend&&s.backend.init&&s.backend.init(i,a.backend,a),s}return c(e,t),e.prototype.queueLoad=function(t,e,n){var o=this,r=[],i=[],a=[],s=[];return t.forEach(function(t){var n=!0;e.forEach(function(e){var a=t+"|"+e;o.store.hasResourceBundle(t,e)?o.state[a]=2:o.state[a]<0||(1===o.state[a]?i.indexOf(a)<0&&i.push(a):(o.state[a]=1,n=!1,i.indexOf(a)<0&&i.push(a),r.indexOf(a)<0&&r.push(a),s.indexOf(e)<0&&s.push(e)))}),n||a.push(t)}),(r.length||i.length)&&this.queue.push({pending:i,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:n}),{toLoad:r,pending:i,toLoadLanguages:a,toLoadNamespaces:s}},e.prototype.loaded=function(t,e,n){var r=this,i=t.split("|"),a=s(i,2),c=a[0],l=a[1];e&&this.emit("failedLoading",c,l,e),n&&this.store.addResourceBundle(c,l,n),this.state[t]=e?-1:2,this.queue.forEach(function(n){o.f(n.loaded,[c],l),function(t,e){for(var n=t.indexOf(e);-1!==n;)t.splice(n,1),n=t.indexOf(e)}(n.pending,t),e&&n.errors.push(e),0!==n.pending.length||n.done||(r.emit("loaded",n.loaded),n.done=!0,n.errors.length?n.callback(n.errors):n.callback())}),this.queue=this.queue.filter(function(t){return!t.done})},e.prototype.read=function(t,e,n){var o=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:0,r=this,i=arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4]?arguments[4]:250,a=arguments[5];return t.length?this.backend[n](t,e,function(s,c){s&&c&&o<5?setTimeout(function(){r.read.call(r,t,e,n,o+1,2*i,a)},i):a(s,c)}):a(null,{})},e.prototype.load=function(t,e,n){var r=this;if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. Will not load resources."),n&&n();var i=a({},this.backend.options,this.options.backend);"string"==typeof t&&(t=this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t)),"string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]);var c=this.queueLoad(t,e,n);if(!c.toLoad.length)return c.pending.length||n(),null;i.allowMultiLoading&&this.backend.readMulti?this.read(c.toLoadLanguages,c.toLoadNamespaces,"readMulti",null,null,function(t,e){t&&r.logger.warn("loading namespaces "+c.toLoadNamespaces.join(", ")+" for languages "+c.toLoadLanguages.join(", ")+" via multiloading failed",t),!t&&e&&r.logger.log("successfully loaded namespaces "+c.toLoadNamespaces.join(", ")+" for languages "+c.toLoadLanguages.join(", ")+" via multiloading",e),c.toLoad.forEach(function(n){var i=n.split("|"),a=s(i,2),c=a[0],l=a[1],u=o.d(e,[c,l]);if(u)r.loaded(n,t,u);else{var p="loading namespace "+l+" for language "+c+" via multiloading failed";r.loaded(n,p),r.logger.error(p)}})}):c.toLoad.forEach(function(t){r.loadOne(t)})},e.prototype.reload=function(t,e){var n=this;this.backend||this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. Will not load resources.");var r=a({},this.backend.options,this.options.backend);"string"==typeof t&&(t=this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t)),"string"==typeof e&&(e=[e]),r.allowMultiLoading&&this.backend.readMulti?this.read(t,e,"readMulti",null,null,function(r,i){r&&n.logger.warn("reloading namespaces "+e.join(", ")+" for languages "+t.join(", ")+" via multiloading failed",r),!r&&i&&n.logger.log("successfully reloaded namespaces "+e.join(", ")+" for languages "+t.join(", ")+" via multiloading",i),t.forEach(function(t){e.forEach(function(e){var a=o.d(i,[t,e]);if(a)n.loaded(t+"|"+e,r,a);else{var s="reloading namespace "+e+" for language "+t+" via multiloading failed";n.loaded(t+"|"+e,s),n.logger.error(s)}})})}):t.forEach(function(t){e.forEach(function(e){n.loadOne(t+"|"+e,"re")})})},e.prototype.loadOne=function(t){var e=this,n=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"",o=t.split("|"),r=s(o,2),i=r[0],a=r[1];this.read(i,a,"read",null,null,function(o,r){o&&e.logger.warn(n+"loading namespace "+a+" for language "+i+" failed",o),!o&&r&&e.logger.log(n+"loaded namespace "+a+" for language "+i,r),e.loaded(t,o,r)})},e.prototype.saveMissing=function(t,e,n,o){this.backend&&this.backend.create&&this.backend.create(t,e,n,o),t&&t[0]&&this.store.addResource(t[0],e,n,o)},e}(i.a);e.a=l},1259:function(t,e,n){"use strict";var o=n(64),r=n(168),i=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n=arguments[e];for(var o in n)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,o)&&(t[o]=n[o])}return t};function a(t,e){if("function"!=typeof e&&null!==e)throw new TypeError("Super expression must either be null or a function, not "+typeof e);t.prototype=Object.create(e&&e.prototype,{constructor:{value:t,enumerable:!1,writable:!0,configurable:!0}}),e&&(Object.setPrototypeOf?Object.setPrototypeOf(t,e):function(t,e){for(var n=Object.getOwnPropertyNames(e),o=0;o<n.length;o++){var r=n[o],i=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e,r);i&&i.configurable&&void 0===t[r]&&Object.defineProperty(t,r,i)}}(t,e))}var s=function(t){function e(n,r,i){var a=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};!function(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,e);var s=function(t,e){if(!t)throw new ReferenceError("this hasn't been initialised - super() hasn't been called");return!e||"object"!=typeof e&&"function"!=typeof e?t:e}(this,t.call(this));return s.cache=n,s.store=r,s.services=i,s.options=a,s.logger=o.a.create("cacheConnector"),s.cache&&s.cache.init&&s.cache.init(i,a.cache,a),s}return a(e,t),e.prototype.load=function(t,e,n){var o=this;if(!this.cache)return n&&n();var r=i({},this.cache.options,this.options.cache),a="string"==typeof t?this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t):t;r.enabled?this.cache.load(a,function(t,e){if(t&&o.logger.error("loading languages "+a.join(", ")+" from cache failed",t),e)for(var r in e)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,r))for(var i in e[r])if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e[r],i)&&"i18nStamp"!==i){var s=e[r][i];s&&o.store.addResourceBundle(r,i,s)}n&&n()}):n&&n()},e.prototype.save=function(){this.cache&&this.options.cache&&this.options.cache.enabled&&this.cache.save(this.store.data)},e}(r.a);e.a=s},1260:function(t,e,n){"use strict";function o(){return{debug:!1,initImmediate:!0,ns:["translation"],defaultNS:["translation"],fallbackLng:["dev"],fallbackNS:!1,whitelist:!1,nonExplicitWhitelist:!1,load:"all",preload:!1,simplifyPluralSuffix:!0,keySeparator:".",nsSeparator:":",pluralSeparator:"_",contextSeparator:"_",saveMissing:!1,saveMissingTo:"fallback",missingKeyHandler:!1,postProcess:!1,returnNull:!0,returnEmptyString:!0,returnObjects:!1,joinArrays:!1,returnedObjectHandler:function(){},parseMissingKeyHandler:!1,appendNamespaceToMissingKey:!1,appendNamespaceToCIMode:!1,overloadTranslationOptionHandler:function(t){return{defaultValue:t[1]}},interpolation:{escapeValue:!0,format:function(t,e,n){return t},prefix:"{{",suffix:"}}",formatSeparator:",",unescapePrefix:"-",nestingPrefix:"$t(",nestingSuffix:")",defaultVariables:void 0}}}n.d(e,"a",function(){return o}),e.b=function(t){"string"==typeof t.ns&&(t.ns=[t.ns]);"string"==typeof t.fallbackLng&&(t.fallbackLng=[t.fallbackLng]);"string"==typeof t.fallbackNS&&(t.fallbackNS=[t.fallbackNS]);t.whitelist&&t.whitelist.indexOf("cimode")<0&&t.whitelist.push("cimode");return t}},1261:function(t,e,n){t.exports=n(1262).default},1262:function(t,e,n){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0});var o,r=function(){function t(t,e){for(var n=0;n<e.length;n++){var o=e[n];o.enumerable=o.enumerable||!1,o.configurable=!0,"value"in o&&(o.writable=!0),Object.defineProperty(t,o.key,o)}}return function(e,n,o){return n&&t(e.prototype,n),o&&t(e,o),e}}(),i=function(t){if(t&&t.__esModule)return t;var e={};if(null!=t)for(var n in t)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,n)&&(e[n]=t[n]);return e.default=t,e}(n(1263)),a=n(1264),s=(o=a)&&o.__esModule?o:{default:o};var c=function(){function t(e){var n=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};!function(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,t),this.init(e,n),this.type="backend"}return r(t,[{key:"init",value:function(t){var e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.services=t,this.options=i.defaults(e,this.options||{},{loadPath:"/locales/{{lng}}/{{ns}}.json",addPath:"locales/add/{{lng}}/{{ns}}",allowMultiLoading:!1,parse:JSON.parse,crossDomain:!1,ajax:s.default})}},{key:"readMulti",value:function(t,e,n){var o=this.options.loadPath;"function"==typeof this.options.loadPath&&(o=this.options.loadPath(t,e));var r=this.services.interpolator.interpolate(o,{lng:t.join("+"),ns:e.join("+")});this.loadUrl(r,n)}},{key:"read",value:function(t,e,n){var o=this.options.loadPath;"function"==typeof this.options.loadPath&&(o=this.options.loadPath([t],[e]));var r=this.services.interpolator.interpolate(o,{lng:t,ns:e});this.loadUrl(r,n)}},{key:"loadUrl",value:function(t,e){var n=this;this.options.ajax(t,this.options,function(o,r){if(r.status>=500&&r.status<600)return e("failed loading "+t,!0);if(r.status>=400&&r.status<500)return e("failed loading "+t,!1);var i=void 0,a=void 0;try{i=n.options.parse(o,t)}catch(e){a="failed parsing "+t+" to json"}if(a)return e(a,!1);e(null,i)})}},{key:"create",value:function(t,e,n,o){var r=this;"string"==typeof t&&(t=[t]);var i={};i[n]=o||"",t.forEach(function(t){var n=r.services.interpolator.interpolate(r.options.addPath,{lng:t,ns:e});r.options.ajax(n,r.options,function(t,e){},i)})}}]),t}();c.type="backend",e.default=c},1263:function(t,e,n){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0}),e.defaults=function(t){return r.call(i.call(arguments,1),function(e){if(e)for(var n in e)void 0===t[n]&&(t[n]=e[n])}),t},e.extend=function(t){return r.call(i.call(arguments,1),function(e){if(e)for(var n in e)t[n]=e[n]}),t};var o=[],r=o.forEach,i=o.slice},1264:function(t,e,n){"use strict";Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0});var o="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t};function r(t,e){if(e&&"object"===(void 0===e?"undefined":o(e))){var n="",r=encodeURIComponent;for(var i in e)n+="&"+r(i)+"="+r(e[i]);if(!n)return t;t=t+(-1!==t.indexOf("?")?"&":"?")+n.slice(1)}return t}e.default=function(t,e,n,i,a){i&&"object"===(void 0===i?"undefined":o(i))&&(a||(i._t=new Date),i=r("",i).slice(1)),e.queryStringParams&&(t=r(t,e.queryStringParams));try{var s;(s=XMLHttpRequest?new XMLHttpRequest:new ActiveXObject("MSXML2.XMLHTTP.3.0")).open(i?"POST":"GET",t,1),e.crossDomain||s.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XMLHttpRequest"),s.withCredentials=!!e.withCredentials,i&&s.setRequestHeader("Content-type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded"),s.overrideMimeType&&s.overrideMimeType("application/json");var c=e.customHeaders;if(c)for(var l in c)s.setRequestHeader(l,c[l]);s.onreadystatechange=function(){s.readyState>3&&n&&n(s.responseText,s)},s.send(i)}catch(t){console}}},1265:function(t,e,n){"use strict";e.a=function(t){var e=!1;window.XMLHttpRequest?e=new XMLHttpRequest:window.ActiveXObject&&(e=new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP")),!1!==e&&(e.open("GET",t,!0),e.send())}},168:function(t,e,n){"use strict";var o=function(){function t(){!function(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,t),this.observers={}}return t.prototype.on=function(t,e){var n=this;t.split(" ").forEach(function(t){n.observers[t]=n.observers[t]||[],n.observers[t].push(e)})},t.prototype.off=function(t,e){var n=this;this.observers[t]&&this.observers[t].forEach(function(){if(e){var o=n.observers[t].indexOf(e);o>-1&&n.observers[t].splice(o,1)}else delete n.observers[t]})},t.prototype.emit=function(t){for(var e=arguments.length,n=Array(e>1?e-1:0),o=1;o<e;o++)n[o-1]=arguments[o];this.observers[t]&&[].concat(this.observers[t]).forEach(function(t){t.apply(void 0,n)});this.observers["*"]&&[].concat(this.observers["*"]).forEach(function(e){var o;e.apply(e,(o=[t]).concat.apply(o,n))})},t}();e.a=o},187:function(t,e,n){"use strict";function o(t,e,n){function o(t){return t&&t.indexOf("###")>-1?t.replace(/###/g,"."):t}function r(){return!t||"string"==typeof t}for(var i="string"!=typeof e?[].concat(e):e.split(".");i.length>1;){if(r())return{};var a=o(i.shift());!t[a]&&n&&(t[a]=new n),t=t[a]}return r()?{}:{obj:t,k:o(i.shift())}}e.e=function(t){return null==t?"":""+t},e.a=function(t,e,n){t.forEach(function(t){e[t]&&(n[t]=e[t])})},e.h=function(t,e,n){var r=o(t,e,Object),i=r.obj,a=r.k;i[a]=n},e.f=function(t,e,n,r){var i=o(t,e,Object),a=i.obj,s=i.k;a[s]=a[s]||[],r&&(a[s]=a[s].concat(n));r||a[s].push(n)},e.d=function(t,e){var n=o(t,e),r=n.obj,i=n.k;return r?r[i]:void 0},e.b=function t(e,n,o){for(var r in n)r in e?"string"==typeof e[r]||e[r]instanceof String||"string"==typeof n[r]||n[r]instanceof String?o&&(e[r]=n[r]):t(e[r],n[r],o):e[r]=n[r];return e},e.g=function(t){return t.replace(/[\-\[\]\/\{\}\(\)\*\+\?\.\\\^\$\|]/g,"\\$&")},e.c=function(t){if("string"==typeof t)return t.replace(/[&<>"'\/]/g,function(t){return r[t]});return t};var r={"&":"&amp;","<":"&lt;",">":"&gt;",'"':"&quot;","'":"&#39;","/":"&#x2F;"}},387:function(t,e,n){"use strict";e.a={processors:{},addPostProcessor:function(t){this.processors[t.name]=t},handle:function(t,e,n,o,r){var i=this;return t.forEach(function(t){i.processors[t]&&(e=i.processors[t].process(e,n,o,r))}),e}}},388:function(t,e,n){"use strict";e.b=function(t){t.resStore&&(t.resources=t.resStore);t.ns&&t.ns.defaultNs?(t.defaultNS=t.ns.defaultNs,t.ns=t.ns.namespaces):t.defaultNS=t.ns||"translation";t.fallbackToDefaultNS&&t.defaultNS&&(t.fallbackNS=t.defaultNS);t.saveMissing=t.sendMissing,t.saveMissingTo=t.sendMissingTo||"current",t.returnNull=!t.fallbackOnNull,t.returnEmptyString=!t.fallbackOnEmpty,t.returnObjects=t.returnObjectTrees,t.joinArrays="\n",t.returnedObjectHandler=t.objectTreeKeyHandler,t.parseMissingKeyHandler=t.parseMissingKey,t.appendNamespaceToMissingKey=!0,t.nsSeparator=t.nsseparator||":",t.keySeparator=t.keyseparator||".","sprintf"===t.shortcutFunction&&(t.overloadTranslationOptionHandler=function(t){for(var e=[],n=1;n<t.length;n++)e.push(t[n]);return{postProcess:"sprintf",sprintf:e}});t.whitelist=t.lngWhitelist,t.preload=t.preload,"current"===t.load&&(t.load="currentOnly");"unspecific"===t.load&&(t.load="languageOnly");t.backend=t.backend||{},t.backend.loadPath=t.resGetPath||"locales/__lng__/__ns__.json",t.backend.addPath=t.resPostPath||"locales/add/__lng__/__ns__",t.backend.allowMultiLoading=t.dynamicLoad,t.cache=t.cache||{},t.cache.prefix="res_",t.cache.expirationTime=6048e5,t.cache.enabled=t.useLocalStorage,(t=r(t)).defaultVariables&&(t.interpolation.defaultVariables=t.defaultVariables);return t},e.c=function(t){return(t=r(t)).joinArrays="\n",t},e.d=function(t){(t.interpolationPrefix||t.interpolationSuffix||void 0!==t.escapeInterpolation)&&(t=r(t));return t.nsSeparator=t.nsseparator,t.keySeparator=t.keyseparator,t.returnObjects=t.returnObjectTrees,t},e.a=function(t){t.lng=function(){return o.a.deprecate("i18next.lng() can be replaced by i18next.language for detected language or i18next.languages for languages ordered by translation lookup."),t.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t.language)[0]},t.preload=function(e,n){o.a.deprecate("i18next.preload() can be replaced with i18next.loadLanguages()"),t.loadLanguages(e,n)},t.setLng=function(e,n,r){return o.a.deprecate("i18next.setLng() can be replaced with i18next.changeLanguage() or i18next.getFixedT() to get a translation function with fixed language or namespace."),"function"==typeof n&&(r=n,n={}),n||(n={}),!0===n.fixLng&&r?r(null,t.getFixedT(e)):t.changeLanguage(e,r)},t.addPostProcessor=function(e,n){o.a.deprecate("i18next.addPostProcessor() can be replaced by i18next.use({ type: 'postProcessor', name: 'name', process: fc })"),t.use({type:"postProcessor",name:e,process:n})}};var o=n(64);function r(t){return t.interpolation={unescapeSuffix:"HTML"},t.interpolation.prefix=t.interpolationPrefix||"__",t.interpolation.suffix=t.interpolationSuffix||"__",t.interpolation.escapeValue=t.escapeInterpolation||!1,t.interpolation.nestingPrefix=t.reusePrefix||"$t(",t.interpolation.nestingSuffix=t.reuseSuffix||")",t}},64:function(t,e,n){"use strict";var o=Object.assign||function(t){for(var e=1;e<arguments.length;e++){var n=arguments[e];for(var o in n)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,o)&&(t[o]=n[o])}return t};var r={type:"logger",log:function(t){this.output("log",t)},warn:function(t){this.output("warn",t)},error:function(t){this.output("error",t)},output:function(t,e){var n;console&&console[t]&&(n=console)[t].apply(n,function(t){if(Array.isArray(t)){for(var e=0,n=Array(t.length);e<t.length;e++)n[e]=t[e];return n}return Array.from(t)}(e))}},i=function(){function t(e){var n=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};!function(t,e){if(!(t instanceof e))throw new TypeError("Cannot call a class as a function")}(this,t),this.init(e,n)}return t.prototype.init=function(t){var e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.prefix=e.prefix||"i18next:",this.logger=t||r,this.options=e,this.debug=e.debug},t.prototype.setDebug=function(t){this.debug=t},t.prototype.log=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=Array(t),n=0;n<t;n++)e[n]=arguments[n];return this.forward(e,"log","",!0)},t.prototype.warn=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=Array(t),n=0;n<t;n++)e[n]=arguments[n];return this.forward(e,"warn","",!0)},t.prototype.error=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=Array(t),n=0;n<t;n++)e[n]=arguments[n];return this.forward(e,"error","")},t.prototype.deprecate=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=Array(t),n=0;n<t;n++)e[n]=arguments[n];return this.forward(e,"warn","WARNING DEPRECATED: ",!0)},t.prototype.forward=function(t,e,n,o){return o&&!this.debug?null:("string"==typeof t[0]&&(t[0]=""+n+this.prefix+" "+t[0]),this.logger[e](t))},t.prototype.create=function(e){return new t(this.logger,o({prefix:this.prefix+":"+e+":"},this.options))},t}();e.a=new i}},[1250]);
//# sourceMappingURL=i18n_init-51d9555d0c4d91f908f9.js.map
//]]>
</script>

  
</body>
</html>
