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        <title>Hurricane Harvey: Oil refineries in Houston begin to reopen | World | News | Express.co.uk</title>
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<article class="single-article" id="singleArticle" data-story="853163" role="main">
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        <h1 itemprop="headline">Oil refineries in Houston begin to reopen after Hurricane Harvey forced their closure</h1>

        
                <h3>US refineries are restarting after Hurricane Harvey forced them to shut down two weeks ago, raising the risk of fires and explosions that could prolong fuel supply disruption as plants simultaneously reheat units and reactivate catalysts.</h3>
        
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                    <meta itemprop="datepublished" content="2017-09-12T00:00:00Z" />
                    <time datetime="2017-09-12T00:00:00Z">
                                                <span class="hide-on-tablet">PUBLISHED: </span>
                        <span>00:00, Tue, Sep 12, 2017</span>
                    </time>
                                        <meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2017-09-12T15:57:33Z" />
                    <time datetime="2017-09-12T15:57:33Z">
                        | UPDATED: <span>15:57, Tue, Sep 12, 2017</span>
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<!-- End of Brightcove iframe Player --></section></div><section class="text-description"><p class="storycopy">Restarts are one of the most dangerous times for refinery workers, so operators keep shutdowns to a minimum.</p><p class="storycopy">Plants typically shut only a few units for overhaul in spring and fall, with most refinery units remaining in operation for 4-6 years between full maintenance shutdowns.</p><p class="storycopy">Harvey sparked several unscheduled closures, taking offline refineries capable of processing around 4.4 million barrels per day of crude, about a quarter of US capacity to produce gasoline, diesel and jet fuel.</p></section><!-- MAINIMAGE --><section class="photo changeSpace"><p class="withoutCaption"><img src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/590x/hurricane-harvey-path-2017-houston-oil-refineries-853163.jpg" alt="Texas oil refinery" data-w="590" data-h="350" ><meta itemprop="image" content="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/590x/hurricane-harvey-path-2017-houston-oil-refineries-853163.jpg"><span class="photo-caption nointellitxt ctx_blocked defaultLeft">GETTY</span></p><span class="newsCaption">US refineries are reopening after Hurricane Harvey forced them to close</span></section><!-- ENDMAINIMAGE --><section class="box two-related-articles clear">
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</section><section class="photo changeSpace"><p class="withoutCaption"><img src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/590x/secondary/hurricane-harvey-path-2017-oil-refineries-1062969.jpg" alt="Oil refinery" title="Oil refinery" data-w="590" data-h="393" /><span class="photo-caption defaultLeft">GETTY</span></p><span class="newsCaption">Hurricane Harvey sparked several unscheduled closures</span></section>
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            Any time you have water in a refinery you have to do lube checks on every instrument, which is literally thousands of checks        </p>
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<section class="text-description"><p class="storycopy">Six refineries are currently restarting along the Texas Gulf Coast, according to their owners, some of them after dealing with several feet of floodwater in their facilities.</p><p class="storycopy">Already, some of the difficulties are appearing, as market sources told Reuters on Monday that Total's Port Arthur refinery could be closed for weeks after Tropical Storm Harvey caused crude oil to plug a key pipeline.</p><p class="storycopy">"Any time you have water in a refinery you have to do lube checks on every instrument, which is literally thousands of checks," Gary Simmons, senior vice president of supply and operations at Valero, told a conference last week.</p></section><section class="text-description"><p class="storycopy">Three of Valero's five Gulf refineries were shut by Harvey.</p><p class="storycopy">Motiva's 603,000 bpd Port Arthur plant in Texas is the largest US refinery and one of the six restarting operations.</p><p class="storycopy">The plant was down for 10 days, and as much as 6 million barrels of fuel output has already been lost. It aimed to return to 40 per cent of capacity this week, according to a company spokeswoman.</p></section><section class="p402_hide external-gallery v2-cta nointellitxt ctx_blocked"
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<section class="text-description"><p class="storycopy">A major concern, according to sources familiar with operations there and at other refiners, is whether pumps that supply the crude to the refinery will run successfully after being underwater for several days.</p><p class="storycopy">Motiva declined to comment on the pumps or on the restart.</p><p class="storycopy">The refinery was concentrating on restarting units that produce gasoline, kerosene and diesel, according to these sources. Those units were built during Motiva's $10 billion expansion process finished in 2012.</p></section><section class="photo changeSpace"><p class="withoutCaption"><img src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/590x/secondary/hurricane-harvey-path-oil-refineries-houston-reopen-1062972.jpg" alt="Oil refinery" title="Oil refinery" data-w="590" data-h="393" /><span class="photo-caption defaultLeft">GETTY</span></p><span class="newsCaption">Three of Valero's five Gulf refineries were shut by Harvey</span></section><section class="text-description"><p class="storycopy">They include the large crude unit, which can process up to 325,000 barrels of oil a day. Refinery crude units produce the feedstock needed for other units.</p><p class="storycopy">Other units also built during the expansion include a 105,000 bpd hydrocracker, which produces diesel and naphtha from gasoil, and the 110,000 bpd coker, which makes coker gasoline, petroleum coke, and other materials from sludgy oil that is a byproduct of initial distillation.</p><p class="storycopy">Flooding delayed Motiva workers in accessing facilities to see what needed to be dried, and what may need replacing.</p><p class="storycopy">The recently constructed facilities were built at higher level than original parts of the plant, sources said, so the flooding was less severe there.</p></section><section class="box related-articles clear">
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            <a href="/news/world/918616/United-airlines-flight-horror-plane-falls-apart-San-Francisco-Honolulu-Hawaii-emergency" title="Flight HORROR: Airline passenger keeps sense of humour as plane FALLS APART mid-flight" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'United airlines flight horror plane falls apart San Francisco Honolulu Hawaii emergency')" class="clearfix ">
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                <h4>Flight HORROR: Airline passenger keeps sense of humour as plane FALLS APART mid-flight</h4>
            </a>
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                            <div data-post-id="918607" class="last new short newmftp" data-short-story="918607" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918607/San-Francisco-red-alert-USA-students-ill-substance-drugs-hospitalised-updates" title="San Francisco 'RED ALERT' after 10 children fall ill from 'unknown substance'" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'San Francisco red alert USA students ill substance drugs hospitalised updates')" class="clearfix ">
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                    <img class="lazy" src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/page/placeholder-horizontal.gif" data-src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/183x122/918607_1.jpg" alt="San Francisco red alert USA students ill substance drugs hospitalised updates" title="San Francisco red alert USA students ill substance drugs hospitalised updates">
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                <h4>San Francisco 'RED ALERT' after 10 children fall ill from 'unknown substance'</h4>
            </a>
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            </section>
                <section class="new box news" data-vr-zone="R/H Side More From This Section (World)">
                    <div data-post-id="918544" class="Story big" data-short-story="918544" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a class="videopost" href="/news/world/918544/North-Korea-news-World-War-3-US-Donald-Trump-war-Kim-Jong-un-military-strike-video" title="North Korea latest: Trump's 'bloody nose' strike on Kim would kill 'FOUR MILLION people'" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'North Korea news World War 3 US Donald Trump war Kim Jong un military strike video')">
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                    <img class="lazy" src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/page/placeholder-horizontal.gif" data-src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/590x/918544_1.jpg" alt="North Korea news World War 3 US Donald Trump war Kim Jong un military strike video" title="North Korea news World War 3 US Donald Trump war Kim Jong un military strike video">
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                <h4 class="Headline">North Korea latest: Trump's 'bloody nose' strike on Kim would kill 'FOUR MILLION people'</h4>
            </a>
        </div>
                            <div data-post-id="918500" class="first new short newmftp" data-short-story="918500" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918500/EU-Donald-Tusk-Sebastian-Kurz-Austria-migration-immigration-quotas" title="Tusk accuses Austria of fuelling populism as he tells Kurz he MUST accept migrant quotas" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'EU Donald Tusk Sebastian Kurz Austria migration immigration quotas')" class="clearfix ">
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                    <img class="lazy" src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/page/placeholder-horizontal.gif" data-src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/183x122/918500_1.jpg" alt="EU Donald Tusk Sebastian Kurz Austria migration immigration quotas" title="EU Donald Tusk Sebastian Kurz Austria migration immigration quotas">
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                <h4>Tusk accuses Austria of fuelling populism as he tells Kurz he MUST accept migrant quotas</h4>
            </a>
        </div>
                            <div data-post-id="918469" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="918469" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918469/martin-schulz-quits-spd-angela-merkel-germany-coalition" title="SPD leader Martin Schulz QUITS in blow to Angela Merkel coalition plot" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'martin schulz quits spd angela merkel germany coalition ')" class="clearfix ">
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                    <img class="lazy" src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/page/placeholder-horizontal.gif" data-src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/183x122/918469_1.jpg" alt="martin schulz quits spd angela merkel germany coalition " title="martin schulz quits spd angela merkel germany coalition ">
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                <h4>SPD leader Martin Schulz QUITS in blow to Angela Merkel coalition plot</h4>
            </a>
        </div>
                            <div data-post-id="918356" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="918356" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918356/Rio-Carnival-2018-best-costumes-outfits-in-pictures-brazil-samba-dancing-naked-bodypaint" title="Rio Carnival 2018 in pictures: The BEST costumes from the greatest show on earth" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'Rio Carnival 2018 best costumes outfits in pictures brazil samba dancing naked bodypaint')" class="clearfix ">
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                <h4>Rio Carnival 2018 in pictures: The BEST costumes from the greatest show on earth</h4>
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                            <div data-post-id="918336" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="918336" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918336/North-Korea-News-Donald-Trump-Twitter-North-Korea-latest-war-USA-Tucker-Carlson" title="North Korea latest: SHOCKING Kim Jong-un apologist brutally TORN apart by Fox News host " onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'North Korea News Donald Trump Twitter North Korea latest war USA Tucker Carlson ')" class="clearfix videopost">
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                <h4>North Korea latest: SHOCKING Kim Jong-un apologist brutally TORN apart by Fox News host </h4>
            </a>
        </div>
                            <div data-post-id="918333" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="918333" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918333/Germany-news-karneval-rose-monday-parade-Dusseldorf-Angela-Merkel-Martin-Schulz" title="WATCH: 'Man-eating black widow' Angela Merkel MOCKED at SHOCK Dusseldorf carnival parade" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'Germany news karneval rose monday parade Dusseldorf Angela Merkel Martin Schulz')" class="clearfix videopost">
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                <h4>WATCH: 'Man-eating black widow' Angela Merkel MOCKED at SHOCK Dusseldorf carnival parade</h4>
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                            <div data-post-id="918312" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="918312" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918312/Cyclone-Gita-track-map-will-cyclone-Gita-hit-New-Zealand-NZ-Fiji-latest-update" title="Cyclone Gita track map: Will tropical storm hit New Zealand and Fiji? Latest updates" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'Cyclone Gita track map will cyclone Gita hit New Zealand NZ Fiji latest update')" class="clearfix videopost">
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                <h4>Cyclone Gita track map: Will tropical storm hit New Zealand and Fiji? Latest updates</h4>
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                            <div data-post-id="918210" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="918210" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918210/Westminster-Kennel-Club-Dog-Show-2018-in-pictures-new-york-live-photos" title="Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in pictures: ADORABLE photos of pooches for best in show" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show 2018 in pictures new york live photos')" class="clearfix ">
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                <h4>Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in pictures: ADORABLE photos of pooches for best in show</h4>
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                            <div data-post-id="917859" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="917859" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/917859/Rio-carnival-in-pictures-RIO-de-Janeiro-brazil-samba-naked-bodypainting-singing-dancing" title="Rio Carnival 2018 in pictures: INCREDIBLE photos as carnival lights up Brazil" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'Rio carnival in pictures RIO de Janeiro brazil samba naked bodypainting singing dancing')" class="clearfix ">
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                    <img class="lazy" src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/page/placeholder-horizontal.gif" data-src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/183x122/917859_1.jpg" alt="Rio carnival in pictures RIO de Janeiro brazil samba naked bodypainting singing dancing" title="Rio carnival in pictures RIO de Janeiro brazil samba naked bodypainting singing dancing">
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                <h4>Rio Carnival 2018 in pictures: INCREDIBLE photos as carnival lights up Brazil</h4>
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                            <div data-post-id="816454" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="816454" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/816454/Michael-Schumacher-latest-health-news-update-progress-ski-accident-head-injury" title="Michael Schumacher health update: Four years on from horror ski accident" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'Michael Schumacher latest health news update progress ski accident head injury')" class="clearfix ">
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                    <img class="lazy" src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/page/placeholder-horizontal.gif" data-src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/183x122/816454_1.jpg" alt="Michael Schumacher latest health news update progress ski accident head injury" title="Michael Schumacher latest health news update progress ski accident head injury">
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                <h4>Michael Schumacher health update: Four years on from horror ski accident</h4>
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                            <div data-post-id="918443" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="918443" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918443/US-drone-russia-t72-tank-syria-jet-attack-assad-forces-trump-putin" title="US drone DESTROYS tank as Trump's forces 'KILL scores of Russian troops' in Syria " onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'US drone russia t72 tank syria jet attack assad forces trump putin')" class="clearfix ">
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                    <img class="lazy" src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/page/placeholder-horizontal.gif" data-src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/183x122/918443_1.jpg" alt="US drone russia t72 tank syria jet attack assad forces trump putin" title="US drone russia t72 tank syria jet attack assad forces trump putin">
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                <h4>US drone DESTROYS tank as Trump's forces 'KILL scores of Russian troops' in Syria </h4>
            </a>
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                            <div data-post-id="918591" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="918591" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918591/emmanuel-macron-attacks-european-parliament" title="EU at war: Macron attacks European Parliament parties and calls for major reform" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'emmanuel macron attacks european parliament ')" class="clearfix ">
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                    <img class="lazy" src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/page/placeholder-horizontal.gif" data-src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/183x122/918591_1.jpg" alt="emmanuel macron attacks european parliament " title="emmanuel macron attacks european parliament ">
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                <h4>EU at war: Macron attacks European Parliament parties and calls for major reform</h4>
            </a>
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                            <div data-post-id="918576" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="918576" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918576/grand-canyon-helicopter-tragedy-british-student-conrad-fish-helped-crash-victims" title="Grand Canyon tragedy: British student climbed down gorge to help doctors for SEVEN HOURS" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'grand canyon helicopter tragedy british student conrad fish helped crash victims')" class="clearfix ">
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                <h4>Grand Canyon tragedy: British student climbed down gorge to help doctors for SEVEN HOURS</h4>
            </a>
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                            <div data-post-id="918575" class="last new short newmftp" data-short-story="918575" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918575/winter-olympics-2018-north-korea-cheerleaders-surprise-tourists-pyeongchang" title="Winter Olympics 2018: North Korea cheerleaders surprise tourists as minders MONITOR squad" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'winter olympics 2018 north korea cheerleaders surprise tourists pyeongchang')" class="clearfix videopost">
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                <h4>Winter Olympics 2018: North Korea cheerleaders surprise tourists as minders MONITOR squad</h4>
            </a>
        </div>
            </section>
                <section class="new box news" data-vr-zone="R/H Side More From This Section (World)">
                    <div data-post-id="918564" class="Story big" data-short-story="918564" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a class="" href="/news/world/918564/venezuela-economy-weak-currency-inflation-banknotes-value-latest" title="Venezuela's economy so weak locals weave bags from CURRENCY as they are worth more" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'venezuela economy weak currency inflation banknotes value latest')">
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                <h4 class="Headline">Venezuela's economy so weak locals weave bags from CURRENCY as they are worth more</h4>
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                            <div data-post-id="918545" class="first new short newmftp" data-short-story="918545" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918545/north-korea-news-christian-persecution-executed-life-under-kim-jong-un-regime-religion" title="'People SHUDDER at the punishments' North Koreans describe life under Kim's strict regime" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'north korea news christian persecution executed life under kim jong un regime religion')" class="clearfix ">
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                <h4>'People SHUDDER at the punishments' North Koreans describe life under Kim's strict regime</h4>
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                            <div data-post-id="918542" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="918542" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918542/winter-olympics-games-2018-norovirus-outbreak-quarantine-staff-pyeongchang-2018" title="Winter Olympics 2018: Norovirus victims blame 'irresponsible action’ of Games organisers " onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'winter olympics games 2018 norovirus outbreak quarantine staff pyeongchang 2018')" class="clearfix ">
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                <h4>Winter Olympics 2018: Norovirus victims blame 'irresponsible action’ of Games organisers </h4>
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                            <div data-post-id="918533" class="new short newmftp" data-short-story="918533" data-vr-contentbox="">
            <a href="/news/world/918533/north-korea-news-k-pop-star-seohyun-girls-generation-sings-unification-songs-olympics" title="North Korea news: K-Pop star sings unification songs at Olympics as minders watch athletes" onclick="ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('More World', 'north korea news k-pop star seohyun girls generation sings unification songs olympics')" class="clearfix ">
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                <h4>North Korea news: K-Pop star sings unification songs at Olympics as minders watch athletes</h4>
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        var prevwidth = $('.BrightcoveExperience').width();
         var prevheight = $('.BrightcoveExperience').height();
         if(BCL.experienceModule){
             BCL.experienceModule.setSize($('#singleArticle').width(),(($('#singleArticle').width()/prevwidth)*prevheight));
         }
         if(prevwidth!=$('#singleArticle').width()){
                $('.BrightcoveExperience').width($('#singleArticle').width()).height((($('#singleArticle').width()/prevwidth)*prevheight));
            }
    };

    $(window).on('resize',function() {
       ExpressApp.resizeBrightcove();
    });

    (function($){
        if ($('.express-partners').length) {
            $('.express-partners').orbit({
                directionalNav: false,
                bullets: true,
                animation: 'fade'
            });
        }

        ExpressApp.resizeBrightcove();

        ExpressApp.Image.Load('.old-style.photo.full-width img', function(){
            $(this).parent().css({
                'width': $(this).width()
            });
        });

                //ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackFacebook(); // Google Analytics Facebook Like Button Click Tracker
        //ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackTwitter(); // Google Analytics Tweeter Tweet Tracker
            })(jQuery);

    ExpressApp.ResponsiveIframe('#singleArticle iframe');
// ]]>
</script>
<script src="https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/theme/Responsive/js/vendor/jquery.scrolldepth.min.js"></script>
<script>
jQuery(function() {
  jQuery.scrollDepth();
});
</script>
<script>

function getSelected() {
  if(window.getSelection) { return window.getSelection(); }
  else if(document.getSelection) { return document.getSelection(); }
  else {
    var selection = document.selection && document.selection.createRange();
    if(selection.text) { return selection.text; }
    return false;
  }
  return false;
}
function is_touch_device() {
  return true;  return 'ontouchstart' in window // works on most browsers
      || 'onmsgesturechange' in window; // works on ie10
};

if (!is_touch_device()) {
    $('article.single-article').mouseup(function(e) {
        $('#selected_text').fadeOut('fast').remove();
        var selection = getSelected();
        selection = selection.toString();
        if (selection) {
            $("body").prepend(tmpl("tmpl-selected-text", {twitterUrl:'https://twitter.com/home?status='+encodeURI(selection), facebookUrl:'https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=' + + '&t=' + encodeURI(selection), emailUrl: 'mailto:?subject=adsf', top: (e.pageY + 12) + 'px', left:(e.pageX - 125) + 'px', text:selection}));
            ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('select-text','https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/853163/hurricane-harvey-path-houston-2017-oil-refineries-reopen',selection);

            var act = new gigya.socialize.UserAction();
            act.setUserMessage("This is the user message");
            act.setTitle('"' + selection + '"');
            act.setLinkBack("https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/853163/hurricane-harvey-path-houston-2017-oil-refineries-reopen");
            act.setDescription('Oil refineries in Houston begin to reopen after Hurricane Harvey forced their closure');
            act.addActionLink("Read the article", "https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/853163/hurricane-harvey-path-houston-2017-oil-refineries-reopen");
                        act.addMediaItem({ type: 'image', src: 'https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/78/285x214/853163_1.jpg', href: "https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/853163/hurricane-harvey-path-houston-2017-oil-refineries-reopen" });
            var globalsharebuttons3 = [
                { // Facebook Like button
                    provider:'facebook',
                    tooltip:'Recommend this on Facebook',
                    action:'recommend',
                    font:'arial',
                    enableCount: false,
                    iconOnly: true,
                    iconImgUp: 'https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/static/comments/newshare/fb2.png',
                    iconImgOver: 'https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/static/comments/newshare/fb2_over.png'
                },
                { // Twitter Tweet button
                    provider:'twitter',
                    tooltip:'Share on Twitter',
                    defaultText:'"' + selection + '" (via @daily_express)',
                    related:'Daily_Star',
                    enableCount: false,
                    iconOnly: true,
                    iconImgUp: 'https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/static/comments/newshare/tw2.png',
                    iconImgOver: 'https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/static/comments/newshare/tw2_over.png'
                },
                { // Email
                    provider:'email',
                    tooltip:'Share this via email',
                    enableCount: false,
                    iconOnly: true,
                    emailBody: 'Oil refineries in Houston begin to reopen after Hurricane Harvey forced their closure',
                    iconImgUp: 'https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/static/comments/newshare/m.png',
                    iconImgOver: 'https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/static/comments/newshare/m_over.png'
                },
            ];
            var showShareBarUI_params2 = {
                containerID: 'selected_text',
                shareButtons: globalsharebuttons3,
                userAction: act,
                action: 'recommend',
                emailBody: 'Oil refineries in Houston begin to reopen after Hurricane Harvey forced their closure',
                onSendDone: function(e){
                    ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('social','share','https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/853163/hurricane-harvey-path-houston-2017-oil-refineries-reopen');
                },
                onShareButtonClicked: function(e){
                    ExpressApp.GoogleAnalytics.TrackEvent('social','intent','https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/853163/hurricane-harvey-path-houston-2017-oil-refineries-reopen');
                    (window.utag_add_event || function(){})({
                      "call_type":"event",
                      "events": {
                        "category": "Social",
                        "action": "Intent",
                        "event": "socialIntent"
                      },
                      social:{
                        "platform":e.shareItem.provider
                      }
                    });
                    if (e.shareItem.provider == 'comments') {
                        $('html, body').animate({
                            scrollTop: $('#commentsDiv').offset().top
                        }, 'slow', 'easeOutExpo');
                    }
                }

            };

            gigya.socialize.showShareBarUI(showShareBarUI_params2);
        } else {
            $('#selected_text').fadeOut('fast').remove();
        }
    });
}

</script>
<script type="text/x-tmpl" id="tmpl-selected-text">
    <div class="selected_text" id="selected_text" style="position:absolute; top:{%#o.top%};  left:{%#o.left%}; z-index:500;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);box-shadow: -1px 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3);padding-left: 7px;padding-top: 2px;">
        <{%='a'%} href="{%#o.twitterUrl%}" class="twitter">Share on twitter</{%='a'%}>
        <{%='a'%} href="{%#o.facebookUrl%}" class="facebook">Share on facebook</{%='a'%}>
        <{%='a'%} href="{%#o.emailUrl%}" class="twitter">Share via email {%#o.text%}</{%='a'%}>
    </div>
    <style>
        .selected_text .gig-share-bar-container>table>tbody>tr>td {padding-left:0}
    </style>
</script>


<script>

    $.extend(ExpressApp, {
        RelatedVideoModal: {
            modalWindow: null,
            modal: null,
            video: null,
            videocontent: null,
            stop: false,

            Start: function(url) {
                ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.video = url;
                ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.InitModal();
                ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.Listener();
            },
            InitModal: function() {
                ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.modalWindow = $('.reveal-dynamic').length == 2;
                ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.modal = ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.modalWindow
                    ? $('.reveal-dynamic:hidden').last()
                    : $('<div>').addClass('reveal-modal reveal-dynamic GallerySlideshowModal videoModal').appendTo('body');

                var modalBody = ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.GetModalContent({
                        photoSrc: null,
                    }, false);
                    console.log('modalBody:' + modalBody);
                if (ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.modalWindow && ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.modal.is(':visible')) {
                    ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.modal.bind('reveal:closed.reveal', function(){
                        ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.modal.empty().html(modalBody).reveal();
                    });
                } else {
                    //alert('no here');
                }

                ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.Listener();
                ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.modal.empty().html(modalBody).reveal();
            },
            ReplaceModalBody: function(modalBody) {
                console.log('modalBody:' + modalBody);
                ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.modal.empty().html(modalBody);
            },
            GetModalContent: function(content, isButtonPaused) {
                    console.log('modalBody:' + ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.video);
                $.ajax({
                    url : ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.video,
                    dataType : 'html',
                    success: function(data){
                        ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.ReplaceModalBody(tmpl("tmpl-relatedvideo-slideshow", {
                            videoContent: data
                        }));
                    }
                });
            },
            Listener: function() {
                // Click on the button "Play slideshow" in the gallery


                // Click on the "Close" button on the modal slideshow
                $(document).on('click', '.GallerySlideshow [data-button="close"]', function() {
                    ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.modal.trigger('reveal:close');
                    setTimeout(function() {
                        $('.videoModal').remove();
                    }, 500);
                });
            }
        }
    });

    $(function () {
        $(document).on('click', '.three-related-videos .Videos a', function (e) {
            e.preventDefault();
            var url = $(this).attr('href');
            ExpressApp.RelatedVideoModal.Start(url);
        });
    });
</script>


<script type="text/x-tmpl" id="tmpl-relatedvideo-slideshow">
    <div class="GallerySlideshow">
        <div class="Navigation">
            <a class="Button string close" data-button="close">Close</a>
        </div>
        <div class="Photo preloader v2">
            {%#o.videoContent%}
        </div>
        <div class="Description">
        </div>
    </div>
</script>
<script>
    var headerbgcolor = '#f4f4f4';
    var InskinControls = {
        InskinControl : {
            BurgerFunction : {},
            inskin_delay : 4500,
            timeSinceWindowLoad : 0,
            actualTimeSinceWindowLoad : 0,
            shouldDelayScroll : true,
            userHasScrolled : false,
            advertDelayCounter : null,
            CssFunction : null,
            SecondayCssFunction : null,
            advertType : null,
            divId : null,
            SecondaryDivId : null,
            backgroundJob : null,
            originalBackground : null,
            hasInskinJoinedUs : false,
            hasPutBack : false,
            hasTemplateAndSuperbanner : 0,
            inskinTop : 0,
            startTime : 0,
            deltaTime : 0,
            deltaDiff : 0,
            adslotChanges : 0,
            DelayScroll : function (divId, type) {
console.log('delayscroll');
             ExpressApp.InskinControl.inskinTop =  0;
             if (ExpressApp.InskinControl.shouldDelayScroll == true) {
                    ExpressApp.InskinControl.advertType = type;
                    if (!ExpressApp.InskinControl.divId) {
                        ExpressApp.InskinControl.divId = divId;
                    } else {
                        ExpressApp.InskinControl.SecondaryDivId = divId;
                    }
                    switch (type) {
                        case 'superbanner':
                            console.log('superbanner');
                            $(window).resize(function(){
                                ExpressApp.InskinControl.Resize();
                            });
                            document.addEventListener('megabanner', function (e) {
                                if($('#' + ExpressApp.InskinControl.divId + ' > div > iframe').length !== 0) {
                                  $('#' + ExpressApp.InskinControl.divId + ' > div > iframe').contents().bind('DOMSubtreeModified', function(el) {
                                    if (el.target.innerHTML.length > 0) {
                                        $iframe = $('#' + ExpressApp.InskinControl.divId + ' > div > iframe');
                                        ExpressApp.InskinControl.adslotChanges++;
                                        if((($iframe.width() === 970 && $iframe.height() === 250) ||
                                            $iframe.width() === 728 && $iframe.height() === 90) && this.actualTimeSinceWindowLoad < 4500) {
                                               console.log('iframe contents have changed');
                                               ExpressApp.InskinControl.StartTheClock();
                                               ExpressApp.InskinControl.shouldDelayScroll = true;
                                               ExpressApp.InskinControl.RefreshTheClock();
                                        }
                                    }
                                  });
                                }
                            }, false);
                            var megaevent = document.createEvent('Event');
                            megaevent.initEvent('megabanner', true, true);
                            document.dispatchEvent(megaevent);

                            $('body').css({backgroundColor: '#f4f4f4'});
                            $('#maincontainer').css({paddingTop: '3px'});
                            $('#maincontainer header').css({borderTop: 'none'});
                            $('.superbanner').css({marginBottom: '0'});
                            ExpressApp.InskinControl.Resize();
                            ExpressApp.InskinControl.hasTemplateAndSuperbanner++;
                            console.log('superbanner');
                            ExpressApp.InskinControl.addShadow();
                            if (!ExpressApp.InskinControl.hasInskinJoinedUs) {
                                ExpressApp.InskinControl.DoTheSticky();
                            }
                            ExpressApp.InskinControl.hasInskinJoinedUs = true;
                            console.log(ExpressApp.InskinControl.hasTemplateAndSuperbanner);
                        break;
                    }
                }
            },
            DoTheSticky : function(){
                console.log('dothesticky');
                if (ExpressApp.InskinControl.shouldDelayScroll == true ) {
                    console.log('doing sticky at ' + this.actualTimeSinceWindowLoad);
                    var tmpfunc = setInterval(function(){
                        ExpressApp.InskinControl.checkForTwoAdverts('superbanner');
                        if (ExpressApp.InskinControl.hasTemplateAndSuperbanner > 1) {
                        }
                        if ($(window).scrollTop() > ExpressApp.InskinControl.inskinTop) {
                           if (!ExpressApp.InskinControl.userHasScrolled) {
                                ExpressApp.InskinControl.startTime =  Date.now();
                           }
                           ExpressApp.InskinControl.userHasScrolled = true;
                           var thediv = ExpressApp.InskinControl.divId;

                           bannerContainerWidth = $('.container').width() + 40;
                           if ($(window).width() < 980) bannerContainerWidth = $('.container').width() + 18;
                           leftpos = (($(window).width() - Math.max($('#' + thediv + ' div iframe').width(), bannerContainerWidth))/2);
                           heightval = $('#' + thediv).height() + 20;
                           $('.superbanner').css({marginBottom: '0'});
                           $('#' + thediv).css({minWidth: bannerContainerWidth + 'px', left: leftpos +'px', top:0, position: 'fixed', zIndex: 9998500, marginBottom: 0, padding: '10px 0', background: '#f4f4f4'}).parent().css({height : heightval + 1});
                           
                                                          if ($.fn.stickyPlayer) {
                                   // send message to the sticky player to set height as heightval + 20;
                                   window.ns_video_player_topPosition = heightval + 20;
                               }
                                                      
                                                   }
                    }, 100);
                    if (ExpressApp.InskinControl.hasTemplateAndSuperbanner > 1) {
                        ExpressApp.InskinControl.SecondayCssFunction = tmpfunc;
                        $('#superbanner').css({marginTop: '10px', position: 'relative',zIndex:6000 });
                        $('.bodywrapper').css({marginTop:  '-' + ($('#superbanner').first('iframe').height() + 10) + 'px'});
                    } else {
                        ExpressApp.InskinControl.removeShadow();
                        ExpressApp.InskinControl.CssFunction = tmpfunc;
                    }
                }
            },
            Resize : function (){
                console.log('resize');
                bannerContainerWidth = $('.container').width() + 40;
                if ($(window).width() < 980) bannerContainerWidth = $('.container').width() + 18;
                $('#' + ExpressApp.InskinControl.divId).css('width', 'auto').css('cssText', $('#' + ExpressApp.InskinControl.divId).attr('style')  + '; margin-bottom:0;  border-bottom:1px solid #d4d4d4; width: ' + bannerContainerWidth + 'px !important;');
                            },
            SplitTheBackground : function(){
            },
            addShadow : function(){
                //$('.headerShell').addClass('shadow');
                //$('#maincontainer').addClass('shadow');
            },
            removeShadow : function(){
                //$('.headerShell').removeClass('shadow');
                //$('#maincontainer').removeClass('shadow');
            },
            checkForTwoAdverts : function(whichTemplate){
                if ($('#div-gpt-ad-319511514470019133-1 div iframe').width() == 0 || !$('#superbanner').is(':visible')) {
                    ExpressApp.InskinControl.hasTemplateAndSuperbanner = 1;
                    ExpressApp.InskinControl.removeShadow();
                }
            },
            SetTheBackground : function(){
            },
            StartTheClock : function(){
                    console.log('StartTheClock');
                if (ExpressApp.InskinControl.timeSinceWindowLoad === 0) {
                    console.log('timeSinceWindowLoad is 0');
                    ExpressApp.InskinControl.startTime =  Date.now();
                    ExpressApp.InskinControl.advertDelayCounter = setInterval(function(){
                            ExpressApp.InskinControl.UpdateSeconds();
                        }, 100);
                }
            },
            RefreshTheClock : function(){
                console.log('RefreshTheClock');
                this.timeSinceWindowLoad = 1;
            },
            UpdateSeconds : function(){
                if (!ExpressApp.InskinControl.hasInskinJoinedUs) {

                }
                if ($(window).scrollTop() > ExpressApp.InskinControl.inskinTop) {
                    deltaTime = Date.now() - ExpressApp.InskinControl.startTime;
                    ExpressApp.InskinControl.deltaDiff = deltaTime - ExpressApp.InskinControl.deltaTime;
                    ExpressApp.InskinControl.deltaTime = deltaTime;
                	this.timeSinceWindowLoad += ExpressApp.InskinControl.deltaDiff;
                	this.actualTimeSinceWindowLoad += ExpressApp.InskinControl.deltaDiff;
                }
                if (this.timeSinceWindowLoad > ExpressApp.InskinControl.inskin_delay && ExpressApp.InskinControl.hasInskinJoinedUs == true) {
                    ExpressApp.InskinControl.PutAdvertBack();
                }
            },
            PutAdvertBack : function (){
                window.clearInterval(ExpressApp.InskinControl.CssFunction);
                window.clearTimeout(ExpressApp.InskinControl.backgroundJob);
                if (ExpressApp.InskinControl.hasTemplateAndSuperbanner > 1 || ExpressApp.InskinControl.SecondayCssFunction) {
                    window.clearInterval(ExpressApp.InskinControl.SecondayCssFunction);
                }
                ExpressApp.InskinControl.SecondayCssFunction = null;
                ExpressApp.InskinControl.shouldDelayScroll = false;
                window.clearInterval(ExpressApp.InskinControl.advertDelayCounter);
                switch (ExpressApp.InskinControl.advertType) {
                    case 'superbanner':
                        if (ExpressApp.InskinControl.hasPutBack == false) {
                            ExpressApp.InskinControl.hasPutBack = true;
                            console.log('putting super banner back at ' + this.timeSinceWindowLoad + 'ms');
                            var thediv = ExpressApp.InskinControl.divId;
                            maxanimation = -1 * $('#' + thediv).height();
                            if (($(window).scrollTop() - $('#superbanner').offset().top) < $('#' + thediv).height()) maxanimation = -1 * ($(window).scrollTop() - $('#superbanner').offset().top);
                            $('#' + thediv).animate({top : maxanimation + 'px'}, 1000, function(){
                               
                                                                   // send message to the sticky player to set height as 0
                                    if ($.fn.stickyPlayer) {
                                        window.ns_video_player_topPosition = 0;
                                    }
                               
                               $('#' + thediv).css({zIndex: 500, position: 'static', padding: '10px 0', background: 'transparent', width: 'auto !important', minWidth: '1px'});
                            });
                                                    }
                    break;
                }
                ExpressApp.InskinControl.shouldDelayScroll = false;
                ExpressApp.InskinControl.SecondaryDivId = null;
            }
        }
    };

    $.extend(ExpressApp, InskinControls);
    $(window).load(function(){
        ExpressApp.InskinControl.StartTheClock();
    });
    $(function(){
        setTimeout(function(){
            ExpressApp.InskinControl.StartTheClock();
        }, 2000);
    });
</script>
<script>
// <![CDATA[
$.extend(ExpressApp.Weather, {
    weatherForecastUrl: '/news/weather',
    weatherForecastThumb: 'https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/weather/png/{ICO_SIZE}/head2_icon_{SKY_CODE}.png',
    GetWeatherData: function() {
        var $object = $(ExpressApp.Weather.weatherWidgetTrigger);
        var cookieLocationCode = $.cookie('metOfficeLocationId');

        $.ajax({
            url: '/weather/get/'+(cookieLocationCode ? cookieLocationCode : '352409'),
            success: function(data) {
                if (data) {
                    ExpressApp.Weather.FillInWeatherWidget(data);
                }
            },
            beforeSend: function() {
                ExpressApp.Preload.Start($object, {left:'auto', right:297});
            },
            complete: function() {
                ExpressApp.Preload.Stop($object);
                $object.find('a').addClass('in');
            }
        });
    },
    FillInWeatherWidget: function(data){
        var $object = $(ExpressApp.Weather.weatherWidgetTrigger);

        $object.find('.weather-info').attr('href', ExpressApp.Weather.weatherForecastUrl.replace('{LOCATION_ID}', data.weatherlocation_id).replace('{LOCATION_TITLE}', $.cookie('metOfficeLocationName')));
        $object.find('a').attr('style', 'padding: 2px 32px 0 35px;background-size: contain;background-image:url("'+ExpressApp.Weather.weatherForecastThumb.replace('{ICO_SIZE}', '52x52').replace('{SKY_CODE}', parseInt(data.weather_type).padLeft(2,'0'))+'")');
        $object.find('.jq-centigrade').text(data.temperature);
        $object.find('.jq-town').text($.cookie('metOfficeLocationName'));
    }
});
$(window).load(function(){
    if ($.cookie('metOfficeLocationId') && $.cookie('metOfficeLocationId') != 352409 && $.cookie('metOfficeLocationId') != 350929) {
        ExpressApp.Weather.GetWeather();
    }
});
// ]]>
</script>
<script>
    $('#supportticket').on('click', function(e){
        e.preventDefault();
        var st_date = new Date();
        st_date.setTime(st_date.getTime() + (5 * 60 * 1000));
        $.cookie('st_backto', window.location.href, {expires: st_date, path: '/'}); // ca 30 minutes

        window.location.href = $(this).attr('href');
    });
</script>

        <script>
            ExpressApp.Config.webrootImg = 'https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/';
            ExpressApp.Config.webrootImgDynamic = 'https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/';
                        ExpressApp.Config.inProduction = true;
            
                        ExpressApp.Config.amazonAds = true;
            
            if (typeof(addToHomescreen) != 'undefined') {
                                addToHomescreen({
                    autostart: false
                });
                            }


                            var storeGigyaComment = function () {
                    var sl_date = new Date();
                    sl_date.setTime(sl_date.getTime() + (5 * 60 * 1000));
                    $.cookie('sl_hascookie', true, {expires: sl_date, path: '/'}); // ca 30 minutes
                    $.cookie('sl_backto', window.location.href, {expires: sl_date, path: '/'}); // ca 30 minutes

                    if (window.sessionStorage) {
                        if ($('.gig-composebox-textarea').length && $('.gig-composebox-textarea').text() != '') {
                            window.sessionStorage.setItem('comments_' + window.location.href, $('.gig-composebox-textarea').text());
                        }
                    } else {
                        if ($('.gig-composebox-textarea').length && $('.gig-composebox-textarea').text() != '') {
                            $.cookie('sl_content', $('.gig-composebox-textarea').text(), {expires: sl_date, path: '/'});
                        }
                    }
                };

                $('#nse-widget').on('click', 'a.nse_register-link', function (e) {
                    // prevent expresso from calling its handlers
                    e.stopImmediatePropagation();
                    e.preventDefault();

                    storeGigyaComment();
                    window.location.href = SECURE_LOGIN_URL + 'users/register';
                });
                $('#nse-widget').on('click', 'a.nse_login-link, .gig-composebox-site-login, .gig-composebox-post', function (e) {
                    // prevent expresso from calling its handlers
                    e.stopImmediatePropagation();
                    e.preventDefault();

                    storeGigyaComment();
                    window.location.href = SECURE_LOGIN_URL + 'users/login';
                });
            
                            $(function () {
                    ExpressApp.Gigya.getUserInfo();
                });
                    </script>
        <!-- displayInSkin: yes, displayPagePeel: no, showPagePeelRos: , showPagePeel: , areYouOnHomepage:no -->

        <!--Visual Revenue Reader Response Tracking Script (v6) -->
<script>
	var _vrq = _vrq || [];
	_vrq.push(['id', 476]);
	_vrq.push(['automate', false]);
	_vrq.push(['track', function(){}]);
	(function(d, a){
		var s = d.createElement(a),
		x = d.getElementsByTagName(a)[0];
		s.async = true;
		s.src = 'https://vra.outbrain.com/vrs.js';
		x.parentNode.insertBefore(s, x);
	})(document, 'script');
</script>
<!-- End of VR RR Tracking Script - All rights reserved -->
<script src="//platform.twitter.com/oct.js"></script>
<script>
try {twttr.conversion.trackPid('l4f18');} catch (e) {}
</script>
<noscript>
<img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://analytics.twitter.com/i/adsct?txn_id=l4f18&p_id=Twitter" />
<img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="//t.co/i/adsct?txn_id=l4f18&p_id=Twitter" />
</noscript><script>
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