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    <title data-rh="true">As Harvey Raged, Meteorologists Grasped for Words to Describe It - The New York Times</title><meta data-rh="true" itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-US"/><meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="noarchive"/><meta data-rh="true" name="articleid" itemprop="identifier" content="100000005397837"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" itemprop="description" content="Forecasters needed to explain to people in the storm’s path just how dangerous it was."/><meta data-rh="true" name="byl" content="By Christine Hauser"/><meta data-rh="true" name="thumbnail" itemprop="thumbnailUrl" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/29/us/29xp-language/29xp-language-thumbStandard.jpg"/><meta data-rh="true" name="news_keywords" content="Hurricane Harvey,Weather,Flood,National Weather Service,National Hurricane Center,Houston"/><meta data-rh="true" name="usageTerms" itemprop="usageTerms" content="http://www.nytimes.com/content/help/rights/sale/terms-of-sale.html"/><meta 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Meteorologists Grasped for Words to Describe It"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:description" content="Forecasters needed to explain to people in the storm’s path just how dangerous it was."/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:image" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/29/us/29xp-language/29xp-language-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg"/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:image:alt" content="Residents in Houston waded through floodwater on Monday after Hurricane Harvey inundated the Texas Gulf Goast with rain, causing widespread flooding."/><meta data-rh="true" property="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:section" itemprop="articleSection" content="U.S."/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:section-taxonomy-id" itemprop="articleSection" content="23FD6C8B-62D5-4CEA-A331-6C2A9A1223BE"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:author" content="http://www.nytimes.com/by/christine-hauser"/><meta data-rh="true" 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Heading1-toneNews--1Qp-U" itemProp="headline"><span class="Heading1-headline--8Qzcc balance-text">As Harvey Raged, Meteorologists Grasped for Words to Describe It</span></h1><figure class="ResponsiveMedia-media--32g1o ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi ResponsiveMedia-sizeMedium--3hVlk styles-ledeMedia--1s9BI ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi" aria-label="media" role="group" itemProp="associatedMedia" itemID="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/29/us/29xp-language/merlin-to-scoop-126531494-618680-articleLarge.jpg?quality=30&amp;auto=webp" itemType="http://schema.org/ImageObject"><div class="ResponsiveMedia-container--G2JS6 ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi"><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Image</span><img alt="" class="Image-image--2zb04" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/29/us/29xp-language/merlin-to-scoop-126531494-618680-articleLarge.jpg?quality=30&amp;auto=webp" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/29/us/29xp-language/merlin-to-scoop-126531494-618680-articleLarge.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/29/us/29xp-language/merlin-to-scoop-126531494-618680-jumbo.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/29/us/29xp-language/merlin-to-scoop-126531494-618680-popup.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 650w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/29/us/29xp-language/merlin-to-scoop-126531494-618680-superJumbo.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 2048w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 60vw, 100vw"/></div><figcaption class="ResponsiveMedia-caption--1dUVu Media-caption--wlc0l ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi" itemProp="caption description"><span class="ResponsiveMedia-captionText--2WFdF Media-captionText--2e27a">Residents in Houston waded through floodwater on Monday after Hurricane Harvey inundated the Texas Gulf Goast with rain, causing widespread flooding.</span><span class="ResponsiveMedia-credit--3F-q_ Media-credit--1ZFho" itemProp="copyrightHolder"><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Credit</span><span>Nick Oxford/Reuters.</span></span></figcaption></figure><div class="styles-bylineTimestamp--2J2fe styles-toneNews--29Vp_"><div class="elementStyles-byline--33rWc styles-byline--Dn1Bu styles-toneNews--29Vp_"><div class="Byline-bylineGroup--2XIy_"><p class="">By<!-- --> <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/by/christine-hauser" class="Byline-bylineAuthor--d8i20 elementStyles-authors--voZdU">Christine Hauser</a></p></div></div><time class="Timestamp-timestamp--3FJff elementStyles-timestamp--26VGL styles-timestamp--KJFCK" dateTime="2017-08-29" itemProp="datePublished" content="2017 - 08 - 29">Aug. 29, 2017</time></div></header><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“Unprecedented.” “Unknown.” “Beyond anything experienced.”</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">When weather forecasters needed to describe Hurricane Harvey’s potential for death and destruction, they stretched their linguistic abilities into new territory.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Here was a storm system with 130 m.p.h. winds — strong enough to topple tall structures — and rains that would be so relentless that millions of gallons of water would fall for days on vulnerable towns and cities.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Hurricane Harvey’s power was so vast that it provided one of the most important lessons of weather forecasting: words matter. They can make the difference between life and death. Residents need to not just hear or read, but to grasp how dangerous the storm will be. Rescuers and aid groups need to know how extensively their services will be needed, and where.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">So in one of the most memorable moments in forecasting history, communications teams at the National Weather Service found themselves scratching their heads. They needed new language and a new approach in graphics to capture the severity of the storm.</p><div class="elementStyles-tweet--3AESs elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-cards=""><p><a href="https://twitter.com/NWS/status/901832717070983169">https://twitter.com/NWS/status/901832717070983169</a></p></blockquote></div><div class="elementStyles-tweet--3AESs elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft"><blockquote class="twitter-tweet" data-cards=""><p><a href="https://twitter.com/NWS/status/902174274571689984">https://twitter.com/NWS/status/902174274571689984</a></p></blockquote></div><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Hurricane Harvey <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/25/us/hurricane-harvey.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FHurricanes%20and%20Tropical%20Storms&amp;action=click&amp;contentCollection=timestopics&amp;region=stream&amp;module=stream_unit&amp;version=search&amp;contentPlacement=10&amp;pgtype=collection" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">made landfall on the Texas coast</a> late on Friday as a Category 4 storm, a designation meaning it was capable of causing devastating damage. Even though the hurricane was downgraded soon after making landfall, it was expected to linger, prompting the National Weather Service to warn on Sunday: “This event is unprecedented and all impacts are unknown.”</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Since then, <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/us/hurricane-harvey-texas.html?action=click&amp;pgtype=Homepage&amp;clickSource=story-heading&amp;module=span-abc-region&amp;region=span-abc-region&amp;WT.nav=span-abc-region&amp;_r=0" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">at least 10 people have been killed and many more injured in the storm,</a> which had unleashed more than 40 inches of rain by Tuesday with the expectation that more will fall through Wednesday.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Officials have been grasping for superlatives. <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/us/houston-flooding-harvey.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FHurricanes%20and%20Tropical%20Storms&amp;action=click&amp;contentCollection=timestopics&amp;region=stream&amp;module=stream_unit&amp;version=latest&amp;contentPlacement=5&amp;pgtype=collection" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">Gov. Greg Abbott of Texas called the storm</a> “one of the largest disasters America has ever faced.” Local, state and federal officials have conceded that the scale of the crisis is so vast they were nowhere near being able to measure it, much less fully address it.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Words may escape politicians, but measuring and describing a storm is exactly the job description of forecasters.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“We wanted to convey the message that this is a storm that can kill you,” said Dennis Feltgen, a meteorologist with the National Hurricane Center in Miami.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">While Mr. Feltgen noted there were similar dire warnings for <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/us/hurricane-katrina-harvey.html?rref=collection%2Ftimestopic%2FHurricanes%20and%20Tropical%20Storms&amp;action=click&amp;contentCollection=timestopics&amp;region=stream&amp;module=stream_unit&amp;version=latest&amp;contentPlacement=13&amp;pgtype=collection" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">other devastating hurricanes</a> like Katrina in 2005 and Sandy in 2012, Hurricane Harvey stood out. The predicted deluge of up to 50 inches of rain tops what Houston receives in a year.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“It is unprecedented in terms of rainfall,” Mr. Feltgen said. “We use the terms catastrophic and life-threatening, and that is exactly what it was.”</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Mike Brennan, a meteorologist with the hurricane center, said much of their challenge lies in trying to make citizens visualize what a unit of measurement means. That sometimes leads to translating the arcane language of weather science.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“Twenty-five to 30 inches of rain is hard for people to picture what that means,” Mr. Brennan said. “There is a whole social science angle to our product. It’s not just the numbers. It is the hazard: 130 m.p.h., well what does that mean?</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“A storm surge is a different animal. You are talking about how many feet of water, and trying to convey this is a life threatening storm surge,” Mr. Brennan said. “This is going to be taller than your children, or higher than your house, and that’s where you come up with catastrophic and life-threatening wording, and push that message out.”</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">The National Weather Service has devised guidelines exactly for the purpose of making their predictions digestible. For example, some sizes of hail are described not just in terms of inches but in <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="http://w1.weather.gov/glossary/index.php?letter=h" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">comparison to real world objects</a>. Would you be more afraid of 4-inch diameter hail or grapefruit-size hail?</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“You just can’t throw science at them,” Mr. Brennan said. “We are scientists; we like numbers and technical knowledge, but we need to use plain words.”</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“People are bombarded with messages,” he added. “So you try to point them to the hazards.”</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">That is the job of Elliott Jacks, who delves into the semantics of weather as the head of a National Weather Service project to simplify the language its forecasters use to describe hazards. The fittingly named <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://www.weather.gov/hazardsimplification/" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">Hazard Simplification Project</a> is working with social scientists who are experts in how the public perceives risk and messaging.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">The idea, Mr. Jacks said in an interview, is to create a standardized catalog of words that meteorologists can pull out to describe pre-defined weather conditions. For example, reserving the use of the word “catastrophic” for only some extremely violent storms, would make it more of a common call to action rather than a description of just one episode.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">But true to its legacy, Harvey evaded description, particularly when it was referred to by the weather service as “beyond anything experienced.”</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“I have not heard anything like that,” Mr. Jacks said. “It is actually the right language. Our forecasters on the spot are being really very creative in making people understand, and to save life and property. And that is where their heads are at when they are creating that kind of language.”</p><div class="bottom-of-article"><div class="elementStyles-addendums--1S4tV elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft"></div><div class="elementStyles-printInformation--2VtfI elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">A version of this article appears in print on <!-- -->, on Page <!-- -->A<!-- -->15<!-- --> of the New York edition<!-- --> with the headline: <!-- -->As Storm Raged, Meteorologists Grasped for the Words to Describe It<span>. <a href="http://www.nytreprints.com/">Order Reprints</a> | <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/pages/todayspaper/index.html">Today’s Paper</a> | <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY">Subscribe</a></span></div><div role="toolbar" aria-label="Social Media Share buttons, Save button, and Comments Panel with current comment count" class="SectionBarShare-shareMenu--2ndEi SectionBarShare-toneNews--1a-Gj SectionBarShare-bottom--3ONdV"><ul class="SectionBarShare-shareNetworks--2k4ev"><li class="SectionBarShare-shareItem--2tuw6"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/dialog/feed?app_id=9869919170&amp;link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F08%2F29%2Fus%2Fhurricane-harvey-warnings-unprecedented.html&amp;smid=fb-share&amp;name=As%20Harvey%20Raged%2C%20Meteorologists%20Grasped%20for%20Words%20to%20Describe%20It&amp;redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Facebook"><i aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="SectionBarShare-shareIcon--2Rcfq SectionBarShare-facebook--K5FwP"></i></a></li><li class="SectionBarShare-shareItem--2tuw6"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F08%2F29%2Fus%2Fhurricane-harvey-warnings-unprecedented.html&amp;text=As%20Harvey%20Raged%2C%20Meteorologists%20Grasped%20for%20Words%20to%20Describe%20It" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Twitter"><i aria-label="Share on Twitter" class="SectionBarShare-shareIcon--2Rcfq SectionBarShare-twitter--1duan"></i></a></li><li class="SectionBarShare-shareItem--2tuw6"><a href="mailto:?subject=NYTimes.com%3A%20As%20Harvey%20Raged%2C%20Meteorologists%20Grasped%20for%20Words%20to%20Describe%20It&amp;body=From%20The%20New%20York%20Times%3A%0A%0AAs%20Harvey%20Raged%2C%20Meteorologists%20Grasped%20for%20Words%20to%20Describe%20It%0A%0AForecasters%20needed%20to%20explain%20to%20people%20in%20the%20storm%E2%80%99s%20path%20just%20how%20dangerous%20it%20was.%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F08%2F29%2Fus%2Fhurricane-harvey-warnings-unprecedented.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Email"><i aria-label="Email" class="SectionBarShare-shareIcon--2Rcfq SectionBarShare-email--2FAK7"></i></a></li><li class="SectionBarShare-shareItem--2tuw6"><div class="ButtonModal-container--3hzMP"><button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="More sharing options" class="SectionBarShare-shareButton--2f1RP"><i class="SectionBarShare-shareIcon--2Rcfq SectionBarShare-shareMenu--2ndEi"></i></button></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="elementStyles-relatedcoverage--2yOLg elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft"><header class="elementStyles-sectionHeader--1SHX7"><h3 class="elementStyles-sectionHeading--1XYke">Related Coverage</h3></header><div class="elementStyles-sectionBody--1PxOi"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/us/hurricane-katrina-harvey.html" class="RelatedCoverageNode-relatedcoveragenode--1pfao RelatedCoverageNode-firstNode--1maOa"><div class="RelatedCoverageNode-contentContainer--2Lq-E"><div class="RelatedCoverageNode-textContent--1GnR9"><p class="Label-label--28y05 RelatedCoverageNode-kicker--1Txv3"></p><div class="RelatedCoverageNode-textAlignment--HYYAy"><div><h2 class="Heading2-heading2--2UY6W RelatedCoverageNode-header--2WQ1P">How Does Harvey Compare With Hurricane Katrina? Here’s What We Know</h2></div><time class="Timestamp-timestamp--3FJff RelatedCoverageNode-timestamp--lXko3" dateTime="2017-08-28" itemProp="datePublished" content="2017 - 08 - 28">Aug. 28, 2017</time></div></div><div class="RelatedCoverageNode-imageContent--396NL"><figure class="" aria-label="media" role="group" itemProp="associatedMedia" itemID="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/29/us/29KATRINA1/29KATRINA1-thumbLarge.jpg" itemType="http://schema.org/ImageObject"><div class=""><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Image</span><div class="LazyImage-imageContainer--26dUd"><img alt="How Does Harvey Compare With Hurricane Katrina? Here’s What We Know" class="Image-image--2zb04 LazyImage-lazyload--1mWsm" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/29/us/29KATRINA1/29KATRINA1-thumbLarge.jpg" sizes="50vw" data-srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/29/us/29KATRINA1/29KATRINA1-thumbLarge.jpg"/></div></div><figcaption class="Media-caption--wlc0l" itemProp="caption description"></figcaption></figure></div></div><div class="RelatedCoverageNode-border--1A4sF"></div></a><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/us/hurricane-harvey-texas.html" class="RelatedCoverageNode-relatedcoveragenode--1pfao RelatedCoverageNode-lastNode--3BBUh"><div class="RelatedCoverageNode-contentContainer--2Lq-E"><div class="RelatedCoverageNode-textContent--1GnR9"><p class="Label-label--28y05 RelatedCoverageNode-kicker--1Txv3"></p><div class="RelatedCoverageNode-textAlignment--HYYAy"><div><h2 class="Heading2-heading2--2UY6W RelatedCoverageNode-header--2WQ1P">Hurricane Harvey: The Devastation and What Comes Next</h2></div><time 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