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<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='new_research_20180129.html'>New research, January 29 - February 4, 2018</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='climate-increasing-flood-risks-eu.html'>Climate change is increasing flood risks in Europe</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='How-to-Change-Your-Mind.html'>How to Change Your Mind About Climate Change</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='humans-smarter-thinkers-beat-climate-denial.html'>Humans need to become smarter thinkers to beat climate denial</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='scientists-discuss-improve-climate-models.html'>In-depth: Scientists discuss how to improve climate models</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-Digest_05.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming Digest #5</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_05.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #5</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='new_research_20180122.html'>New research, January 22-28, 2018</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='not-okay-trump-clueless-climate-change.html'>It's not okay how clueless Donald Trump is about climate change</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='is-arctic-warming-behind-crazy-winter-weather.html'>Is warming in the Arctic behind this year's crazy winter weather?</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='how-world-warmed-in-2017.html'>State of the climate: how the world warmed in 2017</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='natural-gas-killed-coal-renewables-batteries-taking-over.html'>Natural gas killed coal – now renewables and batteries are taking over</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-Digest_04.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming Digest #4</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_04.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #4</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='2017-oceans-hottest-ever-recorded.html'>In 2017, the oceans were by far the hottest ever recorded</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='new_research_20180115.html'>New research, January 15-21, 2018</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='so-why-two-degrees-magic-number.html'>So, why is two degrees the magic number?</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='new-study-reduces-uncertainty-sensitivity.html'>New study ‘reduces uncertainty’ for climate sensitivity</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='switch-to-evs-key-to-fix-us-critically-insufficient-climate-policies.html'>Switching to electric cars is key to fixing America's 'critically insufficient' climate policies</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-Digest_03.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming Digest #3</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_03.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #3</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='new_research_20180108.html'>New research, January 8-14, 2018</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='new-climate-sensitivity.html'>A ‘new’ measurement of climate sensitivity?</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='pruitt-ideal-temperature-scientists-answer.html'>Scott Pruitt insincerely asked what's Earth's ideal temperature. Scientists answer</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='flaws_of_ludecke_and_weiss.html'>Flaws of Lüdecke & Weiss</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='gw-exacerbates-refugee-crises.html'>Study finds that global warming exacerbates refugee crises</a></li>
<li style='margin-bottom:5px'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-Digest_02.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming Digest #2</a></li>
			</ul>
			<p><a href="newsarchives.php">Archives</a></p>
           <p><a href="http://climatehustler.org/">Climate Hustle</a></p>
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<div id='mainbody'><h1>Explaining climate change science & rebutting global warming misinformation</h1>
<p>Scientific skepticism is healthy. Scientists should always challenge themselves to improve their understanding. Yet this isn't what happens with <a href="http://sks.to/denial">climate change denial</a>. Skeptics vigorously criticise any <a href="http://sks.to/evidence">evidence</a> that supports man-made global warming and yet embrace any argument, op-ed, blog or&nbsp;study that purports to refute global warming. This website gets skeptical about global warming skepticism. Do their arguments have any scientific basis? What does the peer reviewed scientific literature say?</p>
<p><a href="https://skepticalscience.com/Welcome-to-Skeptical-Science.html"><img src="https://skepticalscience.com/images/button_newcomers.gif" alt="" width="170" height="77" /></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://skepticalscience.com/history-climate-science.html"><img src="https://skepticalscience.com/pics/History_of_Climate_Science.jpg" alt="" width="170" height="76" /></a> <a href="https://skepticalscience.com/big-picture.html"><img src="https://skepticalscience.com/images/button_big_picture.gif" alt="" width="170" height="77" /></a></p><hr>
	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='epa-debunked-pruitt-misinformation.html'>The EPA debunked Administrator Pruitt’s latest climate misinformation</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 12 February 2018 by dana1981</h4>
	<p style="text-align: justify;">Last week, a Las Vegas news station interviewed Trump&rsquo;s EPA administrator Scott Pruitt.&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/07/epa-head-scott-pruitt-says-global-warming-may-help-humans-flourish?CMP=twt_a-environment_b-gdneco" data-link-name="in body link">The interviewer brought up the topic of climate change</a>, and virtually everything Pruitt said in response was wrong, and was often refuted on his own agency&rsquo;s website,&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://insideclimatenews.org/news/29012018/scott-pruitt-epa-climate-websites-erased-emails-reveal-close-involvement-clean-power-plan" data-link-name="in body link">until he started deleting it</a>.</p>
<div class="u-responsive-aligner" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="embed-video-wrapper u-responsive-ratio"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/h-Pq782F9zA?start=273&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;feature=oembed&amp;start=273" width="460" height="259" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0"></iframe></div>
</div>
<h3 class="block-share block-share--article  hide-on-mobile " style="text-align: justify;" data-link-name="block share"><strong>Humans are causing global warming. All of it.</strong></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">To begin, Pruitt claimed that we don&rsquo;t know &lsquo;with precision&rsquo; what&rsquo;s causing global warming.</p>
<blockquote class="quoted">
<div class="quoted__contents">
<p><em>Our activity contributes to the climate changing to a certain degree. Now measuring that with precision, Gerard, I think is more challenging than is let on at times.</em></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Here&rsquo;s&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change_.html" data-link-name="in body link">what the EPA website said about that a year ago</a>, before Pruitt got a hold of it as part of the&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/may/14/donald-trump-climate-change-mentions-government-websites" data-link-name="in body link">Trump Administration&rsquo;s systematic deletion of government climate change websites</a>:</p>
<blockquote class="quoted">
<div class="quoted__contents">
<p><em>Research indicates that natural causes do not explain most observed warming, especially warming since the mid-20<span>th</span>&nbsp;century. Rather, it is extremely likely that human activities have been the dominant cause of that warming.</em></p>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify;">To support this statement, the EPA referenced the latest IPCC report. The IPCC concluded with 95% confidence that humans are the main cause of global warming since 1950, with a best estimate that&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change_.html" data-link-name="in body link">humans are responsible for all of the global warming</a>&nbsp;during that time. That&rsquo;s what the scientific research has overwhelmingly concluded:</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/8ddb194f67d865972d11159a711d81f65ff6f731/0_0_975_548/master/975.png?w=620&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=ee9e6b3914692044d7247bb22fd64670" alt="all of it" width="540" height="303" /></p>
<p class="figurecaption" style="text-align: justify;">The percentage of human contribution to global warming over the past 50-65 years from various peer-reviewed studies. Illustration: Dana Nuccitelli and John Cook</p>

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<hr>
	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-Digest_06.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming Digest #6</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 11 February 2018 by John Hartz</h4>
	<div class="greenbox" style="text-align: justify;">
<p><strong>Story of the Week... Editorial of the Week... El Ni&ntilde;o/La Ni&ntilde;a Update... Toon of the Week... Quote of the Week... Graphic of the Week... SkS in the News... Photo of the Week... SkS Spotlights... Video of the Week... Report of Note... Coming Soon on SkS... Poster of the Week... <em>Climate Feedback</em> Reviews... SkS Week in Review... 97 Hours of Consensus...</strong></p>
</div>
<h3>Story of the Week...</h3>
<h4><span style="color: #003300;">Keeping the world below 2&deg;C of warming needs tech we don&rsquo;t have</span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #003300;"><em><strong>European national science academies report warns tepid emission cuts not enough.</strong></em></span></p>
<h5><strong><img src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/Deforesting.jpg" alt="Deforesting" width="548" height="315" />&nbsp;<span>Reforesting would help, but we're still deforesting.&nbsp; Photo: Mikko Muinonen</span></strong></h5>
<p>The analysis is well known to everyone who has paid even a little attention: the world hasn&rsquo;t yet done enough to lessen the impacts of climate change. The&nbsp;<a href="https://arstechnica.com/series/ipccs-fifth-assessment-report/">last Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report</a>&nbsp;included greenhouse gas emissions scenarios that could limit global warming to two degrees Celsius or less, but we&rsquo;re not even close to a trajectory that would achieve any of them.</p>
<p>But there&rsquo;s something about those two-degrees scenarios you may&nbsp;<em>not</em>&nbsp;know, which climate scientists have been talking a lot about recently. Those scenarios involved a substantial deployment of technologies to actively remove CO<span>2</span>&nbsp;from the atmosphere. Without those technologies, we&rsquo;re even further from sufficient emissions cuts.</p>
<p>That leaves us with a crucial question: can carbon dioxide removal techniques be scaled up to the necessary level in time? A new&nbsp;<a href="https://easac.eu/publications/details/easac-net/">European Academies Science Advisory Council (EASAC) report</a>&mdash;reviewed and endorsed by the national academies of more than two dozen countries&mdash;evaluates the outlook for carbon dioxide removal. And it&rsquo;s not optimistic.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/02/carbon-dioxide-removal-tech-is-behind-schedule/">Keeping the world below 2&deg;C of warming needs tech we don&rsquo;t have</a></strong>&nbsp;by Scott K Johnson, Ars Technica, Feb 5, 2018</p>

	<p><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-Digest_06.html'><strong>Read more...</strong></a></p>
	<p><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-Digest_06.html#commenthead'>6 comments</a></p>
	
<hr>
	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_06.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #6</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 10 February 2018 by John Hartz</h4>
	<div class="greenbox" style="text-align: justify;">A chronological listing of news articles posted on the <strong><a href="https://skepticalscience.com/\">Skeptical Science Facebook</a></strong> page during the past week.&nbsp;</div>
<h3>Editor's Pick</h3>
<h4><span style="color: #003300;">Tesla is building a 'virtual power plant' using people's homes</span></h4>
<p><img src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/SolarPanelInstallation.jpg" alt="Solar Panel Isntallation" width="550" height="237" />&nbsp;</p>
<h5>South Australia is working with Tesla to install solar power systems on residents homes.&nbsp;<span>Image: REUTERS/Mario Anzuoni</span></h5>
<p>The state government of South Australia announced Sunday that it had struck a deal with Tesla to install as many as 50,000 solar-power systems on homes, at no cost to residents.</p>
<p>The system would include both solar panels and Tesla Powerwall batteries, and would become part of a decentralized electric grid managed by software. The system would be funded in part by revenues from electricity, which would not belong to the owners of the homes where the systems were installed.</p>
<p>A pilot version of the program has already begun, and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation spoke to one early recipient whose electric bills had declined substantially. One projection suggested energy bills for participating households would drop by 30%.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/02/tesla-strikes-deal-to-give-50-000-australian-homes-solar-power?utm_content=buffer29917&amp;utm_medium=social&amp;utm_source=facebook.com&amp;utm_campaign=buffer">Tesla is building a 'virtual power plant' using people's homes</a></strong>&nbsp;by David Z. Morris, Fortune/World Economic Forum</p>

	<p><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_06.html'><strong>Read more...</strong></a></p>
	<p><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_06.html#commenthead'>3 comments</a></p>
	
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	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='new_research_20180129.html'>New research, January 29 - February 4, 2018</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 9 February 2018 by Ari Jokimäki</h4>
	<p style="text-align: justify;">A selection of new climate related research articles is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/nr180129.jpg" alt="" width="350" height="350" />&nbsp;</p>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Climate change impacts</strong></h2>
<p class="ArticleTitle" style="text-align: justify;" lang="en"><strong>Mankind</strong></p>
<p class="ArticleTitle" style="text-align: justify;" lang="en"><strong>1.&nbsp;<a href="https://rd.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00704-018-2397-5">A quantitative method for determining the impact threshold of climate change for agriculture</a><br /></strong></p>
<p class="ArticleTitle" style="text-align: justify;" lang="en">"<em>We calculated the ITCC of spring wheat in Wuchuan County as an example and identified warming and drying trends in Wuchuan County from 1961 to 2013, especially during the period from 1991 to 2013 (i.e., the period after mutation or the change period). Over the past 53&nbsp;years, spring wheat yield increased with an average rate of 81.3&nbsp;kg&nbsp;ha&minus;1&nbsp;dec&minus;1. Over the change period, however, yield decreased with an average rate of 13.8&nbsp;kg&nbsp;ha&minus;1&nbsp;dec&minus;1&nbsp;and the fluctuation range increased. The appropriate threshold for average temperature during the growth period of spring wheat was 11.4&nbsp;&deg;C, and the stressed thresholds were 8.2 and 14.6&nbsp;&deg;C. The appropriate threshold for precipitation during the growth period was 391.1&nbsp;mm, and the stressed thresholds were 247.4 and 534.9&nbsp;mm. During the period before mutation (i.e., the basic period), the average temperature was below the upper temperature threshold, and precipitation was 26.9&nbsp;mm above the lower precipitation threshold. During the change period, the average temperature was 0.3&nbsp;&deg;C above the upper temperature threshold, and precipitation was 9.8&nbsp;mm above the lower precipitation threshold.</em>"</p>

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<hr>
	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='climate-increasing-flood-risks-eu.html'>Climate change is increasing flood risks in Europe</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 8 February 2018 by John Abraham</h4>
	<p style="text-align: justify;">As humans continue to emit greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, the world continues to warm. We see that warming everywhere &ndash; in the atmosphere, in the oceans, with rising sea levels, and melting ice. But while&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2013/sep/27/global-warming-ipcc-report-humans" data-link-name="in body link">we know conclusively that humans are causing the warming</a>, an equally important question is, &ldquo;so what?&rdquo; Really, we want to know the consequences of warming so that we can make informed decisions about what to do about it. We really have only three choices: mitigate, adapt, or ignore and suffer the consequences.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">A very new&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="http://www.mdpi.com/2225-1154/6/1/6" data-link-name="in body link">study</a>&nbsp;was just published that helps answer this question of &ldquo;so what?&rdquo; The research was conducted by lead author Lorenzo Alfieri (European Commission &ndash; Joint Research Centre, Italy),&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="http://geography.exeter.ac.uk/staff/?web_id=Richard_Betts" data-link-name="in body link">Richard Betts</a>&nbsp;(University of Exeter and Met Office, UK), and their colleagues.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In the study, the authors used what are called Impact Models to assess the risks of large-scale flooding. They focused their attention on Europe partly because there is a lot of hydrological information there, flood reporting is easily available, and predictions of future climate there are plentiful. The authors compared estimates of flood risk in Europe from three recent case studies; their comparison incorporated changes to future climate, expected damage, and population that will be affected in the flooding zones.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">I think of this as a three-part study. First, the authors obtained climate projections for Europe using state-of-the-art climate models. Next, they input the future climate into calculations that quantify flood risk and the impacts. Last, they compared the results that they obtained from their different damage calculation algorithms. The authors looked for areas where the calculations agreed or disagreed with each other. At the end of the day, they wanted to answer two key questions:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>1. Is it possible to identify trends that are consistent among the models to help Europe prepare for changes to flood risk?</p>
<p>2. Are there differences in the models and if so, why?</p>
</blockquote>

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	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='How-to-Change-Your-Mind.html'>How to Change Your Mind About Climate Change</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 7 February 2018 by David Kirtley</h4>
	<p style="text-align: justify;">What causes someone to change their mind about climate change? It is no secret that climate change is a highly polarized subject with some people accepting what climate scientists tell us, and others who think those scientists are only<a href="http://sks.to/money" target="_blank"> in it for the money</a>, or that the <a href="http://sks.to/warming" target="_blank">globe isn't really warming</a>, or that, if it is warming, it's <a href="http://sks.to/impacts" target="_blank">nothing to worry about</a>. But occasionally, some people change their minds and move from<a href="http://climatecommunication.yale.edu/about/projects/global-warmings-six-americas/" target="_blank"> "doubtful" or "dismissive" about climate change to "concerned" and "alarmed"</a>. What moved these people? Was it a particular argument or a specific graph? Was it because of a sudden "aha!" moment when the light bulb flashed and all of climate science made sense, or was it something else?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Over the past several years there have been a number of reports from some of these "converts" explaining how they changed their minds. This post looks at some of these accounts with the goal of discovering what led these people to change their minds. This is by no means an exhaustive list. If you know of other examples not seen here please add to the list in the comments section.</p>
<h3>Two Scientists - "Total turnaround"</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Scientists are naturally, and appropriately, skeptical. They ask questions about how the world works; and when they find answers they ask further questions about those answers, always striving to get to better explanations of the natural world. So it is no surprise that scientists would turn their skeptical eyes to anthropogenic climate change (AGW).</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://thetyee.ca/Opinion/2014/11/01/I_Was_A_Climate_Change_Denier/" target="_blank">Kasra Hassani</a> was a scientist working in microbiology and immunology who had a&nbsp; skeptical view of climate science. At first he thought there were more immediate problems facing humankind than climate change. For a time, he toyed with conspiracy theories about<img class="figureright zoomable" src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/KasraHassani-crop.png" alt="" width="150" height="225" /> AGW (thanks to Michael Crichton's <span style="text-decoration: underline;">State of Fear</span>), but more and more evidence for climate change forced him to face reality:</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>I created a list of every question and doubt I had about the physics, chemistry, biology, economics and politics of climate change, and I started reading. I took online courses. I listened to podcasts. Every myth in my head popped and floated away.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Hassani also said,</p>
<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>No singular bit of evidence unequivocally proved to me that humans were responsible for climate change, which makes sense if you're a science nut like me. Science works on multiple proofs. One experiment or piece of evidence supports a theory, it doesn&rsquo;t prove anything.</em><br /><br /><em>Over time, as different researchers gather more evidence, a theory becomes refined and a more acceptable explanation for natural phenomena. It also took time because I was never astonished by a piece of evidence or a big news story; when you are in denial, evidence is unlikely to change your mind. On the contrary, it might persuade you to cover your ears and pretend you're not listening.</em></p>
</blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2015/02/why-this-scientist-stopped-denying-climate-change/" target="_blank">Hassani realized</a> that denial was the easier answer. The real effort was in recognizing his own biases, and seeing that his own strong-held beliefs and stubbornness went beyond a healthy skepticism:</p>

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<hr>
	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='humans-smarter-thinkers-beat-climate-denial.html'>Humans need to become smarter thinkers to beat climate denial</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 6 February 2018 by dana1981, John Cook</h4>
	<p style="text-align: justify;">Climate myths are often&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://skepticalscience.com/contradictions.php" data-link-name="in body link">contradictory</a>&nbsp;&ndash; it&rsquo;s not warming, though it&rsquo;s warming because of the sun, and really it&rsquo;s all just an ocean cycle &ndash; but they all seem to share one thing in common: logical fallacies and reasoning errors.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">John Cook, Peter Ellerton, and David Kinkead have just published&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa49f" data-link-name="in body link">a paper</a>&nbsp;in Environmental Research Letters in which they examined 42 common climate myths and found that every single one demonstrates fallacious reasoning. For example, the authors made a video breaking down the logical flaws in the myth &lsquo;climate changed naturally in the past so current climate change is natural.&rsquo;</p>
<div class="u-responsive-aligner" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="embed-video-wrapper u-responsive-ratio" style="text-align: center;"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XAp1Foj7BzY?wmode=opaque&amp;feature=oembed" width="540" height="304" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0"></iframe></div>
</div>
<p class="block-share block-share--article  hide-on-mobile  figurecaption" style="text-align: center;" data-link-name="block share">Video abstract for paper &ldquo;Deconstructing climate misinformation to identify reasoning errors&rdquo; published in Environmental Research Letters by John Cook, Peter Ellerton, and David Kinkead.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Beating myths with critical thinking</strong></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Cook has previously published research on&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2014/dec/23/scientists-connect-dots-identifying-preventing-dangerous-climate-risks" data-link-name="in body link">using &lsquo;misconception-based learning&rsquo;</a>to dislodge climate myths from peoples&rsquo; brains and replace them with facts, and beating denial by&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2017/may/08/study-to-beat-science-denial-inoculate-against-misinformers-tricks" data-link-name="in body link">inoculating people against misinformers&rsquo; tricks</a>. The idea is that when people are faced with a myth and a competing fact, the fact will more easily win out if the fallacy underpinning the myth is revealed. In fact, these concepts of misconception-based learning and inoculation against myths were the basis of the&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://www.edx.org/course/making-sense-climate-science-denial-uqx-denial101x-6" data-link-name="in body link">free online Denial101x course</a>&nbsp;developed by Cook and colleagues.</p>

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	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='scientists-discuss-improve-climate-models.html'>In-depth: Scientists discuss how to improve climate models</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 5 February 2018 by Guest Author</h4>
	<p class="greenbox" style="text-align: justify;">This is a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-scientists-discuss-how-to-improve-climate-models">re-post from Carbon Brief</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">While global climate models do a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-how-well-have-climate-models-projected-global-warming">good job</a>&nbsp;of simulating the Earth&rsquo;s climate, they are not perfect.</p>
<div class="listing pull-left" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="listingTitle">Carbon Brief&rsquo;s series on climate modelling</div>
<ul>
<li>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work">Q&amp;A: How do climate models work?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/timeline-history-climate-modelling">Timeline: The history of climate modelling</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-why-clouds-hold-key-better-climate-models%22">Guest post: Why clouds hold the key to better climate models</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-what-climate-models-tell-us-about-future-rainfall">Explainer: What climate models tell us about future rainfall</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Despite the huge strides taken since the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/timeline-history-climate-modelling">earliest climate models</a>, there are some climatic processes that they do not simulate as accurately as scientists would like.<br /><em></em><br />Advances in knowledge and computing power mean models are constantly revised and improved. As models become ever more sophisticated, scientists can generate a more accurate representation of the climate around us.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">But this is a never-ending quest for greater precision.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In the third article in our week-long climate modelling series, Carbon Brief asked a range of climate scientists what they think the main priorities are for improving climate models over the coming decade.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">These are their responses, first as sample quotes, then, below, in full:</p>

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	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-Digest_05.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming Digest #5</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 4 February 2018 by John Hartz</h4>
	<div class="greenbox" style="text-align: justify;">
<p><strong>Story of the Week... El Ni&ntilde;o/La Ni&ntilde;a Update... Toon of the Week... Video of the Week... Reports of Note... Coming Soon on SkS... Poster of the Week... SkS Week in Review... 97 Hours of Consensus...</strong></p>
</div>
<h3>Story of the Week...</h3>
<h4><span style="color: #003300;">Why Climate Deniers Target&nbsp;Women</span></h4>
<p><img src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/KatharineHayhoe.jpeg" alt="Katharine Hayhoe" width="550" height="161" />&nbsp;<span>Climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe has suffered sexist attacks from climate change deniers. Source:&nbsp;</span><a href="http://katharinehayhoe.com/">Katharine Hayhoe</a></p>
<p>Harassment is no stranger to the reporters, researchers and policymakers who work on climate change, but it is particularly severe for the women in those fields.</p>
<p>Canadian environment minister Catherine McKenna was&nbsp;<a href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/catherine-mckenna-rebel-media-exchange-1.4387510" target="_blank" data-href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/catherine-mckenna-rebel-media-exchange-1.4387510">labeled</a>&nbsp;&ldquo;climate Barbie&rdquo; by the right-wing political blog&nbsp;<em>The Rebel Media.&nbsp;</em>Kait Parker of the Weather Channel suffered attacks from&nbsp;<em>Breitbart News</em>, which&nbsp;<a href="http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/12/07/weather-channel-attacks-breitbarts-climate-science-fake-news-climate-change/" target="_blank" data-href="http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2016/12/07/weather-channel-attacks-breitbarts-climate-science-fake-news-climate-change/">dismissed</a>&nbsp;her forceful and lucid&nbsp;<a href="http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a41274/kait-parker-weather-channel-breitbart-response/" target="_blank" data-href="http://www.elle.com/culture/career-politics/news/a41274/kait-parker-weather-channel-breitbart-response/">explanation</a>&nbsp;of climate science as an &ldquo;argument from a pretty girl.&rdquo; Emily Atkin, who covers climate and energy for&nbsp;<em>The New Republic</em>, also has&nbsp;<a href="https://twitter.com/emorwee/status/955890965717356545" target="_blank" data-href="https://twitter.com/emorwee/status/955890965717356545">endured</a>&nbsp;sexist barbs from&nbsp;<em>Breitbart,&nbsp;</em>which said she had &ldquo;kitty claws,&rdquo; and Rush Limbaugh, who called her an &ldquo;infobabe.&rdquo; In similar fashion, climate scientist Katharine Hayhoe&nbsp;<a href="https://thinkprogress.org/price-of-truth-limbaugh-operatives-encourage-abusive-hate-mail-at-female-evangelical-climate-9900de318b65/" target="_blank" data-href="https://thinkprogress.org/price-of-truth-limbaugh-operatives-encourage-abusive-hate-mail-at-female-evangelical-climate-9900de318b65/">earned</a>&nbsp;the moniker &ldquo;climate babe&rdquo; from Limbaugh.</p>
<p>Certainly, sexist attacks are not unique to climate science, journalism or advocacy, but research into public understanding of climate change reveals an important link between sexism and climate denial &mdash; support for the existing social hierarchy.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://nexusmedianews.com/why-climate-deniers-target-women-f64776ee7c5b">Why Climate Deniers Target&nbsp;Women</a></strong>&nbsp;by Jeremy Deaton, Climate Nexus, Feb 2, 2018&nbsp;</p>

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	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_05.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #5</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 3 February 2018 by John Hartz</h4>
	<div class="greenbox" style="text-align: justify;">A chronological listing of news articles posted on the <strong><a href="https://skepticalscience.com/\">Skeptical Science Facebook</a></strong> page during the past week.&nbsp;</div>
<h3>Editor's Pick</h3>
<h4><span style="color: #003300;">Ice, fire, storms and heat: Climate change is now part of our everyday lives</span></h4>
<p><img src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/1_NewZealandWildfires.jpg" alt="New Zealand Wildfires" width="550" height="309" /></p>
<h5><span>While the West Coast was being inundated, on the other side of the Alps, there were fires.&nbsp; Photo: Iain McGregor/Stuff</span></h5>
<p><strong>Analysis:</strong> January&nbsp;2018 was officially the hottest&nbsp;month ever recorded in New Zealand.</p>
<p>Niwa made the announcement on Friday afternoon,&nbsp;as communities on the West Coast were mopping&nbsp; up the mess created by a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/west-coast/101073201/heavy-rain-gales-thrashing-west-coast-towns-closing-roads" target="_blank">powerful storm</a>&nbsp;that descended over eroding coasts;&nbsp;as some in Dunedin settled into their homes after a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/101063299/Live-Fire-in-Dunedin-suburb-contained-as-evacuees-head-home" target="_blank">sweeping fire</a>&nbsp;while others in low-lying parts of the city clear&nbsp;up after&nbsp;<a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/otago/101076438/a-soaked-dunedin-prepares-for-more-downpours" target="_blank">yet another flood</a>;&nbsp;as it was snowing&nbsp;in Cromwell&nbsp;during&nbsp;the hottest summer in many years, after a month where the mean air temperature was 3C warmer than usual, based on the country's century-old seven-station record.</p>
<p>Earlier in the week, the news was filled with&nbsp;<a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/education/100967207/schools-struggling-in-stifling-heat-and-the-national-fan-shortage-isnt-blowing-over" target="_blank">fan shortages</a>, wildfires and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/100984502/aggressive-rockfall-in-mount-cook-alpine-region-mount-footstool-completely-bare-of-snow" target="_blank">mountains shedding rock</a>&nbsp;because of a lack of snow;&nbsp;at its end, it was 14C in parts of central Otago,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/101090226/firefighters-battling-wildfire-near-canterburys-cass-bay" target="_blank">multiple areas near Christchurch</a>&nbsp;were on fire, and homes throughout the South Island&nbsp;had been damaged by the sea. An ominous super&nbsp;blood&nbsp;moon part way through the week, whilst unrelated, summed up the vibe: unsettled, bordering on&nbsp;Biblical.&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/101013889/ice-fire-storms-and-heat-climate-change-is-now-part-of-our-everyday-lives">Ice, fire, storms and heat: Climate change is now part of our everyday lives</a>,&nbsp;</strong>Analysis&nbsp;by Charlie Mitchell, Stuff (New Zealand), Feb 2, 2018&nbsp;</p>

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	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='new_research_20180122.html'>New research, January 22-28, 2018</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 2 February 2018 by Ari Jokimäki</h4>
	<p style="text-align: justify;">A selection of new climate related research articles is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/nr180122.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="380" /><em>The figure is from paper #30.</em></p>
<h2 class="\" style="text-align: justify;" lang="\"><strong>Climate change</strong></h2>
<p class="article-header__title" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017GL076950/abstract">1. Whole Atmosphere Simulation of Anthropogenic Climate Change</a><br /></strong></p>
<p class="article-header__title" style="text-align: justify;">"<em>The basic result was that even as the lower atmosphere gradually warms, the upper atmosphere rapidly cools. The simulations employed constant low solar activity conditions, to remove the effects of variable solar and geomagnetic activity. Global mean annual mean temperature increased at a rate of +0.2 K/decade at the surface and +0.4 K/decade in the upper troposphere, but decreased by about -1 K/decade in the stratosphere-mesosphere, and -2.8 K/decade in the thermosphere. Near the mesopause, temperature decreases were small compared to the interannual variation, so trends in that region are uncertain.</em>"</p>

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	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='not-okay-trump-clueless-climate-change.html'>It's not okay how clueless Donald Trump is about climate change</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 1 February 2018 by dana1981</h4>
	<p style="text-align: justify;">Donald Trump has decimated all presidential norms to such a degree that it&rsquo;s now difficult to feel alarmed or outraged when he inevitably breaks another. It was difficult to raise an eyebrow when the story broke that&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2018/jan/18/stormy-daniels-donald-trump-brief-encounters-textbook-generic-kind" data-link-name="in body link">Trump paid off a porn star</a>&nbsp;to remain silent about their affair, which happened just after his third wife had given birth to his fifth child, because it&rsquo;s Donald Trump &ndash; of course he did.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Likewise, when&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/28/donald-trump-says-us-could-re-enter-paris-climate-deal-itv-interview" data-link-name="in body link">Trump made a number of grossly ignorant and wrong comments</a>about climate change in an interview with Piers Morgan last week,&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://twitter.com/dana1981/status/957472235979075585" data-link-name="in body link">my first reaction was</a>&nbsp;&lsquo;it&rsquo;s Donald Trump &ndash; of course he did.&rsquo;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">But that&rsquo;s not okay. Donald Trump is the leader of the country most culpable for the existential threat that we&rsquo;ve created by rapidly changing Earth&rsquo;s climate.&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2017/jun/01/donald-trump-just-cemented-his-legacy-as-americas-worst-ever-president" data-link-name="in body link">His administration is alone in the world</a>&nbsp;in declaring that we need not worry about that existential threat. We need to hold him to account for his ignorance on this critically important issue and demand better.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Trump&rsquo;s ignorant climate comments</strong></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Trump&rsquo;s climate comments in the interview were so ridiculously misinformed that even late night comedians were able to debunk them:</p>
<div class="u-responsive-aligner" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="embed-video-wrapper u-responsive-ratio"><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RQRL2kHygIs?start=132&amp;wmode=opaque&amp;feature=oembed&amp;start=132" width="460" height="259" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0"></iframe></div>
</div>
<p style="text-align: justify;">They&rsquo;re claims you might expect from a YouTube troll, not the leader of the country that produces some of the best climate science research and data in the world. It would be easy to laugh them off as Trump&rsquo;s usual buffoonery, but he should be held to a presidential standard. So, to briefly debunk each of these myths:</p>

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	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='is-arctic-warming-behind-crazy-winter-weather.html'>Is warming in the Arctic behind this year's crazy winter weather?</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 31 January 2018 by Guest Author</h4>
	<p class="greenbox" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://theconversation.com/profiles/jennifer-francis-154314">Jennifer Francis</a>&nbsp;is a Research Professor, <em><a href="http://theconversation.com/institutions/rutgers-university-1240">Rutgers University</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</em>This article was originally published on <a href="http://theconversation.com">The Conversation</a>. Read the <a href="https://theconversation.com/is-warming-in-the-arctic-behind-this-years-crazy-winter-weather-89740">original article</a>.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Damage from extreme weather events during 2017 racked up the <a href="http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/billions">biggest-ever bills for the U.S.</a> Most of these events involved conditions that align intuitively with global warming: heat records, drought, wildfires, coastal flooding, hurricane damage and heavy rainfall.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Paradoxical, though, are possible ties between climate change and the recent spate of frigid weeks in eastern North America. A very new and &ldquo;hot topic&rdquo; in climate change research is the notion that rapid warming and wholesale melting of the Arctic may be playing a role in causing persistent cold spells.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It doesn&rsquo;t take a stretch of the imagination to suppose that losing <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/2013RG000431">half the Arctic sea-ice cover in only 30 years</a> might be wreaking havoc with the weather, but exactly how is not yet clear. As a research atmospheric scientist, I <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-melting-arctic-demands-more-not-less-research-on-earth-science-46118">study</a> how <a href="https://theconversation.com/a-melting-arctic-and-weird-weather-the-plot-thickens-37314">warming in the Arctic is affecting temperature regions around the world</a>. Can we say changes to the Arctic driven by global warming have had a role in the freakish winter weather North America has experienced?</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">A &lsquo;dipole&rsquo; of abnormal temperatures</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Weird and destructive weather was in the news almost constantly during 2017, and 2018 seems to be following the same script. Most U.S. Easterners <a href="https://ny.curbed.com/2018/1/3/16844890/winter-storm-2018-new-york-bomb-cyclone-snow">shivered their way through the end of 2017</a> into the New Year, while Westerners longed for rain to dampen parched soils and extinguish wildfires. Blizzards have plagued the Eastern Seaboard &ndash; notably the &ldquo;bomb cyclone&rdquo; storm on Jan. 4, 2018 &ndash; while California&rsquo;s Sierra Nevada stand nearly bare of snow.</p>
<p class="figurecaption" style="text-align: justify;"><a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/201548/original/file-20180110-46706-1e6gl5x.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=1000&amp;fit=clip"><img src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/201548/original/file-20180110-46706-1e6gl5x.jpg?ixlib=rb-1.1.0&amp;q=45&amp;auto=format&amp;w=754&amp;fit=clip" alt="" width="540" /></a> <span class="caption">A study in contrasts: Warming near Alaska and the Pacific Ocean are &lsquo;ingredients&rsquo; to a weather pattern where cold air from the Arctic plunges deep into North America.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=91517">NASA Earth Observatory</a>, <a class="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY</a></span></p>

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	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='how-world-warmed-in-2017.html'>State of the climate: how the world warmed in 2017</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 30 January 2018 by Zeke Hausfather</h4>
	<p class="greenbox" style="text-align: justify;">This is a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/state-of-the-climate-how-the-world-warmed-in-2017">re-post from Carbon Brief</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The climate data for 2017 is now in. In this article, Carbon Brief explains why last year proved to be so remarkable across the oceans, atmosphere, cryosphere and surface temperature of the planet.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">A number of records for the Earth&rsquo;s climate were set in 2017:</p>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li>It was the warmest year on record for ocean heat content, which increased markedly between 2016 and 2017.</li>
<li>It was the second or third warmest year on record for surface temperature &ndash; depending on the dataset used &ndash; and the warmest year without the influence of an El Ni&ntilde;o event.</li>
<li>It saw record lows in sea ice extent and volume in the Arctic both at the beginning and end of the year, though the minimum extent reached in September was only the eighth lowest on record.</li>
<li>It also saw record-low Antarctic sea ice for much of the year, though scientists are still working to determine the role of human activity in the region&rsquo;s sea ice changes.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">Warmest year on record in the oceans</h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a rel="noopener" href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/new-evidence-warming-ocean" target="_blank">More than 90%</a>&nbsp;of the heat trapped by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations ends up going into the Earth&rsquo;s oceans. While surface temperatures fluctuate a bit from year to year due to natural variability, ocean heat content increases much more smoothly and is, in many ways, a&nbsp;<a rel="noopener" href="https://eos.org/opinions/taking-the-pulse-of-the-planet" target="_blank">more reliable indicator</a>&nbsp;of the warming of the Earth, albeit one with a shorter historical record.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">2017 set a clear record for the highest ocean heat content since records began in 1958, according to the&nbsp;<a rel="noopener" href="http://english.iap.cas.cn/" target="_blank">Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>(IAP-CAS), which maintains an up-to-date ocean heat content database.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The figures below shows ocean heat content for each year in the region of the ocean between the surface and 2,000 meters in depth (comprising the bulk of the world&rsquo;s oceans), as well as a map of 2017 anomalies.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The upper figure shows changes in ocean heat content since 1958, while the lower map shows ocean heat content in 2017 relative to the average ocean heat content between 1981 and 2010, with red areas showing warmer ocean heat content than over the past few decades and blue areas showing cooler.</p>
<div id="attachment_28484" class="wp-caption aligncenter" style="text-align: justify;"><a class="fullsizable" href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Article-OHC-figure.jpg"><img class="size-large wp-image-28484" src="https://www.carbonbrief.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Article-OHC-figure-930x1024.jpg" alt="" width="540" height="595" /></a>
<p class="wp-caption-text figurecaption">Change in global ocean heat content between the surface and 2000 meters of depth from 1958 to 2017 (top) and distribution of ocean heat content anomalies in 2017 (bottom). Figure from&nbsp;<a rel="noopener" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-8011-z" target="_blank">Cheng and Zhu</a>&nbsp;(2018), using data from&nbsp;<a rel="noopener" href="http://english.iap.cas.cn/RE/201801/t20180118_189348.html" target="_blank">IAP-CAS</a>.</p>
</div>

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	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='natural-gas-killed-coal-renewables-batteries-taking-over.html'>Natural gas killed coal – now renewables and batteries are taking over</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 29 January 2018 by dana1981</h4>
	<p style="text-align: justify;">Over the past decade,&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2017/oct/16/the-war-on-coal-is-over-coal-lost?CMP=share_btn_fb" data-link-name="in body link">coal has been increasingly replaced</a>&nbsp;by cheaper, cleaner energy sources. US coal power production has dropped by 44% (866 terawatt-hours [TWh]). It&rsquo;s been replaced by natural gas (up 45%, or 400 TWh), renewables (up 260%, or 200 TWh), and increased efficiency (the US uses 9%, or 371 TWh less electricity than a decade ago).</p>
<div class="u-responsive-ratio" style="text-align: justify;"><img src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/c057ae772d523f3c753a42add0d801f31e49b233/0_0_960_499/master/960.png?w=620&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=8a6bae4c0dc93c20f878065aeb0b993d" alt="US power grid" width="540" height="280" /></div>
<p class="figurecaption" style="text-align: justify;">Evolution of the American power grid mix since 1960. Illustration: Carbon Brief</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In other words, of the 866 TWh of lost coal power production, 46% was picked up by natural gas, 43% by increased efficiency, and 23% by renewables.</p>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Natural gas is an unstable &lsquo;bridge fuel&rsquo;</strong></h3>
<p style="text-align: justify;">While the shift away from coal is a positive development in slowing global warming by cutting carbon pollution, as&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://thinkprogress.org/nasa-study-fracking-global-warming-0fa0c5b5f5c7/" data-link-name="in body link">Joe Romm has detailed for Climate Progress</a>, research indicates that shifting to natural gas squanders most of those gains. For example, a&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/9/9/094008/meta" data-link-name="in body link">2014 study</a>&nbsp;published in Environmental Research Letters found that when natural gas production is abundant, it crowds out both coal and renewables, resulting in little if any climate benefit. Part of the problem is significant methane leakage from natural gas drilling.</p>

	<p><a href='natural-gas-killed-coal-renewables-batteries-taking-over.html'><strong>Read more...</strong></a></p>
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	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-Digest_04.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming Digest #4</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 28 January 2018 by John Hartz</h4>
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<p><strong>Breaking News... Story of the Week... Toon of the Week... Quote of the Week... Graphic of the Week... SkS in the News... John Cook Quoted... Coming Soon on SkS... Poster of the Week... SkS Week in Review... 97 Hours of Consensus...</strong></p>
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<h3>Breaking News...</h3>
<h4 class=" "><span style="color: #003300;">Donald Trump appears to misunderstand basic facts of climate change in Piers Morgan interview</span></h4>
<p><span style="color: #003300;"><img src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/Donald-Trump_Piers-Morgan_Jan-2018.jpg" alt="Donal Trump and Piers Morgan" width="550" height="412" /></span></p>
<p><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/topic/DonaldTrump">Donald Trump</a>&nbsp;has expressed doubts over the existence of climate change, as it is understood by the vast majority of scientists. &nbsp;</p>
<p>After proclaiming his belief in &ldquo;clean air and clean water&rdquo;, the US President questioned some of the central tenets of climate science in an interview with Piers Morgan.</p>
<p>Mr Trump also&nbsp;<a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-paris-climate-deal-agreement-us-go-back-latest-a8152531.html">repeated previous statements</a>&nbsp;that he could &ldquo;go back&rdquo; into the Paris climate agreement, but said that he would only make such a decision if he could get &ldquo;a good deal&rdquo; for the US.</p>
<p>US President&nbsp;<a href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/search/?search=Donald+Trump&amp;topic_id=8749" target="_self">Donald Trump</a>&nbsp;dismisses climate change and global warming in a TV interview this evening where he justifies leaving the Paris Accord because it was "a disaster" for America.</p>
<p>In a rambling and somewhat incoherent response to questions from Piers Morgan. He says, "There is a cooling, and there's a heating. I mean, look, it used to not be climate change, it used to be global warming. That wasn't working too well because it was getting too cold all over the place.</p>
<p>"The ice caps were going to melt, they were going to be gone by now, but now they're setting records. They're at a record level."&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong><a href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-misunderstands-basic-facts-climate-change-piers-morgan-interview-a8181381.html">Donald Trump appears to misunderstand basic facts of climate change in Piers Morgan interview</a></strong>&nbsp;by Josh Gabbatiss, The Independent, Jan 27, 2018</p>

	<p><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-Digest_04.html'><strong>Read more...</strong></a></p>
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<hr>
	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_04.html'>2018 SkS Weekly Climate Change & Global Warming News Roundup #4</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 27 January 2018 by John Hartz</h4>
	<div class="greenbox" style="text-align: justify;">A chronological listing of news articles posted on the <strong><a href="https://skepticalscience.com/\">Skeptical Science Facebook</a></strong> page during the past week.&nbsp;</div>
<h3>Editor's Pick</h3>
<h4><span style="color: #003300;">Why climate change is worsening public health&nbsp;problems</span></h4>
<h5 style="text-align: left;"><img src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/Port-au-Prince_Haiti_11-11-17.jpg" alt="Port-au-Prince Haiti 11-11-17" width="550" height="367" />&nbsp;Men in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, collect water on Nov. 11, 2017. Years after Hurricane Matthew nearly devastated Haiti, its vulnerability only increases. <a href="http://pictures.reuters.com/archive/HAITI-DAILYLIFE--RC159E7B9930.html">Reuters/Martinez Casares</a></h5>
<p>Around the world, the health care debate often revolves around access.</p>
<p>Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, head of the World Health Organization, recently announced: &ldquo;All roads lead to universal health coverage.&rdquo; Discussions for how to translate this vision into a road map for action is central to the agenda of the <a href="http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB142/B142_13-en.pdf">WHO&rsquo;s executive board</a> meeting this week in Geneva.</p>
<p>Yet focusing on access is not enough. The imperative for access must be paired with a frank acknowledgment that climate change is making communities around the world more vulnerable to ill health. A <a href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32464-9/fulltext?elsca1=tlpr">2017 commission of The Lancet</a>, a leading health research journal, tracked the effects of climate change on health and found evidence of harms &ldquo;far worse that previously understood.&rdquo;</p>
<p>Even as we move to close the access gap, a string of natural disasters in late 2017, including successive hurricanes and widespread forest fires, threaten to widen the vulnerability gap.</p>
<p>As a global health professional (Sosin) and a cultural anthropologist (Kivland), we have witnessed how the global exchange of health technology, expertise and aid has contributed to dramatic gains in the delivery of health care in Haiti and other settings, especially around infectious diseases. Yet climate change threatens to undermine the health gains in vulnerable communities across the globe.</p>
<p>As firsthand witnesses to sharp health disparities globally, we argue that world leaders need to insist that any health care strategy must address the social and environmental vulnerabilities driving poor health in the first place.</p>
<p><strong><a href="https://theconversation.com/why-climate-change-is-worsening-public-health-problems-86193">Why climate change is worsening public health&nbsp;problems</a></strong>&nbsp;by Chelsey Kivland &amp; Anne Sosin, The Conversation US, Jan 25, 2018</p>

	<p><a href='2018-SkS-Weekly-News-Roundup_04.html'><strong>Read more...</strong></a></p>
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<hr>
	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='2017-oceans-hottest-ever-recorded.html'>In 2017, the oceans were by far the hottest ever recorded</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 26 January 2018 by John Abraham</h4>
	<p style="text-align: justify;">Among scientists who work on climate change, perhaps the most anticipated information each year is how much the Earth has warmed. That information can only come from the oceans, because almost all heat is stored there. If you want to understand global warming, you need to first understand ocean warming.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This isn&rsquo;t to say other measurements are not also important. For instance, measurements of the air temperature just above the Earth are really important. We live in this air; it affects us directly. A great commentary on 2017 air temperatures is&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/jan/02/2017-was-the-hottest-year-on-record-without-an-el-nino-thanks-to-global-warming" data-link-name="in body link">provided by my colleague Dana Nuccitelli</a>. Another measurement that is important is sea level rise; so too is ocean acidification. We could go on and on identifying the markers of climate change. But in terms of understanding how fast the Earth is warming, the key is the oceans.&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">This important ocean information was&nbsp;<a class="u-underline" href="http://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-018-8011-z" data-link-name="in body link">just released today&nbsp;</a>by a world-class team of researchers from China. The researchers (Lijing Cheng and Jiang Zhu) found that the upper 2000 meters (more than 6000 feet) of ocean waters were far warmer in 2017 than the previous hottest year. We measure heat energy in Joules. It turns out that 2017 was a record-breaking year, 1.51 &times; 10<sup>22</sup>&nbsp;Joules hotter than any other year. For comparison, the annual electrical generation in China is 600 times smaller than the heat increase in the ocean.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The authors provide a long history of ocean heat, going back to the late 1950s. By then there were enough ocean temperature sensors to get an accurate assessment of the oceans&rsquo; warmth. Their results are shown in the figure below. This graph shows ocean heat as an &ldquo;anomaly,&rdquo; which means a change from their baseline of 1981&ndash;2010. Columns in blue are cooler than the 1981-2010 period, while columns in red are warmer than that period. The best way to interpret this graph is to notice the steady rise in ocean heat over this long time period.</p>
<div class="u-responsive-ratio" style="text-align: justify;"><img src="https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/1d5165c25ea0f76c1840a73632380c5ae1320bc2/0_0_553_297/master/553.jpg?w=620&amp;q=55&amp;auto=format&amp;usm=12&amp;fit=max&amp;s=09e0f24b0f39f6a3dd9da69f2dcf1c8f" alt="OHC" width="540" height="290" /></div>
<p class="figurecaption" style="text-align: justify;">Ocean heat content change since 1958. Illustration: Cheng and Zhu (2018), Advances in Atmospheric Sciences</p>

	<p><a href='2017-oceans-hottest-ever-recorded.html'><strong>Read more...</strong></a></p>
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	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='new_research_20180115.html'>New research, January 15-21, 2018</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 25 January 2018 by Ari Jokimäki</h4>
	<p style="text-align: justify;">A selection of new climate related research articles is shown below.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong><em><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="https://skepticalscience.com//pics/nr180115.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="320" /></em></strong><em>The figure is from paper #63.</em><strong><em><br /></em></strong></p>
<h2 class="\" style="text-align: justify;" lang="\"><strong>Climate change mitigation</strong></h2>
<p class="wd-jnl-art-title" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa512/meta">1. Does replacing coal with wood lower CO2&nbsp;emissions? Dynamic lifecycle analysis of wood bioenergy</a><br /></strong></p>
<p class="wd-jnl-art-title" style="text-align: justify;">"<em>Because combustion and processing efficiencies for wood are less than coal, the immediate impact of substituting wood for coal is an increase in atmospheric CO2&nbsp;relative to coal. The payback time for this carbon debt ranges from 44&ndash;104 years after clearcut, depending on forest type&mdash;assuming the land remains forest. Surprisingly, replanting hardwood forests with fast-growing pine plantations raises the CO2&nbsp;impact of wood because the equilibrium carbon density of plantations is lower than natural forests. Further, projected growth in wood harvest for bioenergy would increase atmospheric CO2&nbsp;for at least a century because new carbon debt continuously exceeds NPP. Assuming biofuels are carbon neutral may worsen irreversible impacts of climate change before benefits accrue.</em>"</p>
<p class="wd-jnl-art-title" style="text-align: justify;"><strong><a href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aaa0b9/meta">2. Impacts of nationally determined contributions on 2030 global greenhouse gas emissions: uncertainty analysis and distribution of emissions</a><br /></strong></p>
<p class="wd-jnl-art-title" style="text-align: justify;">"<em>We estimate that NDCs project into 56.8&ndash;66.5&thinsp;Gt&thinsp;CO2eq&thinsp;yr&minus;1emissions in 2030 (90% confidence interval), which is higher than previous estimates, and with a larger uncertainty range. Despite these uncertainties, NDCs robustly shift GHG emissions towards emerging and developing countries and reduce international inequalities in per capita GHG emissions. Finally, we stress that current NDCs imply larger emissions reduction rates after 2030 than during the 2010&ndash;2030 period if long-term temperature goals are to be fulfilled. Our results highlight four requirements for the forthcoming 'climate regime': a clearer framework regarding future NDCs' design, an increasing participation of emerging and developing countries in the global mitigation effort, an ambitious update mechanism in order to avoid hardly feasible decarbonization rates after 2030 and an anticipation of steep decreases in global emissions after 2030.</em>"</p>

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<hr>
	<h2 style='margin-bottom:0'><a href='so-why-two-degrees-magic-number.html'>So, why is two degrees the magic number?</a></h2>
	<h4 style='margin:5px 0 10px 0'>Posted on 24 January 2018 by Guest Author</h4>
	<p style="text-align: justify;"><span>If we can keep the earth&rsquo;s temperature from warming two degrees we&rsquo;ll be fine. But if that temperature goes only a tiny bit above, we&rsquo;re in trouble, right?&nbsp; The latest video in <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCi6RkdaEqgRVKi3AzidF4ow">Katharine Hayhoe's Global Weirding series with PBS</a>.</span></p>
<p><iframe src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/RhBBH8V3NPc" width="540" height="305" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" frameborder="0"></iframe></p>

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