<!DOCTYPE html><html dir="ltr" lang="en" class="no-js"><head><meta charset="utf-8"><meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no"><meta name="description" content="Latest news and features on science issues that matter including earth, environment, and space. Get your science news from the most trusted source!"><meta itemprop="name" content="Scientific American"><meta itemprop="description" content="Latest news and features on science issues that matter including earth, environment, and space. Get your science news from the most trusted source!"><meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/resources/favicons/favicon-196-73208969ab1ed3409bc55e8915ed8bae.png"><meta name="referrer" content="origin"><title>Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme? - Scientific American</title><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="196x196" href="/resources/favicons/favicon-196-73208969ab1ed3409bc55e8915ed8bae.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="128x128" href="/resources/favicons/favicon-128-c8f859d1014234520d7e542de84686de.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="96x96" href="/resources/favicons/favicon-96-dba133e71973e661bb307c3aeb34eef3.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="32x32" href="/resources/favicons/favicon-32-98279223f56790c51fe10cdd69903dcc.png"><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="16x16" href="/resources/favicons/favicon-16-5e90814f8e355cae989b4f7a0b95829a.png"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/resources/favicons/favicon-2bdc20b6b8b461ae319099c48d4f62d0.ico"><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/resources/sa-d6799cb6253db44db20729cb5097b57b.css"/><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/resources/icons-2987323dd67b6524dd493b20f8032676.css"/><meta class="swiftype" name="content_id" data-type="enum" content="21D05A99-DE6D-4781-A3702B682316749B"><meta class="swiftype" name="published_at" data-type="date" content="August 28, 2017"><meta class="swiftype" name="lastupdate" data-type="date" content="2017-08-28T13:44:37"><meta class="swiftype" name="type" data-type="enum" content="Page"><meta class="swiftype" name="subtype" data-type="enum" content="Article"><meta class="swiftype" name="section" data-type="enum" content=""><meta class="swiftype" name="author" data-type="string" content="Mark Fischetti"><meta class="swiftype" name="primary_category" data-type="string" content="Weather"><meta class="swiftype" name="doi" data-type="string" content="">
<script type="text/javascript" src="/sciam/includes/themes/responsive/js/mura.min.js?v=6787"></script>
	<script type="text/javascript">
	Mura.init({
		loginURL:"?display=login",
		siteid:"sciam",
		contentid:"21D05A99-DE6D-4781-A3702B682316749B",
		contenthistid:"3BC57623-0C13-403B-8F837129836DBD88",
		type:"Page",
		subtype:"Article",
		ismind:"false",
		siteID:"sciam",
		context:"",
		jslib:"jquery",
		nocache:0,
		assetpath:"/sciam",
		siteConfig:"/requirements",
		themepath:"/sciam/includes/themes/responsive",
		rb:"en",
		reCAPTCHALanguage:"en",
		preloaderMarkup: "",
		mobileformat: "false",
		adminpreview: "false",
		windowdocumentdomain: "",
		dtExample:"11/10/2018",
	dtCh:"/",
	dtFormat:[0,1,2],
	dtLocale:"en-US"
	});
</script>
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Scientific American"/>
	<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
	<meta property="og:title" content="Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme?" />
	<meta property="og:description" content="How did the storm rapidly blow up from Category 1 to 4, why is it so stuck over Houston, how can it possibly produce so much rain? And more" />
	<meta property="og:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DF498219-D12A-46FA-8DA9A2D288C4C9C2_agenda.jpg?w=600&amp;h=335" />
	<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/" />

	
	<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image">
	<meta name="twitter:site" content="@sciam">
	<meta name="twitter:title" content="Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme?">


	
	
		<meta name="author" content="Mark Fischetti" />
	
	<meta name="description" content="How did the storm rapidly blow up from Category 1 to 4, why is it so stuck over Houston, how can it possibly produce so much rain? And more">
	<meta name="keywords" content="harvey, hurricane harvey, weather, hurricanes, extreme weather, climate,"><meta property="fb:pages" content="340704949293332" /><!--[ if lte IE 9]><script src="http://html5shim.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script><![ endif]--></head><body class="site-sciam lang-en   leaderboard-top "><script>dataLayer = [{"content":{"authorization":{"status":1,"freeToAccess":1,"type":"free_to_air"},"media":[{"source":"/sciam/cache/file/DF498219-D12A-46FA-8DA9A2D288C4C9C2_source.jpg","mediaID":"DF498219-D12A-46FA-8DA9A2D288C4C9C2","type":"image","title":"Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme?"},{"source":"/sciam/assets/Image/GettyImages-839866630.jpg","mediaID":"","type":"image","title":""}],"category":{"contentSubType1":"News","subjectSubType1":"Weather","subjectType":"Sustainability","contentType":"Article"},"updatedAt":"","contentInfo":{"keywords":"Sustainability,Weather","publishedAtDate":"2017-08-28","publishedAtTime":"09:40:00","contentId":"21D05A99-DE6D-4781-A3702B682316749B","brand":"Scientific American","publishedAt":1503927600,"author":["Mark Fischetti"],"title":"Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme?"},"attributes":{"keywords":"","language":"en","wordCount":959,"subjects":"","copyright":{"native":0,"syndicated":1,"resale":0}}},"session":{"createdAt":"","authentication":{"loginStatus":"logged out"},"updatedAt":"","attributes":{},"sessionInfo":{"sessionID":"{{GA populated session ID}}"}},"version":"1.0.0","product":[],"privacy":{},"promotion":[{"promotionInfo":{"promotionName":"Navigation Subscribe Button","promotionID":"HNSB"},"category":{"type":"button"},"attributes":{"position":"button1"}},{"promotionInfo":{"promotionName":"Offer Subscribe Banner","promotionID":"HOSB"},"category":{"type":"banner"},"attributes":{"position":"banner_slot1"}},{"promotionInfo":{"promotionName":"Navigation Footer Subscribe Banner","promotionID":"HNFSB"},"category":{"type":"banner"},"attributes":{"position":"banner_slot2"}}],"user":[{"licence":[{"category":{"licenceType":""},"licenceInfo":{"licenceName":"","licenceID":""},"attributes":{}}],"updatedAt":"","segment":{"emailSubscriber":0,"appUserMind":0,"registered":0,"customer":0,"subscriberMind":0,"appUserSA":0,"subscriber":0,"giftRecipient":0,"commented":0,"subscriberSA":0},"profile":[{"profileInfo":{"profileID":""},"attributes":{"recency":{"appLoginSA":"","appLoginMind":"","webLogin":""}}}]}],"page":{"error":{},"pageInfo":{},"category":{"pageType":"single-page"},"attributes":{},"component":[{}]}}];</script><div id='div-gpt-ad-interstitial-1' class="banner-interstitial"><div id='div-gpt-ad-interstitial-1-child' data-dfp-adContainer="div-gpt-ad-interstitial-1"></div></div><!--[if IE 8]><![endif]--><!--[if lte IE 9]><div class="browser-update" data-behavior="browser_update"><div class="container"><p class="t_meta"><span class="browser-update__alert"><img src="/resources/png/icon__alert-a313300df9de48356a7faee7f3be54f5.png" alt=""></span> We're sorry, your browser is not supported. Please update to a modern browser to view this page. <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/frequently-asked-questions/?tab=about-the-site#what-are-the-technical-specifications-for-using-scientificamericancom" class="browser-update__link">Learn More</a></p><div class="browser-update__close"><a href="#" data-browser-update-close><span class="icon icon__close--black icon--subtle"></span></a></div></div></div><![endif]--><div class="browser-update--hide" data-behavior="browser_update" id="cookie-policy"><div class="container"><p class="t_meta">We use cookies to provide you with a better onsite experience. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies in accordance with our <a class='browser-update__link' href='http://www.scientificamerican.com/page/use-of-cookies/' target='_blank'>Cookie Policy</a>.</p><div class="browser-update__close"><a href="#" data-browser-update-close><span class="icon icon__close--black icon--subtle" data-behavior="cookie_policy" id="cookie_policy_close"></span></a></div></div></div><a class="skipnav" href="#sa_body">Skip to main content</a><div id="scientific-american"><div class="banner banner-leaderboard banner-leaderboard-top" data-banner-leaderboard><div id="div-gpt-ad-top-1"><div id="div-gpt-ad-top-1-child" data-dfp-adContainer="div-gpt-ad-top-1"></div></div></div><div class="sticky-bounds"><header class="sticky-header" data-behavior="sticky"><nav class="header"><div class="container"><div class="header__left"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/store/subscribe/scientific-american-magazine/?WT.ac=SA_ecom_SA_Nav_Subscribe_white" class="subscribe-nav-btn medium-down-hide " data-track="click-promotion" data-track-promotion="0"><button type="button" class="header__subscribe-btn">Subscribe</button></a><button class="header__menu-btn large-up-hide" data-behavior="primary_nav"><span class="icon icon__menu--black">Menu</span></button></div><div class="header__logo"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/" class="icon icon__logo--lg">Scientific American</a></div><div class="header__right tooltip-outer"> <ul class="meta-list medium-down-hide"><li class="meta-list__item tx_meta " data-tooltip-trigger data-tooltip="region-tooltip">English <a class="icon icon--after icon--subtle icon__ddarr--black" data-behavior="tooltip" data-tooltip-width="180" data-tooltip-id="region-tooltip"></a></li><li class="meta-list__item tx_meta"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/store/shopping-cart/" class="link">Cart <span class="cart-count">0</span></a></li><li class="meta-list__item tx_meta " data-behavior="sign_in_flyout"><a id="signin-click" class="link signin-click" style="margin-right: 10px">Sign In</a>| <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/my-account/register/" class="link register-click" style="margin-left: 10px">Register</a> <section class="signin-flyout" id="signin-flyout"><span class="icon icon__close--white" id="signin-flyout__close"></span><span class="signin-flyout__arrow"></span><form class="signin-flyout__form" action="https://www.scientificamerican.com/my-account/login/?s=1" method="post" data-behavior="csrf_token_update"><input type="hidden" name="slatAction" value="public:account.login"><input type="hidden" name="flyoutlogin" value="true"><input type="hidden" name="sRedirectURL" value="" /><input type="hidden" name="csrf_token" value="1B314248D8708D4A2EDBC7C8819A2B3D" />
				<input type="hidden" name="csrf_token_expires" value="180213153409148" /><label for="emailAddress1" class="signin-flyout__form__label">Email:</label><input type="text" name="emailAddress" id="emailAddress1" class="signin-flyout__form__input" data-signin-email><label for="password1" class="signin-flyout__form__label">Password:</label><input type="password" name="password" id="password1" class="signin-flyout__form__input" data-signin-password><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/my-account/forgot-password/" class="signin-flyout__form__forgot">Forgot password?</a><button class="btn btn--small btn--inverted signin-flyout__form__submit"  type="submit" data-signin-submit-btn>Login</button><img src="/resources/loader-824962d9e67c8497c9ef428a9fdfad71.gif" class="signin-flyout__form__loading" alt="Loading" data-signin-loading/></form><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/my-account/register/" class="signin-flyout__register">Not yet registered?</a></section></li></ul><button class="header__search-btn icon icon__search--black xlarge-hide medium-down-hide " data-behavior="toggle_open" data-target="primary-nav__search">Search</button><a class="large-up-hide" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/store/subscribe/scientific-american-magazine/?WT.ac=SA_ecom_SA_Nav-Subscribe-mobile" data-track="click-promotion" data-track-promotion="0"><button type="button" class="header__subscribe-btn">Subscribe</button></a><div class="tooltip tooltip--dark small-hide" id="region-tooltip"><span class="tooltip__arrow"></span><div class="account-tooltip"><ul class="account-tooltip__list"><li><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/">English</a></li><li><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/espanol/">Español</a></li><li><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/arabic/">العربية</a></li><li><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/international/">Other Editions</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></nav><nav class="primary-nav"><div class="primary-nav__bg large-up-hide"><button type="button" class="primary-nav__close-btn large-up-hide" data-behavior="primary_nav"><span class="icon icon__close--white icon--subtle">Close</span></button></div><div class="container"><div class="primary-nav__search" data-toggle="primary-nav__search"><form id="search-form" action="https://www.scientificamerican.com/search/" method="GET"><label for="sidebar-search" class="hide-label" aria-label="Search">Search</label><input id="sidebar-search" type="text" name="q" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search" class="primary-nav__search-input" data-behavior="search autocomplete"></form><button type="button" class="primary-nav__search-btn icon icon__search--black large-hide" data-behavior="toggle_open" data-target="primary-nav__search">Search</button><button type="button" class="primary-nav__search-close-btn icon icon__close--muted" data-behavior="toggle_open" data-target="primary-nav__search">Close</button></div><ul class="primary-nav__list"><li class="primary-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/the-sciences/">The Sciences</a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/mind/">Mind</a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/health/">Health</a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/tech/"> Tech</a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/sustainability/">Sustainability</a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/education/">Education</a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/video/">Video</a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/podcasts/">Podcasts</a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item"><a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/">Blogs</a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/store/">Store</a></li></ul><ul class="primary-nav__list--drawer-utils large-up-hide"><li class="primary-nav__list-item--btn"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/store/subscribe/scientific-american-magazine/?WT.ac=SA_ecom_SA_Nav_Subscribe_white" class="btn btn--blue btn--small"><button type="button">Subscribe</button></a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item--btn"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/magazine/sa/2018/02-01/" class="btn btn--blue btn--small"><button type="button">Current Issue</button></a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item--drawer-utils" style="border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5; margin-top: 20px"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/store/shopping-cart/">Cart</a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item--drawer-utils"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/my-account/login/">Sign In</a></li><li class="primary-nav__list-item--drawer-utils"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/my-account/register/">Register</a></li></ul><ul class="primary-nav__list--social large-up-hide"></ul></div><div class="primary-nav__search-results"><ul class="primary-nav__search-results-list container"></ul></div></nav><nav class="page-context-nav" data-behavior="page_context_nav"><a href="#" class="page-context-nav__back-to-top"><span class="icon icon__uparr--black icon--subtle"></span></a><ul class="tooltip-outer"><li class="page-context-nav__menu-item" data-behavior="toggle_open_tabs" data-target="page-context-nav__share-menu" data-tab-target="share-and-latest">Share</a></li><li class="page-context-nav__menu-item" data-behavior="toggle_open_tabs" data-target="page-context-nav__latest" data-tab-target="share-and-latest">Latest</a></li></ul><div data-tab-container="share-and-latest"><div class="page-context-nav__share-menu" data-toggle="page-context-nav__share-menu"><ul><li class="page-context-nav__share-menu-item"><a href="https://m.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/?wt.mc=SA_Facebook-Share"><span class="icon icon__facebook--black"></span></a></li><li class="page-context-nav__share-menu-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/?wt.mc=SA_Twitter-Share&amp;text=Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme?&amp;via=sciam"><span class="icon icon__twitter--black"></span></a></li><li class="page-context-nav__share-menu-item"><a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/%3Fwt.mc=SA_Reddit-Share"><span class="icon icon__reddit--black"></span></a></li><li class="page-context-nav__share-menu-item"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/email-this-article/?contentid=21D05A99-DE6D-4781-A3702B682316749B"><span class="icon icon__mail--black"></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="page-context-nav__latest mura-async-object" data-toggle="page-context-nav__latest" data-object="page-context-nav" data-instanceid="0" data-siteid="sciam" data-contentid="00000000000000000000000000000000001" data-contenthistid=""></div></div></nav></header><main id="sa_body" class="panel main-area" data-swiftype-name="body" data-swiftype-type="text" data-swiftype-index="true"><div class="mura-region"><div class="mura-region-inherited"></div><div class="mura-region-local"></div></div><nav class="page-context-nav" data-behavior="page_context_nav"><a href="#" class="page-context-nav__back-to-top"><span class="icon icon__uparr--black icon--subtle"></span></a><ul class="tooltip-outer"><li class="page-context-nav__menu-item" data-behavior="toggle_open_tabs" data-target="page-context-nav__share-menu" data-tab-target="share-and-latest">Share</a></li><li class="page-context-nav__menu-item" data-behavior="toggle_open_tabs" data-target="page-context-nav__latest" data-tab-target="share-and-latest">Latest</a></li></ul><div data-tab-container="share-and-latest"><div class="page-context-nav__share-menu" data-toggle="page-context-nav__share-menu"><ul><li class="page-context-nav__share-menu-item"><a href="https://m.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/?wt.mc=SA_Facebook-Share"><span class="icon icon__facebook--black"></span></a></li><li class="page-context-nav__share-menu-item"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/?wt.mc=SA_Twitter-Share&amp;text=Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme?&amp;via=sciam"><span class="icon icon__twitter--black"></span></a></li><li class="page-context-nav__share-menu-item"><a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/%3Fwt.mc=SA_Reddit-Share"><span class="icon icon__reddit--black"></span></a></li><li class="page-context-nav__share-menu-item"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/email-this-article/?contentid=21D05A99-DE6D-4781-A3702B682316749B"><span class="icon icon__mail--black"></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="page-context-nav__latest mura-async-object" data-toggle="page-context-nav__latest" data-object="page-context-nav" data-instanceid="0" data-siteid="sciam" data-contentid="00000000000000000000000000000000001" data-contenthistid=""></div></div></nav><article itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article"><header class="article-header no-main-area-space container "><div class="article-header__inner"><div class="article-header__inner__category t_tag t_tag--header" itemprop="articleSection"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/weather/">Weather</a></div><h1 class="article-header__title t_article-title" itemprop="name">Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme?</h1><p class="t_article-subtitle">How did the storm rapidly blow up from Category 1 to 4, why is it so stuck over Houston, how can it possibly produce so much rain? And more</p><div class="article-header__divider"><ul class="meta-list t_meta"><li class="meta-list__item">By <span itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"><span itemprop="name"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/author/mark-fischetti/">Mark Fischetti</a></span></span> on <span itemprop="datePublished" content="August 28, 2017">August 28, 2017</span></li></ul></div></div></header><div class="article-progress" data-behavior="article_progress"><div class="article-progress__bar"></div><div class="article-grid-outer container "><div class="article-grid"><aside class="article-grid__share"><div class="share-box tooltip-outer"><div style="overflow: hidden"><ul class="share-box__inner"><li class="share-box__inner__item"><a href="#" data-sharer-url="http://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?p[url]=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/?wt.mc=SA_Facebook-Share" class="share-box__inner__item__link" data-social-provider="Facebook" data-behavior="sharer tooltip" data-tooltip-hover data-tooltip-top data-tooltip-width="225" data-tooltip-id="facebook-tooltip"><span class="icon icon__facebook--black"></span></a></li><li class="share-box__inner__item"><a href="#" class="share-box__inner__item__link" data-social-provider="Twitter" data-behavior="sharer tooltip" data-sharer-url="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/?wt.mc=SA_Twitter-Share&amp;text=Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme?&amp;via=sciam" data-tooltip-hover data-tooltip-top data-tooltip-width="208" data-tooltip-id="twitter-tooltip"><span class="icon icon__twitter--black"></span></a></li><li class="share-box__inner__item"><a href="#" class="share-box__inner__item__link" data-social-provider="Reddit" data-behavior="sharer tooltip" data-sharer-url="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/%3Fwt.mc=SA_Reddit-Share" data-tooltip-hover data-tooltip-top data-tooltip-width="208" data-tooltip-id="reddit-tooltip"><span class="icon icon__reddit--black"></span></a></li><li class="share-box__inner__item"><a href="#" class="share-box__inner__item__link" data-social-provider="Share" data-behavior="tooltip" data-tooltip-top data-tooltip-width="150" data-tooltip-id="share-tooltip"><span class="icon icon__share--black"></span></a></li><li class="share-box__inner__item"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/email-this-article/?contentid=21D05A99-DE6D-4781-A3702B682316749B" data-social-provider="Email" class="share-box__inner__item__link" data-behavior="tooltip" data-tooltip-hover data-tooltip-top data-tooltip-width="141" data-tooltip-id="email-tooltip"><span class="icon icon__mail--black"></span></a></li><li class="share-box__inner__item"><a href="?print=true" class="share-box__inner__item__link" data-social-provider="Print" data-behavior="tooltip" data-tooltip-hover data-tooltip-top data-tooltip-width="111" data-tooltip-id="print-tooltip"><span class="icon icon__print--black"></span></a></li></ul></div><div class="tooltip tooltip--dark tooltip--thin tooltip--top" style="width: 225px;" id="facebook-tooltip"><span class="tooltip--top__arrow tooltip__arrow"></span><div class="share-tooltip share-tooltip--thin"><div class="share-tooltip__label">Share on Facebook<!--<div class="share-tooltip__label__count" data-share-count-facebook></div>--></div></div></div><div class="tooltip tooltip--dark tooltip--thin tooltip--top" style="width: 208px;" id="twitter-tooltip"><span class="tooltip--top__arrow tooltip__arrow"></span><div class="share-tooltip share-tooltip--thin"><div class="share-tooltip__label">Share on Twitter<!--div class="share-tooltip__label__count" data-share-count-twitter></div>--></div></div></div><div class="tooltip tooltip--dark tooltip--thin tooltip--top" style="width: 208px;" id="reddit-tooltip"><span class="tooltip--top__arrow tooltip__arrow"></span><div class="share-tooltip share-tooltip--thin"><div class="share-tooltip__label">Share on Reddit<!--<div class="share-tooltip__label__count" data-share-count-reddit></div>--></div></div></div><div class="tooltip tooltip--dark tooltip--thin tooltip--top" style="width: 141px;" id="email-tooltip"><span class="tooltip--top__arrow tooltip__arrow"></span><div class="share-tooltip share-tooltip--thin"><div class="share-tooltip__label">Email</div></div></div><div class="tooltip tooltip--dark tooltip--thin tooltip--top" style="width: 111px;" id="print-tooltip"><span class="tooltip--top__arrow tooltip__arrow"></span><div class="share-tooltip share-tooltip--thin"><div class="share-tooltip__label">Print</div></div></div><div class="tooltip tooltip--dark tooltip--thin tooltip--top" data-keep-tooltip style="width: 150px" id="share-tooltip"><span class="tooltip--top__arrow tooltip__arrow"></span><div class="share-tooltip"><div class="share-tooltip__title">Share via</div><ul class="share-tooltip__list"><li><a href="#" data-social-provider="Google+" data-behavior="sharer" data-sharer-url="https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/?wt.mc=SA_GPlus-Share">Google+</a></li><li><a href="#" data-social-provider="Stumble Upon" data-behavior="sharer" data-sharer-url="http://www.stumbleupon.com/submit?url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-why-is-it-so-extreme/&amp;title={data.}">Stumble Upon</a></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="mura-region"><div class="mura-region-inherited"></div><div class="mura-region-local"></div></div></aside><section class="article-grid__main"><figure class="article-media "  id="image-1"><div class="article-media__object "><picture><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" srcset="https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DF498219-D12A-46FA-8DA9A2D288C4C9C2.jpg?w=690&amp;h=460&amp;3BC57623-0C13-403B-8F837129836DBD88"><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DF498219-D12A-46FA-8DA9A2D288C4C9C2.jpg?w=280&amp;h=187&amp;3BC57623-0C13-403B-8F837129836DBD88"><img src="https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DF498219-D12A-46FA-8DA9A2D288C4C9C2.jpg?w=590&amp;h=393&amp;3BC57623-0C13-403B-8F837129836DBD88" alt="Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme?" itemprop="image"></picture></div><figcaption class="article-media__caption t_caption">Volunteers and officers from the neighborhood security patrol help to rescue residents in the River Oaks neighborhood after it was inundated with flooding from Hurricane Harvey on August 27, 2017 in Houston, Texas. <i>Credit: <a href="http://www.gettyimages.com/license/839916710" target="_blank">Scott Olson&nbsp;<em>Getty Images</em></a></i></figcaption></figure><figure class="aside-banner large-up-hide"><div id="dfp-right-article-mobile"><div data-behavior="dfp" data-dfp-adName="right" data-dfp-positionName="MPU1" data-dfp-adContainer="dfp-right-article-mobile" data-dfp-mobileonly="mobile"></div></div><figcaption class="aside-banner__label">Advertisement</figcaption></figure><div class="article-block article-text" data-swiftype-name="body" data-swiftype-type="text"  data-behavior="dfp_article_rendering" data-dfp-adword="Advertisement"  itemprop="articleBody"><div class="mura-region">
					<div class="mura-region-local"><p>Hurricane Harvey is drowning southeastern Texas for the fourth day, putting a vast area under feet of water. Experts say Harvey has been stuck longer in one place than any tropical storm in memory. That is just one of the hurricane&rsquo;s extremes; the storm is off the charts by many measures. <em>Scientific American</em> wanted to learn why, and we asked meteorologist Jeff Masters for help. Masters is the co-founder of <a href="https://www.wunderground.com/cat6" target="_blank">Weather Underground</a>, a web site that meteorologists nationwide go to for their own inside information about severe weather. Masters also wrote a <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/a-wacky-jet-stream-is-making-our-weather-severe/" target="_blank">fascinating article</a> on why the jet stream is getting weird.</p>

<p><strong>Why did Hurricane Harvey so quickly explode from a Category 1 hurricane to Category 4?</strong><br />
Last Wednesday night, August 23, Harvey was a tropical depression, but after just eight overnight hours it was forming a hurricane eye wall. &ldquo;That&rsquo;s remarkably fast,&rdquo; Masters says. On Friday it rapidly ballooned from a Category 1 hurricane to Category 4. That is because it happened to pass over a region of extremely warm ocean water called an eddy. This spot of hot water was 1 to 2 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the Gulf of Mexico around it, which itself was already 1 to 2 degrees F higher than average, reaching 85 or 86 degrees F in places. The hotter the water, the more energy it drives into a storm. Hurricane Katrina, which destroyed New Orleans in 2005, also mushroomed to Category 4 in a similar fashion because it, too, passed over a hot eddy in the Gulf.</p>

<p><strong>Why is Harvey so stuck in place over Texas?</strong><br />
Hurricanes are circular structures with winds that spiral counterclockwise, but they are steered by larger wind patterns in the greater atmosphere that push them in one direction. In Harvey&rsquo;s case, a big high-pressure system over the southeastern U.S. is trying to push the storm in one direction, but a big high pressure system over the southwestern U.S. is trying to push the storm in the opposite direction. &ldquo;The systems have equal strength and are cancelling each other out,&rdquo; leaving Harvey stranded, Masters says. &ldquo;It&rsquo;s highly unusual to have two highs on either side of a hurricane of equal strength.&rdquo; The only other time Masters recalls that happening to a huge storm system was Hurricane Mitch in 1998, which struck Central America and killed an estimated 7,000 people in Honduras.</p>

<p><strong>How can Harvey reverse direction, now, heading back out over the Gulf of Mexico from where it came?</strong><br />
The high pressure system in the southeastern U.S. is also trying to push Harvey west, but now the storm has bumped into the high pressure system in the southwestern U.S., which is pushing it back to the east. On any given day one of the systems might temporarily be winning this atmospheric ping-pong match. Masters says a low-pressure trough system has been setting up north of Harvey and might strengthen enough to start to pull the hurricane northward. National weather forecasts released Monday morning indicate that might happen later this week.</p>

<figure class="image-captioned"><img alt="" src="/sciam/assets/Image/GettyImages-839866630.jpg" />
<figcaption>A member of the Texas Task Force 2 search and rescue team works through a destroyed apartment complex trying to find anyone that still may be in the apartment complex after Hurricane Harvey passed through on August 27, 2017 in Rockport, Texas. &nbsp;Credit: <a href="http://www.gettyimages.com/license/839866630">Joe Raedle&nbsp;<em>Getty Images</em></a></figcaption>
</figure>

<p><strong>How can Harvey produce such extreme rainfall even though it is no longer over the ocean?</strong><br />
The answer to this is fascinating. Normally a hurricane pulls moisture up from the ocean and releases it as rain all around the storm&rsquo;s area, particularly in the northeastern quadrant. But Harvey has dropped so much water over such a large area of southeastern Texas that the storm is pulling that water back up into itself and dumping it again as more rain. The flood area is so far and wide that it is acting like part of an ocean, feeding warm moisture up into Harvey. &ldquo;You only need about 50 percent of the land to be covered with water for that to happen,&rdquo; Masters says. &ldquo;Obviously we have more than that in Texas.&rdquo;</p>

<p><strong>Could Harvey exist as a self-perpetuating rain machine over land?</strong><br />
Masters says meteorologists cannot answer this question yet. &ldquo;If it were to stay perfectly still, could it maintain itself for a long period of time?&rdquo; he asks. &ldquo;That&rsquo;s an interesting theoretical question. We just don't know.&rdquo;</p>

<p><strong>Why did Harvey&rsquo;s rain bands intensify at night rather than during the day?</strong><br />
This phenomenon is actually typical of large hurricanes: they weaken during the day and strengthen at night. &ldquo;At night the upper atmosphere cools,&quot; Masters explains. &ldquo;That creates instability, which increases the updrafts in thunderstorms throughout the hurricane system. Those air currents pull more moisture up from the surface&rdquo; of the ocean&mdash;or the flooded land.</p>

<p><strong>Why has Harvey caused such deep coastal flooding even though the ocean storm surge was not so high?</strong><br />
This answer is also intriguing. Storm surge is often the deadliest aspect of tropical systems. Hurricane Katrina&rsquo;s storm surge drowned New Orleans. Hurricane Sandy&rsquo;s surge inundated New York City and New Jersey. Harvey&rsquo;s storm surge was not nearly as high, yet water piled up along certain portions of the Texas coast. Masters says this is called &ldquo;compound flooding.&rdquo; With feet of rain, the rivers are so swollen that they are rushing toward the Gulf coast, but the storm surge is coming inland as those rivers try to flow seaward. The two surges meet at the coast &ldquo;and the water piles up from both sides,&rdquo; Masters says. The land&rsquo;s shape and elevation at any location can make the compound flooding worse. In Galveston, for example, the sea surge was about three feet but the actual water surge was about nine feet.</p>

<p>For more on hurricane dynamics, click <a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/sa-visual/visualizing-hurricanes/" target="_blank">here</a>.</p></div>
					</div></div><div class="article-rightslink"><div class="article-reprintsLink">
				<span>
					
					
					<script>
						function RightsLinkPopUp() {
							
							
							var url = "https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet";
							
							var location = url
								+ "?publisherName=" + encodeURI('sciam')
								+ "&publication=" + encodeURI('sciam')
								+ "&title=" + encodeURI('Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme?')
								+ "&publicationDate=" + encodeURI('2017-08-28')
								
								+ "&author=" + encodeURI('Mark Fischetti')
								
								+ "&contentID=" + encodeURI('21D05A99-DE6D-4781-A3702B682316749B')
								
								
								+ "&copyright=" + encodeURI('Copyright 2017 ')
								
								+ "&orderBeanReset=true";
							PopUp = window.open( location,'RightsLink','location=no,toolbar=no,directories=no,status=no,menubar=no,scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes,width=650,height=550');
							return false;
						}
					</script>
					<a href="#" onClick="RightsLinkPopUp(); return false;" class="rightsPermissions">
						<img src="/sciam/includes/themes/responsive/images/global/rightsPermsIcon.png"> Rights &amp; Permissions
					</a>
				</span>
			</div></div><section class="article-author-container"><h3 class="article-author-container__title">ABOUT THE AUTHOR(S)</h3><section class="article-author"><div class="article-author__main"><p class="article-author__name t_body t_body--article">Mark Fischetti</p><ul class="article-author__social"><li class="article-author__social__item"><a href="https://twitter.com/@markfischetti"><span class="icon icon--subtle icon__twitter--black"></span></a></li></ul><p class="article-author__desc t_body t_body--article">Mark Fischetti is a senior editor at <i>Scientific American</i>, overseeing coverage of energy and the environment.</p><div class="article-author__suggested"><h4 class="article-author__suggested__title">Recent Articles</h4><ul><li><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/mass-extinction-in-earth-rsquo-s-oceans-could-begin-by-2100/">Mass Extinction in Earth's Oceans Could Begin by 2100</a></li><li><a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/what-is-this-polar-vortex-that-is-freezing-the-u-s/">What Is This Polar Vortex That Is Freezing the U.S.?</a></li><li><a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/rappers-lyrics-about-climate-change-are-smart/">Rapper's Lyrics about Climate Change Are Smart</a></li></ul></div></div></section></section></section><aside class="article-grid__aux"><figure class="aside-banner small-hide medium-hide"><div id="dfp-right-article"><div data-behavior="dfp" data-dfp-adName="right" data-dfp-positionName="MPU1" data-dfp-adContainer="dfp-right-article" data-dfp-desktoponly="desktop"></div></div><figcaption class="aside-banner__label">Advertisement</figcaption></figure><div class="article-block article-block--after-article-quote article-grid__main__break-aux"><div class="article-grid"><aside class="article-grid__aux"><section class="aside-block" data-listing-main-title="The Monster Hurricanes of 2017" data-listing-type="idr-related"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/report/the-monster-hurricanes-of-2017/"><h2 class="aside-block__title t_aside-title"><span>The Monster Hurricanes of 2017</span></h2></a><div class="aside-block__body"><ol class="step-list"><li class="step-list__item" data-listing-title="Hurricane Irma: Florida's Overdevelopment Has Created a Ticking Time Bomb"><span class="step-list__item__number">1</span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-irma-floridas-overdevelopment-has-created-a-ticking-time-bomb/"><span class="step-list__item__label">Hurricane Irma: Florida's Overdevelopment Has Created a Ticking Time Bomb</span></a></li><li class="step-list__item" data-listing-title="Just How Strong Is Hurricane Irma?"><span class="step-list__item__number">2</span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/just-how-strong-is-hurricane-irma/"><span class="step-list__item__label">Just How Strong Is Hurricane Irma?</span></a></li><li class="step-list__item" data-listing-title="Hurricane Harvey: Houston Has No Quick Way to Get Rid of Floodwater "><span class="step-list__item__number">3</span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/hurricane-harvey-houston-has-no-quick-way-to-get-rid-of-floodwater1/"><span class="step-list__item__label">Hurricane Harvey: Houston Has No Quick Way to Get Rid of Floodwater </span></a></li><li class="step-list__item" data-listing-title="Ask the Experts: How Did 2 Such Powerful Hurricanes Occur Back to Back?"><span class="step-list__item__number">4</span><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ask-the-experts-how-did-2-such-powerful-hurricanes-occur-back-to-back/"><span class="step-list__item__label">Ask the Experts: How Did 2 Such Powerful Hurricanes Occur Back to Back?</span></a></li></ol></div></section></aside></div></div><div class="mura-region"><div class="mura-region-inherited"></div><div class="mura-region-local"></div></div></aside></div></div></div></article><section class="footer-banner small-hide" data-footer-banner><div id="dfp-middle-footer" data-behavior="dfp" data-dfp-adName="middle" data-dfp-positionName="LB2" data-dfp-adContainer="dfp-middle-footer" data-dfp-desktoponly="desktop">	</div></section><section class="container newsletter-subscribe-container"><h2 class="hr-titles"><span>Newsletter</span></h2><div class="newsletter-subscribe"><h2 class="newsletter-subscribe__title">Get smart. Sign up for our email newsletter.</h2><div class="newsletter-subscribe__inner"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/newsletter-sign-up/?origincode=2016_sciam_ArticleFooter_NewsletterSignUp&category=subjects/sustainability/weather&idr=true&WT.ac=SA_Article_Footer_NewsletterSubscribe&wtaction=SA_SubmitForm_NewsletterSubscribe" class="btn">Sign Up</a></div></div></section><aside class="tout_subscribe container"><h2 class="tout_subscribe-title">Every Issue. Every Year. 1845 - Present</h2><p class="small-hide">Neuroscience. Evolution. Health. Chemistry. Physics. Technology.</p><a href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/store/subscribe/scientific-american-magazine/?WT.ac=SA_ecom_SA_FooterPromo" class="btn editable-button" data-track="click-promotion" data-track-promotion="2">Subscribe Now!</a><picture><source media="(max-width: 767px)" srcset="/sciam/cache/file/E82AEBA1-0A06-4B0F-9B1CFF1CE6BD8745_source.png?w=220&amp;h=100" /><source media="(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)" srcset="/sciam/cache/file/E82AEBA1-0A06-4B0F-9B1CFF1CE6BD8745_source.png?w=420&amp;h=190" /><img src="/sciam/cache/file/BD1A6893-C362-486B-B0FBB38C1A104C46_source.png?w=385&amp;h=375" alt="Every Issue. Every Year. 1845 - Present" /></picture></aside><span data-swiftype-name="title" data-swiftype-type="string" style="display:none" data-swiftype-index="true">Hurricane Harvey: Why Is It So Extreme?</span><span data-swiftype-name="summary" data-swiftype-type="text" style="display:none" data-swiftype-index="true">How did the storm rapidly blow up from Category 1 to 4, why is it so stuck over Houston, how can it possibly produce so much rain? And more</span></main></div></div><footer id="footer" class="container"><p>Follow us</p><ul class="footer_followUs"><li class=""><a href="https://www.instagram.com/scientific_american/?hl=en" title="instagram" target="_blank"><span class="icon icon--subtle icon__instagram--black">instagram</span></a></li><li class="hide"><a href="" title="soundcloud" target="_blank"><span class="icon icon--subtle icon__soundcloud--black">soundcloud</span></a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/SciAmerican" title="youtube" target="_blank"><span class="icon icon--subtle icon__youtube--black">youtube</span></a></li><li class=""><a href="https://twitter.com/sciam" title="twitter" target="_blank"><span class="icon icon--subtle icon__twitter--black">twitter</span></a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ScientificAmerican" title="facebook" target="_blank"><span class="icon icon--subtle icon__facebook--black">facebook</span></a></li><li class=""><a href="http://rss.sciam.com/ScientificAmerican-Global" title="rss" target="_blank"><span class="icon icon--subtle icon__rss--black">rss</span></a></li></ul><div class="panel"><div class="grid"><div class="col grid__col grid__col--first">
	<ul class="footer-links">
		<li class="footer-links__item t_meta"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/store/">Store</a></li>
		<li class="footer-links__item t_meta"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/about-scientific-american/">About</a></li>
		<li class="footer-links__item t_meta">
 <a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/pressroom/">Press Room</a>
 </li>
		<li class="footer-links__item large-up-hide" data-footer-reveal-parent=""><a data-behavior="footer_reveal" href="#">More </a></li>
	</ul>
</div>

<div class="grid__col small-first-col medium-down-hide">
	<ul class="footer-links">
		<li class="footer-links__item t_meta"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/frequently-asked-questions/">FAQs</a></li>
		<li class="footer-links__item t_meta"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li>
		<li class="footer-links__item t_meta"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/sitemap">Site Map</a></li>
	</ul>
</div>

<div class="grid__col medium-first-col small-first-col medium-down-hide">
	<ul class="footer-links">
		<li class="footer-links__item t_meta"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/mediakit/">Advertise</a></li>
		<li class="footer-links__item t_meta"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/ad-sections/">Special Ad Sections</a></li>
		<li class="footer-links__item t_meta"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/custom-media-and-partnerships/">SA Custom Media</a></li>
	</ul>
</div>

<div class="grid__col small-first-col medium-down-hide">
	<ul class="footer-links">
		<li class="footer-links__item t_meta"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/terms-of-use/">Terms of Use</a></li>
		<li class="footer-links__item t_meta"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li>
		<li class="footer-links__item t_meta"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/use-of-cookies/">Use of Cookies</a></li>
	</ul>
</div></div></div><div class="panel"><div class="tx_meta footer_disclosure">Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at <a href="http://www.springernature.com/us" target="_blank">www.springernature.com/us</a>). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers.</div><p class="footer-copyright">&copy; 2018 Scientific American, a Division of Nature America, Inc.</p><p class="footer-copyright">All Rights Reserved.</p></div></footer><div class="wt-track-wrap" data-behavior="wt_tracking"></div><noscript><img alt="dcsimg" id="dcsimg" width="1" height="1" src="//statse.webtrendslive.com/dcszbiart00000oiar2s6w5ud_4y9j/njs.gif?dcsuri=/nojavascript&amp;WT.js=No&amp;WT.tv=10.4.12&amp;dcssip=www.sciam.com"/></noscript><section class="global__toaster-ad" id="global__toaster-ad" data-behavior="toaster"><span class="icon icon__close--white global__toaster-ad__close" id="global__toaster-ad__close"></span><div class="global__toaster-ad__inner-wrap"><h3>This Valentine&#39;s Day, Celebrate Your Chemistry</h3><div class="global__toaster-ad__left"><img src="/sciam/cache/file/F2687840-157F-47E8-96B1E51C1C8F505E_source.png" alt=""></div><div class="global__toaster-ad__right"><p></p><div class="btn btn--small btn--inverted editable-button editable-button--toaster"><a href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/store/offer/valentines-day/?utm_source=site&amp;utm_medium=display&amp;utm_campaign=valentines-18&amp;utm_content=banner&amp;utm_term=gift-subs_CVP_v1_display_toaster">Give a Gift</a></div></div></div></section>		<script>var A17 = window.A17 || {};A17.svgSupport = document.implementation.hasFeature("http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG11/feature#BasicStructure", "1.1");A17.browserSpec = (typeof document.querySelectorAll && 'addEventListener' in window && A17.svgSupport) ? "html5" : "html4";var element = document.createElement('x');element.style.cssText = 'pointer-events:auto';(function(){var doc = document.documentElement;var str = " js "+(A17.svgSupport ? " svg" : " no-svg") + (element.style.pointerEvents === 'auto' ? " csspointerevents" : " no-csspointerevents");doc.className = doc.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,str);})();</script><script id="webtrends"></script><script src="/resources/main-e14d6a497ae5ca94897d227e84ad7ae5.js"></script>
<script>
(function() {

		var DFP_id = dfp.adUnit;
		//var DFP_id = "/7814368/NativeAdUnit"; // for testing purposes only

		var compiledTemplateHomePopular = "";
		var compiledTemplateHomeLatest = "";
		var compiledTemplateHomeAgenda = "";
		var compiledTemplateTagLatest = "";
		var compiledTemplateArticleLatest = "";
		var compiledTemplateVideoLatest = "";

		templates();

		window.NATIVEADS = window.NATIVEADS || {};
		window.NATIVEADS_QUEUE = window.NATIVEADS_QUEUE || [];

		var q = function() {
			return window.NATIVEADS_QUEUE;
		};

		q().push(["setPropertyID", "NA-SCIEAMERLIVE-11237933"]);

		switch (mura.subtype) {
			case 'Home':
				
					q().push(["insertPreview", {
						label: "HomeLatest",
						unit: {
							"server": "dfp",
							"id": DFP_id,
							"size": "2x2",
							"targets": renderTagerting('n-latest3')
						},
						location: "#latest-news > article.listing:eq(2)",
						infoText: "",
						infoButtonText: "",
						template: compiledTemplateHomeLatest,
						onRender: function($element) {
							var parent = document.getElementById('latest-news');
							var lastChild = parent.children[5];
							parent.removeChild(lastChild);
						},
						onFill: function(data) {
							getFormattedDate(data);
						},
						onError: function(error) { }
					}]); 
				 

				
					q().push(["insertPreview", {
						label: "HomeAgenda",
						unit: {
							"server": "dfp",
							"id": DFP_id,
							"size": "2x2",
							"targets": renderTagerting('n-agenda4')
						},
						location: "#agenda-latest > article:nth-child(3)",
						infoText: "",
						infoButtonText: "",
						template: compiledTemplateHomeAgenda,
						onRender: function($element) {
							var parent = document.getElementById('agenda-latest');
							parent.removeChild(parent.lastChild);
						},
						onFill: function(data) {
							getFormattedDate(data);
						},
						onError: function(error) { }
					}]);
				
				
			case 'Topic':

				
					q().push(["insertPreview", {
						label: "TopicAgenda",
						unit: {
							"server": "dfp",
							"id": DFP_id,
							"size": "2x2",
							"targets": renderTagerting('n-category')
						},
						location: "#agenda-latest > article:nth-child(3)",
						infoText: "",
						infoButtonText: "",
						template: compiledTemplateHomeAgenda,
						onRender: function($element) {
							var parent = document.getElementById('agenda-latest');
							parent.removeChild(parent.lastChild);
						},
						onFill: function(data) {
							getFormattedDate(data);
						},
						onError: function(error) { }
					}]);
				

				
					q().push(["insertPreview", {	
						label: "HomePopular",
						unit: {
							"server": "dfp",
							"id": DFP_id,
							"size": "2x2",
							"targets": renderTagerting('n-popular3')
						},
						location: ".most-popular__grid > div.grid__col:eq(2)",
						template: compiledTemplateHomePopular,
						onRender: function($element) {
							var parent = document.getElementsByClassName('most-popular')[0];
							var parentBody = parent.children[0];
							parentBody.removeChild(parentBody.lastChild);
							
						},
						onFill: function(data) {
							getFormattedDate(data);
						},
						onError: function(error) {}
					}]);
				

			break;


			case 'Section':
				
					q().push(["insertPreview", {
						label: "TagLatest",
							unit: {
								"server": "dfp",
								"id": DFP_id,
								"size": "2x2",
								"targets": renderTagerting('n-tag3')
							},
						location: "div.section-latest > article:nth-child(3)",
						infoText: "",
						infoButtonText: "",
						template: compiledTemplateTagLatest,
						onRender: function($element) {
							var parent = document.getElementsByClassName('section-latest')[0];
							parent.removeChild(parent.lastChild);
						},
						onFill: function(data) {
							getFormattedDate(data);
						},
						onError: function(error) { }
					}]);
				
			break;

			case 'Video':
			case 'VideoSeries':
				
					q().push(["insertPreview", {
						label: "VideoLatest",
							unit: {
								"server": "dfp",
								"id": DFP_id,
								"size": "2x2",
								"targets": renderTagerting('n-video')
							},
						location: "div.recent-videos-group > div:nth-child(3)",
						infoText: "",
						infoButtonText: "",
						template: compiledTemplateVideoLatest,
						onRender: function($element) {
							var parent = document.getElementsByClassName('recent-videos-group')[0];
							parent.removeChild(parent.lastChild);
						},
						onFill: function(data) {
							getFormattedDate(data);
						},
						onError: function(error) { }
					}]);
				
			break;

			case 'Article':
			case 'PrintArticle':
			case 'PartnerArticle':
			case 'BlogPost':
				
					q().push(["insertPreview", {
						label: "ArticleLatest",
						unit: {
							"server": "dfp",
							"id": DFP_id,
							"size": "2x2",
							"targets": renderTagerting('n-article')
						},
						location: "#read-next > div.aside-block__body > div.related-article-group > div:nth-child(6)",
						infoText: "",
						infoButtonText: "",
						template: compiledTemplateArticleLatest,
						onRender: function($element) {
							var parent = document.getElementById('read-next');
							var parentBody = parent.children[1].children[0];
							parentBody.removeChild(parentBody.lastChild);
						},
						onFill: function(data) {
							getFormattedDate(data);
						},
						onError: function(error) { }
					}]);
				
			break;
		}
		



	q().push(["configureSecondaryPage", {
		track: function() {
			// if(isSponsored){
			// return 'inbound';
			// }
		}
	}]);

	function templates () {



		compiledTemplateHomePopular = function (Handlebars,depth0,helpers,partials,data) { this.compilerInfo = [4,'>= 1.0.0'];helpers = this.merge(helpers, Handlebars.helpers); data = data || {}; var buffer = "", stack1, stack2, options, functionType="function", escapeExpression=this.escapeExpression, helperMissing=helpers.helperMissing, self=this;function program1(depth0,data) { var buffer = "", stack1; buffer += "— " + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.author),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.name)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)); return buffer; } buffer += "\n<div class=\"grid__col large-up-1 medium-1-2\">\n <article class=\"listing-wide\" data-listing-template=\"Home_Popular\" data-listing-title=\""; if (stack1 = helpers.title) { stack1 = stack1.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack1 = depth0.title; stack1 = typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack1) + "\">\n <div class=\"listing-wide__thumb\">\n <a href=\""; if (stack1 = helpers.link) { stack1 = stack1.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack1 = depth0.link; stack1 = typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack1) + "\">\n <picture>\n <source media=\"(max-width: 767px)\" srcset=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (80), 'height': (80) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\">\n <source media=\"(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)\" srcset=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (210), 'height': (140) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\">\n <img src=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (275), 'height': (183) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\" alt=\""; if (stack2 = helpers.title) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.title; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\"></picture>\n <div class=\"listing-wide__thumb__category listing-wide__thumb__sponsor " + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.AdType)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) +"\">" + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.Eyebrow)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) + "</div>\n </a>\n </div>\n <div class=\"listing-wide__inner\">\n <h3 class=\"t_listing-title\">\n <a href=\""; if (stack2 = helpers.link) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.link; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\">"; if (stack2 = helpers.title) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.title; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "</a>\n </h3>\n <p class=\"t_body listing-wide__inner__desc\">\n "; if (stack2 = helpers.summary) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.summary; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\n </p>\n <div class=\"t_meta\">"; if (stack2 = helpers.pubDate) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.pubDate; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + " "; stack2 = helpers['if'].call(depth0, ((stack1 = depth0.author),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.name), {hash:{},inverse:self.noop,fn:self.program(1, program1, data),data:data}); if(stack2 || stack2 === 0) { buffer += stack2; } buffer += "</div>\n <div class=\"listing-wide__inner__small-sponsor\">" + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.Eyebrow)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) + "</div>\n </div>\n </article>\n</div>"; return buffer; };

		compiledTemplateHomeLatest = function (Handlebars,depth0,helpers,partials,data) { this.compilerInfo = [4,'>= 1.0.0'];helpers = this.merge(helpers, Handlebars.helpers); data = data || {}; var buffer = "", stack1, stack2, functionType="function", escapeExpression=this.escapeExpression, self=this;function program1(depth0,data) { var buffer = "", stack1; buffer += "— " + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.author),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.name)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)); return buffer; } buffer += "<article class=\"listing listing--with-thumb \" data-listing-count=\"6\" data-listing-template=\"Home\" data-listing-title=\""; if (stack1 = helpers.title) { stack1 = stack1.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack1 = depth0.title; stack1 = typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack1) + "\">\n <div class=\"t_tag medium-up-hide\">" + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.Eyebrow)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) + "</div>\n <div class=\"t_tag small-hide\">" + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.Eyebrow)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) + "</div>\n <div class=\"t_meta\">" + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.SponsorLabel)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) + "</div>\n <h2 class=\"t_small-listing-title\"><a href=\""; if (stack2 = helpers.link) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.link; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\">"; if (stack2 = helpers.title) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.title; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "</a></h2>\n <p class=\"t_meta listing__meta\">"; if (stack2 = helpers.pubDate) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.pubDate; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + " "; stack2 = helpers['if'].call(depth0, ((stack1 = depth0.author),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.name), {hash:{},inverse:self.noop,fn:self.program(1, program1, data),data:data}); if(stack2 || stack2 === 0) { buffer += stack2; } buffer += "</p>\n</article>"; return buffer; };

		compiledTemplateTagLatest = function (Handlebars,depth0,helpers,partials,data) { this.compilerInfo = [4,'>= 1.0.0'];helpers = this.merge(helpers, Handlebars.helpers); data = data || {}; var buffer = "", stack1, stack2, options, functionType="function", escapeExpression=this.escapeExpression, helperMissing=helpers.helperMissing, self=this;function program1(depth0,data) { var buffer = "", stack1; buffer += "— " + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.author),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.name)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)); return buffer; } buffer += "\n<article class=\"listing-wide\" data-listing-template=\"Section\" data-listing-title=\""; if (stack1 = helpers.title) { stack1 = stack1.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack1 = depth0.title; stack1 = typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack1) + "\">\n <div class=\"listing-wide__thumb\">\n <a href=\""; if (stack1 = helpers.link) { stack1 = stack1.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack1 = depth0.link; stack1 = typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack1) + "\">\n <picture>\n <source media=\"(max-width: 767px)\" srcset=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (80), 'height': (80) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\">\n <source media=\"(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)\" srcset=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (210), 'height': (140) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\">\n <img src=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (275), 'height': (183) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\" alt=\""; if (stack2 = helpers.title) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.title; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\">\n </picture>\n <div class=\"listing-wide__thumb__category listing-wide__thumb__sponsor " + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.AdType)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) +"\">" + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.Eyebrow)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) +"</div>\n </a>\n </div>\n <div class=\"listing-wide__inner\">\n <h2 class=\"t_listing-title\"><a href=\""; if (stack2 = helpers.link) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.link; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\">"; if (stack2 = helpers.title) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.title; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "</a></h2>\n <p class=\"t_body listing-wide__inner__desc\">\n "; if (stack2 = helpers.summary) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.summary; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\n </p>\n <div class=\"t_meta\">"; if (stack2 = helpers.pubDate) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.pubDate; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + " "; stack2 = helpers['if'].call(depth0, ((stack1 = depth0.author),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.name), {hash:{},inverse:self.noop,fn:self.program(1, program1, data),data:data}); if(stack2 || stack2 === 0) { buffer += stack2; } buffer += "</div>\n <div class=\"listing-wide__inner__small-sponsor\">" + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.Eyebrow)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) +"</div>\n </div>\n</article>"; return buffer; };

		compiledTemplateHomeAgenda = function (Handlebars,depth0,helpers,partials,data) { this.compilerInfo = [4,'>= 1.0.0'];helpers = this.merge(helpers, Handlebars.helpers); data = data || {}; var buffer = "", stack1, stack2, options, functionType="function", escapeExpression=this.escapeExpression, helperMissing=helpers.helperMissing, self=this;function program1(depth0,data) { var buffer = "", stack1; buffer += "— " + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.author),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.name)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)); return buffer; } buffer += "<article class=\"listing listing--with-thumb \" data-listing-count=\"4\" data-listing-template=\"Home\" data-listing-title=\""; if (stack1 = helpers.title) { stack1 = stack1.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack1 = depth0.title; stack1 = typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack1) + "\">\n <div class=\"t_tag medium-up-hide\">"+ escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.Eyebrow)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) +"</div>\n <div class=\"t_thumb listing__thumb \">\n <a href=\""; if (stack1 = helpers.link) { stack1 = stack1.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack1 = depth0.link; stack1 = typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack1) + "\">\n <picture>\n <source media=\"(max-width: 767px)\" srcset=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (280), 'height': (187) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\">\n <source media=\"(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)\" srcset=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (690), 'height': (460) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\">\n <source media=\"(min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1279px)\" srcset=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (450), 'height': (300) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\">\n <img src=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (590), 'height': (393) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\" alt=\""; if (stack2 = helpers.title) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.title; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\"></picture>\n <div class=\"listing-wide__thumb__category listing-wide__thumb__sponsor "+ escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.AdType)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) +"\">"+ escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.Eyebrow)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) +"</div>\n </a>\n </div>\n <h2 class=\"t_small-listing-title\">\n <a href=\""; if (stack2 = helpers.link) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.link; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\">"; if (stack2 = helpers.title) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.title; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "</a>\n </h2>\n <p class=\"t_meta listing__meta\">"; if (stack2 = helpers.pubDate) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.pubDate; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + " "; stack2 = helpers['if'].call(depth0, ((stack1 = depth0.author),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.name), {hash:{},inverse:self.noop,fn:self.program(1, program1, data),data:data}); if(stack2 || stack2 === 0) { buffer += stack2; } buffer += "</p>\n</article>"; return buffer; };

		compiledTemplateArticleLatest = function (Handlebars,depth0,helpers,partials,data) { this.compilerInfo = [4,'>= 1.0.0'];helpers = this.merge(helpers, Handlebars.helpers); data = data || {}; var buffer = "", stack1, stack2, options, functionType="function", escapeExpression=this.escapeExpression, helperMissing=helpers.helperMissing, self=this;function program1(depth0,data) { var buffer = "", stack1; buffer += "— " + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.author),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.name)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)); return buffer; } buffer += "<div class=\"related-article-group__item\">\n <a href=\""; if (stack1 = helpers.link) { stack1 = stack1.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack1 = depth0.link; stack1 = typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack1) + "\" class=\"large-up-title-link\">\n <section class=\"related-article\">\n <div class=\"related-article__thumb\">\n <div class=\"t_tag related-article__thumb__sponsor " + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.AdType)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) +"\">" + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.Eyebrow)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) +"</div>\n <picture>\n <source media=\"(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)\" srcset=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (330), 'height': (220) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\">\n <source media=\"(max-width: 767px)\" srcset=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (80), 'height': (80) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\">\n <img src=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (170), 'height': (113) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\" alt=\""; if (stack2 = helpers.title) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.title; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\"></picture>\n </div>\n <div class=\"related-article__body\">\n <div class=\"t_meta related-article__sponsor medium-down-hide\">" + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.SponsorLabel)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) +"</div>\n <h3 class=\"related-article__title\">"; if (stack2 = helpers.title) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.title; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "</h3>\n <p class=\"related-article__meta\">"; if (stack2 = helpers.pubDate) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.pubDate; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + " "; stack2 = helpers['if'].call(depth0, ((stack1 = depth0.author),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.name), {hash:{},inverse:self.noop,fn:self.program(1, program1, data),data:data}); if(stack2 || stack2 === 0) { buffer += stack2; } buffer += "</p>\n </div>\n </section>\n </a>\n</div>"; return buffer; };

		compiledTemplateVideoLatest = function (Handlebars,depth0,helpers,partials,data) { this.compilerInfo = [4,'>= 1.0.0'];helpers = this.merge(helpers, Handlebars.helpers); data = data || {}; var buffer = "", stack1, stack2, options, functionType="function", escapeExpression=this.escapeExpression, helperMissing=helpers.helperMissing, self=this;function program1(depth0,data) { var buffer = "", stack1; buffer += "— " + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.author),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.name)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)); return buffer; } buffer += "<div class=\"grid__col large-1-2 xlarge-1-4 medium-1-2 recent-videos-group__item\">\n	<article class=\"listing--media listing--with-thumb\" data-video-title=\""; if (stack1 = helpers.title) { stack1 = stack1.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack1 = depth0.title; stack1 = typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack1) + "\" data-video-template=\"related-videos\">\n		<div class=\"t_tag medium-up-hide\">" + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.Eyebrow)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) + "</div>\n		<div class=\"t_thumb listing--media__thumb\"><a href=\""; if (stack2 = helpers.link) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.link; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\" class=\"icon-overlay\"><span class=\"icon-overlay__icon icon__play--md--white\"></span><span class=\"icon-overlay__icon icon__play--sm--white\"></span><picture><source media=\"(min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px)\" srcset=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (330), 'height': (186) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\"><source media=\"(max-width: 767px)\" srcset=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (80), 'height': (45) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\"><img src=\""; options = {hash:{ 'width': (275), 'height': (155) },data:data}; buffer += escapeExpression(((stack1 = helpers.getThumbHref || depth0.getThumbHref),stack1 ? stack1.call(depth0, options) : helperMissing.call(depth0, "getThumbHref", options))) + "\" alt=\""; if (stack2 = helpers.title) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.title; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\"></picture><div class=\"listing-wide__thumb__category listing-wide__thumb__sponsor \">" + escapeExpression(((stack1 = ((stack1 = depth0.custom),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.Eyebrow)),typeof stack1 === functionType ? stack1.apply(depth0) : stack1)) + "</div></a>\n		</div>\n		<h3 class=\"t_small-listing-title\"><a href=\""; if (stack2 = helpers.link) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.link; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "\">"; if (stack2 = helpers.title) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.title; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + "</a></h3>\n		<p class=\"t_meta listing--media__meta\">"; if (stack2 = helpers.pubDate) { stack2 = stack2.call(depth0, {hash:{},data:data}); } else { stack2 = depth0.pubDate; stack2 = typeof stack2 === functionType ? stack2.apply(depth0) : stack2; } buffer += escapeExpression(stack2) + " "; stack2 = helpers['if'].call(depth0, ((stack1 = depth0.author),stack1 == null || stack1 === false ? stack1 : stack1.name), {hash:{},inverse:self.noop,fn:self.program(1, program1, data),data:data}); if(stack2 || stack2 === 0) { buffer += stack2; } buffer += "</p>\n	</article>\n</div>"; return buffer; };
	}

	function getFormattedDate(data) {
		var monthNames = [ "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December" ];
		var d = new Date(data.pubDate);
		data.pubDate = monthNames[d.getMonth()] + ' ' + d.getDate() + ', ' + d.getFullYear();

		if (data.custom.AdType == 'Product'){
			data.custom.AdType = "sponsor--blue";
		}
		else {
			data.custom.AdType = "";
		}

		return data;
	}

})();

(function(d, s, id) {
 var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], p = d.location.protocol;
 if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;}
 js = d.createElement(s);
 js.id = id; js.type = "text/javascript"; js.async = true;
 js.src = ((p == "https:") ? p : "http:") + "//plugin.mediavoice.com/plugin.js";
 fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
})(document, "script", "nativeads-plugin");



function renderTagerting(pos) {
	var polarTargeting = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(dfp.targeting));
	var ppos = [];
	if (pos !== 'undefined') {
		ppos = [pos];
	}

	polarTargeting['pos'] = ppos;
	return polarTargeting;
}
</script>
<script>WT={"sa_cstatus_registrant":"0","sa_access_status":"free_to_air","sa_cstatus_customer":"0","sa_cattop":"Climate;Natural Disasters;Weather","sa_cat":"Sustainability","doi":"","sa_authors":"Mark Fischetti","sa_article_id":"21D05A99-DE6D-4781-A3702B682316749B","dcssip":"www.sciam.com","cg_s":"Article: News","sa_cstatus_subscriber":"0","z_cg_ecollection":"IDR: The Monster Hurricanes of 2017","z_css":"desktop","cg_n":"Scientific American","sa_cstatus_sitelicense":"0","sa_issue":"","sa_pubdate":"2017/08/28","css":""}; WT.sa_cstatus_customer = dataLayer[0].user[0].segment.customer; WT.sa_cstatus_subscriber = dataLayer[0].user[0].segment.subscriber;</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="//nexus.ensighten.com/npg/prod-sa/Bootstrap.js"></script><noscript><div><img src="//secure-us.imrworldwide.com/cgi-bin/m?ci=us-403331h&amp;cg=0&amp;cc=1&amp;ts=noscript" width="1" height="1" alt="" /></div></noscript></body></html>