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<title>Nuking Hurricanes: The Surprising History of a Really Bad Idea</title>
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    <h1 class="main-title md-title mt_col-12 mt_col-lg-9"><span itemprop="headline">Nuking Hurricanes: The Surprising History of a Really Bad Idea</span>
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        <h2>Hurricane season comes to an end today, but the myth of bombing Mother Nature into submission endures.</h2>
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                        <span itemprop="caption"><p>On October 11, 1961, the head of the U.S. Weather Bureau said he could âimagine the possibility someday of exploding a nuclear bomb on a hurricane far at sea.â </p>
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    <div class="byline-component__publish"><p>PUBLISHED <time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2016-11-30T11:16:36-0500">November 30, 2016</time></p></div>

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<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>When nature declares war, who says that humanity shouldnât fight back?</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Itâs an appealing thought, especially when, during hurricane season, we're annually reminded of the <a href="http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/photos/hurricanes/">immense destruction</a> wrought by these storms.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>And itâs probably why, every year for the past six decades, government agencies have received missives from concerned citizens, urging preemptive attacks against hurricanes using nuclear weapons.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>âNeedless to say, this is not a good idea,â <a href="http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/C5c.html">says the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> in what is, arguably, one of the most succinct understatements on record.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Yet because the ânuke a hurricaneâ myth wonât die, NOAA maintains a <a href="http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/C5c.html">web page</a> exclusively devoted to debunking this proposal. (Similarly, the U.S. Geological Survey has <a href="http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/water_dowsing/index.html">an online report</a> debunking divining rods and water dowsing. Itâs not always easy being a government scientist.)</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>To be fair, though, there was a time when scientists and government agencies were themselves seriously considering the nuclear option. In a <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/155608894">speech</a> delivered at the National Press Club on October 11, 1961, Francis W. Riechelderfer, the head of the U.S. Weather Bureau, said he could âimagine the possibility someday of exploding a nuclear bomb on a hurricane far at sea.â (Although, comfortingly, Riechelderfer added that the Weather Bureau would not begin acquiring its own nuclear arsenal âuntil we know what weâre doing.â)</p></div>
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<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>The idea of nuking a storm was also on the minds of Texans that same year, after the state was struck by a <a href="http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php">Category 5</a> hurricane that caused <a href="http://www.texasarchive.org/library/index.php/Hurricane_Carla_Aftermath,_no._1">more than two billion dollars</a> in damage.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>âCould Hurricane Carla have been broken up, or greatly modified, or its course turned back to sea, by nuclear bombs?,â asked <a href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/178539686">an editorial</a> in the <i>Longview Daily News</i>. âThe suggestion that man-made explosions may effect [sic] hurricanes cannot be dismissed with the same degree of certainty on the basis of energy comparisons as was possible with earlier atomic weapons.â</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>In other words, America now had the hydrogen bomb, which was a thousand times more powerful than the atomic bombs that had been <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/05/obama-visit-hiroshima-atomic-bomb/">dropped on Japan</a>. Couldn't this energy be unleashed as a hurricane killer?</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Jack W. Reed, a meteorologist at Sandia Laboratory, thought so. In fact, he came up with the idea while studying the atmospheric effects produced by Americaâs first detonation of a hydrogen bomb, which had lifted a massive column of air more than 20 miles into the sky.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Reed had the opportunity to present his research at various conferences, notably the <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077324005;view=1up;seq=7">1959 symposium on the Plowshare Program</a>âa government initiative to develop âpeacefulâ uses for nuclear weapons in science and industry. (Some of the most infamous Plowshare proposals included <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8wUAAAAAMBAJ&amp;lpg=PA28&amp;dq=Operation%20Chariot%20nuclear&amp;pg=PA28">plans to use nukes</a> to create an instant harbor on the coast of Alaska and to excavate a new Panama Canal.)</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>In <a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077324005;view=1up;seq=7">his paper</a>, Reed speculated that a submarine could travel underwater to penetrate the eye of a hurricane, where it would launch and detonate one or more nuclear missiles. The ensuing explosion would loft most of the relatively warm air in the hurricane's eye high above the storm into the stratosphere. The warm air would then be replaced by colder, denser airâreducing the wind speed and weakening the storm.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Reed calculated that a 20 megaton explosion could slow a storm with 100-knot peak winds to 50 knots.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>But Reed didnât find any takers for his idea. The research would require setting off multiple nukes at several million dollars a pop. Government officials expressed concern that bombing hurricanes would conflict with U.S. efforts to end atmospheric nuclear tests.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>And, thereâs also the slight problem thatâin the words of Robert Nelson, a physicist who studies nuclear weaponsââItâs just wacky.â</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>For starters, as NOAA <a href="http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/C5c.html">observes</a>, thereâs the issue of radioactive fallout, which would âfairly quickly move with the trade winds to affect land areas and cause devastating environmental problems.â</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Also, it wouldnât work. The key obstacle is the amount of energy required. The heat release from a hurricane is equivalent to a 10-megaton nuclear bomb exploding every 20 minutes, NOAA calculates. In order to shrink a <a href="http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php">Category 5</a> hurricane into a <a href="http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php">Category 2</a> hurricane, you would have to add about a half ton of air for each square yard inside the eye, or a total of a bit more than half a billion (500,000,000) tons for an eye 25 miles in diameter. âItâs difficult to envision a practical way of moving that much air around,â NOAA says.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Today, international law prohibits us from even trying. <a href="http://www.atomicarchive.com/Treaties/Treaty11.shtml">The Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty</a>, signed and ratified by the United States in 1990, limits the yield of weapons for non-military purposes to 150 kilotonsâa formal acknowledgement that you canât fight Mother Nature, especially with nukes.</p></div>

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