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        <div><div class="detailClass">ARTICLE</div><div class="spacer"></div><h1 class="detailTitle">Hurricane Harvey Puts Health Officials on Alert for Water-Borne Infections</h1><div class="spacer"></div><div class="pubAuthShareBox">
                                <div class="pubAuth floatLeft">AUG 28, 2017 | <I>CONTAGION</I>Â® EDITORIAL STAFF</div>
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                            </div><div class="spacer"></div><div class="detailBody orangebt">Hurricane Harvey continues to move at a snail&rsquo;s pace across the South-Western states, bringing with it never-ending rains that have already contributed to <a href="http://abc7chicago.com/weather/more-chaos-in-houston-as-floodwaters-rise-to-roof-lines/2350061/" target="_blank">flooding reaching as high as the roofs</a> of some ranch homes, as of August 28, 2017. In addition to catastrophic damage and the displacement tens of thousands of individuals from their homes, the devastating floods have the potential to cause serious infectious diseases across the regions that have been affected. Several infections that can be caused because of flooding are listed below:
<h2>Typhoid Fever</h2>
This water-borne infection is caused by the bacterium <em>Salmonella enterica </em>serotype Typhi. The infection is common in areas where hand-washing is less frequent, or in areas where water has been contaminated by sewage, which is common in major flood areas. Although the infection is not common in the United States, Hurricane Harvey has brought with it major flooding that increases the risk of infection.<br />
<br />
When the bacteria are ingested, they quickly reproduce and spread into the bloodstream. <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/symptoms.html" target="_blank">Symptoms of infection</a> include a high fever, &ldquo;103&deg; to 104&deg; F (39&deg; to 40&deg; C), weakness, stomach pains, headache, or loss of appetite. In some cases, patients have a rash of flat, rose-colored spots,&rdquo; according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Once symptoms clear, an individual is still able to spread the disease and so treatment is imperative. Infection is confirmed via a stool sample. The CDC states that, &ldquo;without therapy, the illness may last for 3 to 4 weeks and death rates range between 12% and 30%.&rdquo; Antibiotics available to treat the infection include fluoroquinolones (for susceptible infections), ceftriaxone, and azithromycin.<br />
<br />
Two vaccines against typhoid fever are available in the United States (Ty21a (Vivotif Berna, Swiss Serum and Vaccine Institute), and ViCPS (Typhim Vi, Pasteur Merieux)); however, individuals need to receive the vaccine at least 1-2 weeks prior to exposure (dependent upon vaccine type) so that the vaccine has time to take effect, according to the CDC.
<h2>Cholera and Other <em>Vibrio </em>Illnesses</h2>
Caused by the bacterium <em>Vibrio cholera</em>, cholera is an intestinal virus that <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html" target="_blank">causes acute diarrhea</a>. Although, many times the infection is mild and does not cause any symptoms, in some cases, &ldquo;profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps,&rdquo; can occur, according to the CDC. Like <em>Salmonella enterica </em>serotype Typhi, <em>Vibrio cholera</em> can be found in contaminated water. Treatment typically includes rehydration efforts and in severe cases, treatment with &ldquo;doxycycline is recommended as first-line treatment for adults, while azithromycin is recommended as first-line treatment for children and pregnant women, according to the CDC.<br />
<br />
<em>Vibrio cholera</em> is known to live in coastal waters and brackish rivers. Raw shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico have been found as a source of infection for many people in Gulf states, according to the CDC, and as a result, the Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance System (COVIS) was created within the CDC. Other vibrio-related illnesses include infections caused by <em>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</em>, <em><a href="http://www.contagionlive.com/news/are-cases-of-flesheating-bacteria-really-on-the-rise" target="_blank">Vibrio vulnificus</a></em>, and <em>Vibrio alginolyticus</em>, the 3 most common <em>vibrio</em> species in the United States.<br /><br /><br /><div style='background-color: #EFF7FF; padding: 20px; border: 1px solid #CCC;'><div style='float: right;'><a href='/news/hurricane-harvey-health-officials-waterborne-infections?p=2' style='font: bold 15px Arial;'>Continue Reading (Page 2) >></a></div><div style='clear: both;'></div></div></div></div>
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