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		<small class="download__eyebrow">September 1, 2017</small>
		
		

		
		
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		<h2 class="download__headline">Houston Is Swarming with Drones</h2>
		
		
		
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			<p>The skies above the flooded city are packed with unmanned vehicles performing a range of tasks. AT&amp;T is using drones to inspect its cellular&nbsp;towers for damage, while insurance companies like Allstate and Farmers are rolling out their own fleets to follow up on claims&mdash;as of Wednesday, Farmers already had 14,000 claims relating to Hurricane Harvey, <a href="http://www.mysanantonio.com/business/technology/article/Drones-used-on-a-large-scale-to-assess-Harvey-12162825.php" target="_blank">according to the <em>San Antonio Express</em></a>.</p>
<p>This is likely the first disaster in which many companies are deploying drones in large numbers, but it fits with <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/608556/drones-have-found-a-niche-in-the-insurance-business/" target="_blank">a growing trend in the insurance business</a>. Instead of sending human adjusters to inspect every claim that customers make, more and more firms are sending drones.&nbsp;Improvements in image recognition mean that software is playing a bigger role in assessing how much damage a car sustained in an accident, say, or how much the roof of a house&nbsp;needs to be repaired after a storm.</p>
<p>Rescue operations are benefitting, too. <a href="https://www.axios.com/drones-deployed-in-harvey-response-2480006691.html" target="_blank">According to Axios</a>, the company DroneDeploy is sending out vehicles to produce detailed 3-D maps that can help navigate the watery chaos. The company claims it can speed up rescue operations by providing imagery that allows rescuers to see around buildings and beneath tree cover.&nbsp;</p>
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					<p>Posted by <strong>Michael Reilly</strong></p>
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		<h2 class="download__headline">The UK government had its own AI built to block extremist video</h2>
		
		
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			<p>New software, intended for use by small tech firms, can pick out Isis propaganda with reasonable accuracy.</p>
<p><strong>The news:</strong> Developed by London-based data science firm ASI on behalf of the British government,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/02/13/amber_rudd_extremism_blocking_tool/">the $800,000 AI</a> is trained on thousands of hours&hellip; <a href="/the-download/610260/the-uk-government-had-its-own-ai-built-to-block-extremist-video/" class="read-more">Read more</a></p>
			
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			<p>New software, intended for use by small tech firms, can pick out Isis propaganda with reasonable accuracy.</p>
<p><strong>The news:</strong> Developed by London-based data science firm ASI on behalf of the British government,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/02/13/amber_rudd_extremism_blocking_tool/">the $800,000 AI</a> is trained on thousands of hours of video to spot extremist content. It&nbsp;can identify 94 percent of Isis propaganda with 99.99 percent accuracy, and&nbsp;is designed to&nbsp;be used to block&nbsp;the upload&nbsp;of such material.</p>
<p><strong>Who it's for:</strong> It will be offered to small tech firms that can&rsquo;t afford to develop such systems. The likes of Facebook and YouTube already <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/608506/youtubes-extremism-spotting-ai-is-working-hard-but-must-work-harder/?utm_source=newsletters&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=2018-02-13&amp;utm_campaign=the_download">have similar algorithms</a>, though the British government has <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608037/theresa-may-wants-to-end-safe-spaces-for-terrorists-on-the-internet-what-does-that-even/">been critical</a> of how widely and quickly&nbsp;they have been&nbsp;put to use by tech giants</p>
<p><strong>AI by law?</strong> The UK's home secretary <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-43037899">tells the BBC</a>&nbsp;that use of the new AI&nbsp;could potentially become a legal requirement.</p>
<p><strong>But:</strong> Because the AI is trained on historical data,&nbsp;extremists will likely be able to develop new ways to circumvent its watchful eye.</p>
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						<strong>
							<a href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/02/13/amber_rudd_extremism_blocking_tool/">The Register</a>,
						</strong>
					</li>
					
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						<strong>
							<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-43037899">BBC</a>
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<article
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	data-url="/the-download/610257/how-trumps-budget-hits-us-science-and-tech/"
	data-document-title="How Trumpâs budget would hit US science and tech"
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		<h2 class="download__headline">How Trumpâs budget would hit US science and tech</h2>
		
		
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			<p>Donald Trump has sent Congress <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/">a $4.4 trillion budget proposal</a>&nbsp;for the 2019 fiscal year, and it's a mixed bag for technology. Despite adding&nbsp;$984 billion to the federal deficit next year, it would also introduce some serious cuts&nbsp;for scientific research.&hellip; <a href="/the-download/610257/how-trumps-budget-hits-us-science-and-tech/" class="read-more">Read more</a></p>
			
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			<p>Donald Trump has sent Congress <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/">a $4.4 trillion budget proposal</a>&nbsp;for the 2019 fiscal year, and it's a mixed bag for technology. Despite adding&nbsp;$984 billion to the federal deficit next year, it would also introduce some serious cuts&nbsp;for scientific research.</p>
<p><strong>What&rsquo;s safe:</strong> The National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, and Department of Energy's Office of Science all get funding continued at 2017 levels. The Food and Drug Administration gets a funding boost, as does NASA (for space exploration, at least).</p>
<p><strong>The cuts:</strong> The DoE&rsquo;s ARPA-E energy moonshot unit, five NASA earth science missions, the International Space Station, and some research programs at the Environmental Protection Agency, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Geological Survey are all for the chop. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention also faces cuts.</p>
<p><strong>Now what?</strong> Congress gets the last word, and it may yet dismiss many of the cuts.</p>
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<article
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		<h2 class="download__headline">Social networks are broken. This man wants to fix them.</h2>
		
		
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			<p>In the past, if you wanted to change the world, you had to pass a law or start a war. Now you create a hashtag.</p><p>Ethan Zuckerman studies how people change the world, or attempt to, by using social media or other technological means. As director of the...</p>
			
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			<p>In the past, if you wanted to change the world, you had to pass a law or start a war. Now you create a hashtag.</p>
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<article
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	data-document-title="This entrepreneur wants to make automation a major campaign issue in 2020"
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		<h2 class="download__headline">This entrepreneur wants to make automation a major campaign issue in 2020</h2>
		
		
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			<p>Andrew Yang is vying for the <a href="https://www.yang2020.com/">2020 Democratic presidential nomination</a>. His mission? Preparing America for automation.</p>
<p><strong>Who he is:</strong> A New York businessman and entrepreneur, Yang is the founder of Venture for America, an entrepreneurship fellowship.</p>
<p><strong>His platform:&hellip; <a href="/the-download/610252/this-entrepreneur-wants-to-make-automation-a-major-campaign-issue-in-2020/" class="read-more">Read more</a></strong></p>
			
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			<p>Andrew Yang is vying for the <a href="https://www.yang2020.com/">2020 Democratic presidential nomination</a>. His mission? Preparing America for automation.</p>
<p><strong>Who he is:</strong> A New York businessman and entrepreneur, Yang is the founder of Venture for America, an entrepreneurship fellowship.</p>
<p><strong>His platform:</strong> He believes AI and automation will soon eliminate millions of jobs. For example, he&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/10/technology/his-2020-campaign-message-the-robots-are-coming.html">told the <em>New York Times</em></a> that self-driving cars will make truckers obsolete. &ldquo;That one innovation will be enough to create riots in the street,&rdquo; says Yang. &ldquo;And we&rsquo;re about to do the same thing to retail workers, call center workers, fast-food workers, insurance companies, accounting firms.&rdquo;</p>
<p><strong>His solution:</strong> Yang&nbsp;believes in&nbsp;universal basic income. He wants to provide a monthly stipend of $1,000 to every American aged 18 to 64. Under the plan, funding would come from companies that profit from automation. It&rsquo;s a popular idea <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/610154/half-of-americans-like-universal-basic-income-and-they-want-ai-companies-to-pay/">among supporters of guaranteed income</a>, but it still has <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601499/basic-income-a-sellout-of-the-american-dream/">many obstacles to overcome</a> before it could be considered practical.</p>
<p><em>Want to stay up to date on the future of work? Sign up for our newest newsletter, <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/newsletters/clocking-in/">Clocking In</a>!</em></p>
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<article
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	data-document-title="DeepMindâs latest AI transfers its learning to new tasks"
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		<h2 class="download__headline">DeepMindâs latest AI transfers its learning to new tasks</h2>
		
		
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			<p>By using insights from one job to help it do another,&nbsp;a successful new&nbsp;artificial&nbsp;intelligence hints at a more versatile future for&nbsp;machine learning.</p>
<p><strong>Backstory:</strong> Most algorithms can be trained in only one domain, and can&rsquo;t&nbsp;use what&rsquo;s been learned for&hellip; <a href="/the-download/610244/deepminds-latest-ai-transfers-its-learning-to-new-tasks/" class="read-more">Read more</a></p>
			
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			<p>By using insights from one job to help it do another,&nbsp;a successful new&nbsp;artificial&nbsp;intelligence hints at a more versatile future for&nbsp;machine learning.</p>
<p><strong>Backstory:</strong> Most algorithms can be trained in only one domain, and can&rsquo;t&nbsp;use what&rsquo;s been learned for one task to perform another, new one. A big hope for AI is to have systems take insights from one setting and apply them elsewhere&mdash;what&rsquo;s called transfer learning.</p>
<p><strong>What&rsquo;s new:</strong> DeepMind built a new AI system called <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.01561">IMPALA</a> that simultaneously performs multiple tasks&mdash;in this case, playing 57 Atari games&mdash;and attempts to share learning between them. It showed signs of transferring what was learned from one game to another.</p>
<p><strong>Why it matters:</strong> IMPALA was 10 times more data-efficient than a similar AI and achieved double the final score. That&rsquo;s&nbsp;a promising hint that transfer learning is plausible. Plus,&nbsp;a system like this that learns using less processing power could help speed up training of&nbsp; different types of AI.</p>
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					>February 12th, 2018 10:49AM</time>
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<article
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	data-document-title="Google will allow anyone to use its custom AI chips via the cloud"
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		<h2 class="download__headline">Google will allow anyone to use its custom AI chips via the cloud</h2>
		
		
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			<p>Dedicated machine-learning hardware&nbsp;could help&nbsp;Google fight off rivals in an increasingly competitive cloud AI market.</p>
<p><strong>Backstory:</strong> Last year, Google <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/607879/google-reveals-a-powerful-new-ai-chip-and-supercomputer/">announced</a>&nbsp;it had designed a new chip, called a tensor processing unit (TPU), built to crunch the math&hellip; <a href="/the-download/610245/google-will-allow-anyone-to-use-its-custom-ai-chips-via-the-cloud/" class="read-more">Read more</a></p>
			
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			<p>Dedicated machine-learning hardware&nbsp;could help&nbsp;Google fight off rivals in an increasingly competitive cloud AI market.</p>
<p><strong>Backstory:</strong> Last year, Google <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/607879/google-reveals-a-powerful-new-ai-chip-and-supercomputer/">announced</a>&nbsp;it had designed a new chip, called a tensor processing unit (TPU), built to crunch the math AI uses. At the time, it&nbsp;ran the chips itself and allowed just a select group of researchers to make use of them.</p>
<p><strong>What's new:</strong>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/technology/google-artificial-intelligence-chips.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Ftechnology">The <em>New York Times</em> reports</a> that Google will allow other companies to make use of the hardware via the cloud.&nbsp;&ldquo;We are trying to reach as many people as we can as quickly as we can,&rdquo; Zak Stone,&nbsp;leader of&nbsp;Google&rsquo;s TPU team, told the newspaper.</p>
<p><strong>Why it matters:</strong> Putting AI in the cloud is <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609646/2017-the-year-ai-floated-into-the-cloud/">big business</a>.&nbsp;Google, Amazon, and Microsoft all provide AI software on their cloud servers, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610140/china-and-the-us-are-bracing-for-an-ai-showdownin-the-cloud/">China is joining the race</a>, too. By offering dedicated hardware&nbsp;for&nbsp;AI grunt work, Google will hope to&nbsp;gain a competitive edge over the others.</p>
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						<strong>
							<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/technology/google-artificial-intelligence-chips.html">New York Times</a>
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					<p>Posted by <strong>Jamie Condliffe</strong></p>
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					>February 12th, 2018 10:33AM</time>
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<article
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	data-url="/the-download/610243/a-cryptojacking-attack-hit-thousands-of-websites-including-government-ones/"
	data-document-title="A cryptojacking attack hit thousands of websites, including government ones"
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<picture><img class="feed-tz__image" src="https://cdn.technologyreview.com/i/images/screen-shot-2018-02-12-at-14.47.20.png?sw=760" srcset="https://cdn.technologyreview.com/i/images/screen-shot-2018-02-12-at-14.47.20.png?sw=760 1x,https://cdn.technologyreview.com/i/images/screen-shot-2018-02-12-at-14.47.20.png?sw=1520 2x" alt="Counting up crypto coins"></picture>

		
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		<h2 class="download__headline">A cryptojacking attack hit thousands of websites, including government ones</h2>
		
		
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			<p>Surreptitious mining of cryptocurrency by hackers is spreading very, very fast.</p>
<p><strong>The news:</strong> Over 4,000 websites, including those of the US federal judiciary and the UK National Health Service, have been <a href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/02/11/browsealoud_compromised_coinhive/">weaponized by hackers to&nbsp;mine the cryptocurrency&hellip; <a href="/the-download/610243/a-cryptojacking-attack-hit-thousands-of-websites-including-government-ones/" class="read-more">Read more</a></a></p>
			
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			<p>Surreptitious mining of cryptocurrency by hackers is spreading very, very fast.</p>
<p><strong>The news:</strong> Over 4,000 websites, including those of the US federal judiciary and the UK National Health Service, have been <a href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/02/11/browsealoud_compromised_coinhive/">weaponized by hackers to&nbsp;mine the cryptocurrency Monero on their behalf</a>.</p>
<p><strong>How it worked:</strong> Hackers injected malware&nbsp;into a widely used plug-in&nbsp;called Browsealoud that&nbsp;reads web pages our loud as a way of helping partially sighted people navigate the internet. The malware is based on the popular app Coinhive, a piece of software that uses processing power on someone&rsquo;s device to mine cryptocurrency. The malicious version of the app does this without people's knowledge, coopting&nbsp;their&nbsp;computing power to enrich&nbsp;hackers.</p>
<p><strong>Why it matters:</strong> Cryptojacking is rapidly becoming <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609975/forget-viruses-or-spywareyour-biggest-cyberthreat-is-greedy-cryptocurrency-miners/?utm_source=newsletters&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_content=2018-02-12&amp;utm_campaign=the_download">one of the world&rsquo;s biggest cyberthreats</a>. This news shows how easy it is for crooks to spread the trick, by infecting a single product used across multiples sites with a single hack.</p>
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					<p>Posted by <strong>Jamie Condliffe</strong></p>
					<time
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						datetime="2018-02-12T09:46:44-05:00"
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<article
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	class="download__item download__metered-content"
	data-url="/s/610203/a-phone-that-says-no-to-little-kid-fingers/"
	data-document-title="A phone that says ânoâ to little kid fingers"
	data-data-layer="{&quot;EntryID&quot;:610203,&quot;Pubdate&quot;:&quot;NaN-aN-aN&quot;,&quot;Contributor&quot;:&quot;Rachel Metz&quot;}"
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	<h3 class="metered-content__pick-label">Editor's Pick</h3>
	
	
	
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		<h2 class="download__headline">A phone that says ânoâ to little kid fingers</h2>
		
		
		<div class="download__dek download__dek--truncated">
			
			<p>It may soon be possible for your phone to automatically figure out whether itâs you or your five-year-old whoâs swiping the screenâand, if itâs the latter, block apps you want to keep off-limits to kids.</p><p>Thatâs the vision of researchers at the University...</p>
			
			<a class="download__metered-read-full" href="/s/610203/a-phone-that-says-no-to-little-kid-fingers/?source=download-metered-content">Read the full story &rarr;</a>
			
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			<p>It may soon be possible for your phone to automatically figure out whether itâs you or your five-year-old whoâs swiping the screenâand, if itâs the latter, block apps you want to keep off-limits to kids.</p>
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			<a class="download__author" href="/profile/rachel-metz/">
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					<p>Posted by <strong>Rachel Metz</strong></p>
					<time
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<article
	id="610234"
	class="download__item"
	data-url="/the-download/610234/amazon-is-taking-package-delivery-into-its-own-hands/"
	data-document-title="Amazon is taking package delivery into its own hands"
	data-data-layer="{&quot;EntryID&quot;:610234,&quot;Pubdate&quot;:&quot;2018-02-09&quot;,&quot;Contributor&quot;:&quot;Erin Winick&quot;}"
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		<small class="download__eyebrow">February 9, 2018</small>
		
		

		
		
		<span class="download__featured-img-data" data-featured-img="{&quot;val&quot;:&quot;\n&lt;picture&gt;&lt;img class=\&quot;feed-tz__image\&quot; src=\&quot;https://cdn.technologyreview.com/i/images/screen-shot-2018-02-09-at-15.42.21.png?sw=1122\&quot; srcset=\&quot;https://cdn.technologyreview.com/i/images/screen-shot-2018-02-09-at-15.42.21.png?sw=1122 1x,https://cdn.technologyreview.com/i/images/screen-shot-2018-02-09-at-15.42.21.png?sw=2244 2x\&quot; alt=\&quot;Amazon packages\&quot;&gt;&lt;/picture&gt;\n&quot;,&quot;length&quot;:359}"></span>
			
			
			
			
<picture><img class="feed-tz__image" src="https://cdn.technologyreview.com/i/images/screen-shot-2018-02-09-at-15.42.21.png?sw=760" srcset="https://cdn.technologyreview.com/i/images/screen-shot-2018-02-09-at-15.42.21.png?sw=760 1x,https://cdn.technologyreview.com/i/images/screen-shot-2018-02-09-at-15.42.21.png?sw=1520 2x" alt="Amazon packages"></picture>

		
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		<h2 class="download__headline">Amazon is taking package delivery into its own hands</h2>
		
		
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			<p>A new report claims Amazon will take on FedEx and UPS with its own delivery business.</p>
<p><strong>The news:</strong> <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-launch-delivery-service-that-would-vie-with-fedex-ups-1518175920">The <em>Wall Street Journal</em></a> says Amazon will roll out a delivery service in Los Angeles in the coming weeks. Called Shipping With Amazon, it will initially handle&hellip; <a href="/the-download/610234/amazon-is-taking-package-delivery-into-its-own-hands/" class="read-more">Read more</a></p>
			
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		<div aria-hidden="true" class="download__dek download__dek--full">
			<p>A new report claims Amazon will take on FedEx and UPS with its own delivery business.</p>
<p><strong>The news:</strong> <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-launch-delivery-service-that-would-vie-with-fedex-ups-1518175920">The <em>Wall Street Journal</em></a> says Amazon will roll out a delivery service in Los Angeles in the coming weeks. Called Shipping With Amazon, it will initially handle transportation of packages from third-party sellers to their customers. It will reportedly roll out more widely later on, eventually handling deliveries for other businesses, too.</p>
<p><strong>A long time coming:</strong> Frankly, it was only a matter of time before the tech giant took over delivery of its goods. Last year <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/609056/amazon-is-testing-a-new-delivery-service-to-ship-more-goods-faster/">Amazon tested</a> what was essentially a trial of this service, with the goal of getting more goods to customers inside two days.</p>
<p><strong>Why it matters:</strong> This will put Amazon in direct competition with FedEx and UPS, which have handled deliveries for the company in the past. Plus, the <em>Journal</em> says Amazon plans to undercut&nbsp;its competitors on price. The incumbents may be in for a rough ride.</p>
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							<a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-launch-delivery-service-that-would-vie-with-fedex-ups-1518175920">Wall Street Journal</a>
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					<p>Posted by <strong>Erin Winick</strong></p>
					<time
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<article
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	data-url="/the-download/610236/waymo-and-uber-have-reached-a-settlement-in-their-trade-secrets-trial/"
	data-document-title="Waymo and Uber have reached a settlement in their trade secrets battle"
	data-data-layer="{&quot;EntryID&quot;:610236,&quot;Pubdate&quot;:&quot;2018-02-09&quot;,&quot;Contributor&quot;:&quot;Jamie Condliffe&quot;}"
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		<h2 class="download__headline">Waymo and Uber have reached a settlement in their trade secrets battle</h2>
		
		
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			<p>Following a four-day trial, lawyers representing Uber and Waymo&nbsp;say they have suddenly come to a settlement in their suit &nbsp;over&nbsp;the theft of autonomous-car technology.</p>
<p><strong>What happened: </strong><a href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/9/16995254/waymo-uber-lawsuit-trial-settlement" target="_blank">T</a><a href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/9/16995254/waymo-uber-lawsuit-trial-settlement" target="_blank">he Verge reports</a>&nbsp;that Waymo attorneys announced the settlement in&hellip; <a href="/the-download/610236/waymo-and-uber-have-reached-a-settlement-in-their-trade-secrets-trial/" class="read-more">Read more</a></p>
			
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			<p>Following a four-day trial, lawyers representing Uber and Waymo&nbsp;say they have suddenly come to a settlement in their suit &nbsp;over&nbsp;the theft of autonomous-car technology.</p>
<p><strong>What happened: </strong><a href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/9/16995254/waymo-uber-lawsuit-trial-settlement" target="_blank">T</a><a href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/9/16995254/waymo-uber-lawsuit-trial-settlement" target="_blank">he Verge reports</a>&nbsp;that Waymo attorneys announced the settlement in a San Francisco courtroom this morning to &ldquo;gasps of shock.&rdquo; Federal judge William Alsup, who is presiding over&nbsp;a&nbsp;trial that was <a href="https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603736/alphabet-uber-rivalry-intensifies-over-autonomous-car-cribbing/" target="_blank">a year in the making</a>, called the case &ldquo;ancient history.&rdquo;</p>
<p><strong>What Waymo says:</strong> &ldquo;We have reached an agreement with Uber that we believe will protect Waymo&rsquo;s intellectual property now and into the future. This includes an agreement to ensure that any Waymo confidential information is not being incorporated in Uber Advanced Technologies Group hardware and software.&rdquo;</p>
<p><strong>What&nbsp;Waymo gets:</strong> 0.34 percent of Uber&rsquo;s equity. At the firm&rsquo;s current valuation of $72 billion, that&rsquo;s about $250 million. But it&rsquo;s equity, not cash: Waymo now owns a (small) slice of Uber.</p>
<p><strong>Uber denies wrongdoing:</strong> In a statement,&nbsp;Uber&nbsp;CEO Dara Khosrowshahi said he doesn&rsquo;t believe any trade secrets ever made their way from Waymo to Uber, adding, &ldquo;Nor do we believe that Uber has used any of Waymo&rsquo;s proprietary information in its self-driving technology.&rdquo; The settlement isn&rsquo;t an admission of guilt but a way of avoiding further legal battles.</p>
<p><strong>What it all means:</strong> Back to business as usual, in many respects. But it does add another strange twist to the Uber-Waymo relationship. Google Ventures was an early investor in Uber; Google got annoyed when Uber started building driverless cars, then downright mad when it poached staff and, allegedly, secrets&mdash;and now it has a small part of the ride-hailer in its back pocket. That&nbsp;could create interesting dynamics that help shape the future of autonomous driving.</p>
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					<p>Posted by <strong>Jamie Condliffe</strong></p>
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					>February 9th, 2018 12:00PM</time>
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output += "\n\t\t\t<small\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"download__source\"\n\t\t\t>Source:\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"download__source-list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t";
frame = frame.push();
var t_19 = runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"sources");
if(t_19) {var t_18 = t_19.length;
for(var t_17=0; t_17 < t_19.length; t_17++) {
var t_20 = t_19[t_17];
frame.set("source", t_20);
frame.set("loop.index", t_17 + 1);
frame.set("loop.index0", t_17);
frame.set("loop.revindex", t_18 - t_17);
frame.set("loop.revindex0", t_18 - t_17 - 1);
frame.set("loop.first", t_17 === 0);
frame.set("loop.last", t_17 === t_18 - 1);
frame.set("loop.length", t_18);
output += "\n\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"download__source-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t";
if(runtime.memberLookup((t_20),"url")) {
output += "<a href=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((t_20),"url"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\">";
;
}
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((t_20),"name"), env.opts.autoescape);
if(runtime.memberLookup((t_20),"url")) {
output += "</a>";
;
}
output += runtime.suppressValue((!runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "loop")),"last")?",":""), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\n\t\t\t\t\t\t</strong>\n\t\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t\t";
;
}
}
frame = frame.pop();
output += "\n\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t</small>\n\t\t\t";
;
}
output += "\n\t\t\t";
if(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"credit")) {
output += "\n\t\t\t<small class=\"download__source\">\n\t\t\t\t";
if(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"video")) {
output += "\n\t\t\t\tVideo credit:\n\t\t\t\t";
;
}
else {
if(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"image")) {
output += "\n\t\t\t\tImage credit:\n\t\t\t\t";
;
}
else {
output += "\n\t\t\t\tCredit:\n\t\t\t\t";
;
}
;
}
output += "\n\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"download__source-list\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"download__source-item\"><strong>";
output += runtime.suppressValue(env.getFilter("safe").call(context, runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"credit")), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "</strong></li>\n\t\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t</small>\n\t\t\t";
;
}
output += "\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t";
;
}
output += "\n\t\t<div class=\"download__meta ";
output += runtime.suppressValue((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"contributor")?"download__meta--with-author":""), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\">\n\t\t\t<ul\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"download__share\"\n\t\t\t\taddthis:url=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "originHost"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"url"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"\n\t\t\t\taddthis:title=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"titles")),"alternative")?runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"titles")),"alternative"):runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"title")), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"\n\t\t\t\taddthis:description=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"description"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"\n\t\t\t>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"download__share-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"download__share-link addthis_button_facebook\" href=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"url"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"><i class=\"ion-social-facebook\"></i></a>\n\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"download__share-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"download__share-link addthis_button_twitter\" href=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"url"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"><i class=\"ion-social-twitter\"></i></a>\n\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"download__share-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"download__share-link addthis_button_reddit\" href=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"url"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"><i class=\"ion-social-reddit\"></i></a>\n\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"download__share-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"download__share-link addthis_button_linkedin\" href=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"url"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"><i class=\"ion-social-linkedin\"></i></a>\n\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"download__share-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"download__share-link addthis_button_whatsapp\" href=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"url"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"><i class=\"ion-social-whatsapp\"></i></a>\n\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t\t<li class=\"download__share-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"download__share-link addthis_button_email\" href=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"url"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"><i class=\"ion-ios-email\"></i></a>\n\t\t\t\t</li>\n\t\t\t</ul>\n\t\t\t";
if(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"byline")),0) && runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"byline")),0)),"text")) {
output += "\n\t\t\t<a class=\"download__author\" href=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"byline")),0)),"profile")),"url"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"download__author-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Posted by <strong>";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"byline")),0)),"text"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "</strong></p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<time\n\t\t\t\t\t\tclass=\"download__time-posted\"\n\t\t\t\t\t\tdatetime=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"published"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"\n\t\t\t\t\t>";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"bylineDate"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "</time>\n\t\t\t\t</div>\n\t\t\t\t";
if(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"byline")),0)),"profile")),"contributor")),"avatar")),"path")) {
output += "\n\t\t\t\t<img src=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "cdnHost"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "/i/";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"byline")),0)),"profile")),"contributor")),"avatar")),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "?sw=50\" alt=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"byline")),0)),"text"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\">\n\t\t\t\t";
;
}
output += "\n\t\t\t</a>\n\t\t\t";
;
}
else {
if(!runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "isMeteredContent")) {
output += "\n\t\t\t<time\n\t\t\t\tclass=\"download__time-posted\"\n\t\t\t\tdatetime=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"published"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"\n\t\t\t\ttitle=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"published"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"\n\t\t\t>";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"publishedAgo"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "</time>\n\t\t\t";
;
}
;
}
output += "\n\t\t</div>\n\t</div>\n\t<div\n\t\tclass=\"download__scroll-anchor\"\n\t\tstyle=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"featured")?"":"display: none"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"\n\t\taria-hidden=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "download")),"featured")?"false":"true"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\"\n\t>\n\t\t<svg width=\"1792\" height=\"1792\" viewBox=\"0 0 1792 1792\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"><path d=\"M1683 1331l-166 165q-19 19-45 19t-45-19l-531-531-531 531q-19 19-45 19t-45-19l-166-165q-19-19-19-45.5t19-45.5l742-741q19-19 45-19t45 19l742 741q19 19 19 45.5t-19 45.5z\"/></svg>\n\t\tSwipe Up To Dismiss\n\t</div>\n</article>\n";
if(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "loop")),"index0") % 5 === 2) {
output += "\n<div class=\"download__ad-wrap\">\n\t";
output += runtime.suppressValue((lineno = 210, colno = 24, runtime.callWrap(runtime.memberLookup((t_7),"theDownload"), "macros__ad[\"theDownload\"]", context, [runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "insider")])), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\n</div>\n";
;
}
output += "\n";
if(parentTemplate) {
parentTemplate.rootRenderFunc(env, context, frame, runtime, cb);
} else {
cb(null, output);
}
})})})})})});
} catch (e) {
  cb(runtime.handleError(e, lineno, colno));
}
}
return {
root: root
};

})();
})();

	(function() {(window.nunjucksPrecompiled = window.nunjucksPrecompiled || {})["partials/the-download-header.html"] = (function() {
function root(env, context, frame, runtime, cb) {
var lineno = null;
var colno = null;
var output = "";
try {
var parentTemplate = null;
env.getTemplate("macros/ad.html", false, "partials/the-download-header.html", false, function(t_2,t_1) {
if(t_2) { cb(t_2); return; }
t_1.getExported(function(t_3,t_1) {
if(t_3) { cb(t_3); return; }
context.setVariable("macros__ad", t_1);
output += "\n";
output += runtime.suppressValue((lineno = 1, colno = 39, runtime.callWrap(runtime.memberLookup((t_1),"theDownloadModalLeaderboard"), "macros__ad[\"theDownloadModalLeaderboard\"]", context, [runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "insider")])), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "\n<header class=\"download__featured-header\">\n  <div class=\"download__featured-header-inner\">\n    <a href=\"/the-download\" class=\"download__featured-header-title\">\n      <img src=\"";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "cdnHost"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "/_/img/the-download-v2.svg\" class=\"download__logo\">\n      <h2 class=\"download__page-title download__page-title--featured\">The Download</h2>\n    </a>\n    <h3 class=\"download__page-tagline\">";
output += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "tagline"), env.opts.autoescape);
output += "</h3>\n  </div>\n  <button\n    aria-label=\"Close modal\"\n\t\tclass=\"download__modal-close\"\n\t\tid=\"download__modal-close\"\n\t\ttype=\"submit\"\n\t></button>\n</header>\n";
if(parentTemplate) {
parentTemplate.rootRenderFunc(env, context, frame, runtime, cb);
} else {
cb(null, output);
}
})});
} catch (e) {
  cb(runtime.handleError(e, lineno, colno));
}
}
return {
root: root
};

})();
})();

	(function() {(window.nunjucksPrecompiled = window.nunjucksPrecompiled || {})["macros/picture.html"] = (function() {
function root(env, context, frame, runtime, cb) {
var lineno = null;
var colno = null;
var output = "";
try {
var parentTemplate = null;
var macro_t_1 = runtime.makeMacro(
["klass", "img", "sizes", "cdnHost", "enlarge"], 
[], 
function (l_klass, l_img, l_sizes, l_cdnHost, l_enlarge, kwargs) {
frame = frame.push(true);
kwargs = kwargs || {};
if (kwargs.hasOwnProperty("caller")) {
frame.set("caller", kwargs.caller); }
frame.set("klass", l_klass);
frame.set("img", l_img);
frame.set("sizes", l_sizes);
frame.set("cdnHost", l_cdnHost);
frame.set("enlarge", l_enlarge);
var t_2 = "";if(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"type") != "animated gif" && runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"type") != "video" && runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path")) {
t_2 += "\n<picture>";
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"crops")) {
var t_3;
t_3 = runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"crops")),3);
frame.set("tiny", t_3, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("tiny", t_3);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("tiny", t_3);
}
var t_4;
t_4 = runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"crops")),2);
frame.set("small", t_4, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("small", t_4);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("small", t_4);
}
var t_5;
t_5 = runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"crops")),1);
frame.set("medium", t_5, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("medium", t_5);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("medium", t_5);
}
var t_6;
t_6 = runtime.memberLookup((runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"crops")),0);
frame.set("large", t_6, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("large", t_6);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("large", t_6);
}
var t_7;
t_7 = "&cx=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "large")),"x") + "&cy=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "large")),"y") + "&cw=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "large")),"width") + "&ch=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "large")),"height");
frame.set("largeCropQuery", t_7, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("largeCropQuery", t_7);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("largeCropQuery", t_7);
}
var t_8;
t_8 = "&cx=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "medium")),"x") + "&cy=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "medium")),"y") + "&cw=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "medium")),"width") + "&ch=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "medium")),"height");
frame.set("mediumCropQuery", t_8, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("mediumCropQuery", t_8);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("mediumCropQuery", t_8);
}
var t_9;
t_9 = "&cx=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "small")),"x") + "&cy=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "small")),"y") + "&cw=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "small")),"width") + "&ch=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "small")),"height");
frame.set("smallCropQuery", t_9, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("smallCropQuery", t_9);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("smallCropQuery", t_9);
}
var t_10;
t_10 = "&cx=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "tiny")),"x") + "&cy=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "tiny")),"y") + "&cw=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "tiny")),"width") + "&ch=" + runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "tiny")),"height");
frame.set("tinyCropQuery", t_10, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("tinyCropQuery", t_10);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("tinyCropQuery", t_10);
}
if(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "large")),"width") && runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "large")),"height")) {
t_2 += "<source media=\"(min-width: 1024px)\" srcset=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "largeCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 1x,";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4) * 2, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "largeCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 2x\">";
;
}
if(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "medium")),"width") && runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "medium")),"height")) {
t_2 += "<source media=\"(min-width: 850px)\" srcset=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),3), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "mediumCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 1x,";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),3) * 2, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "mediumCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 2x\">";
;
}
if(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "small")),"width") && runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "small")),"height")) {
t_2 += "<source media=\"(min-width: 550px)\" srcset=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),2), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "smallCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 1x,";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),2) * 2, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "smallCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 2x\">\n\n\t\t<source media=\"(min-width: 401px)\" srcset=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),1), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "smallCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 1x,";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),1) * 2, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "smallCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 2x\">";
;
}
if(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "tiny")),"width") && runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "tiny")),"height")) {
t_2 += "<source media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" srcset=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),0), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "tinyCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 1x,";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),0) * 2, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "tinyCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 2x\">";
;
}
if(runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "large")),"width") && runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "large")),"height")) {
t_2 += "<img class=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_klass, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\" src=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "largeCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\" srcset=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "largeCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 1x,";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4) * 2, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "largeCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 2x\"";
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"alt")) {
t_2 += " alt=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"alt"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\"";
;
}
t_2 += ">";
if((runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "large")),"width") > 750 || runtime.memberLookup((runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "large")),"height") > 500) && l_enlarge) {
t_2 += "<div class=\"article-enlarge\"></div>";
;
}
;
}
else {
t_2 += "<img class=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_klass, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\" src=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "largeCropQuery"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\" srcset=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 1x,";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4) * 2, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 2x\"";
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"alt")) {
t_2 += " alt=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"alt"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\"";
;
}
t_2 += ">";
;
}
;
}
else {
t_2 += "<img class=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_klass, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\" src=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\" srcset=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 1x,";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/i/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4) * 2, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " 2x\"";
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"alt")) {
t_2 += " alt=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"alt"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\"";
;
}
t_2 += ">";
;
}
t_2 += "</picture>\n";
;
}
else {
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"type") == "animated gif") {
t_2 += "\n\t<picture class=\"video-wrapper\">\n  \t";
var t_11;
t_11 = runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4);
frame.set("width", t_11, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("width", t_11);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("width", t_11);
}
t_2 += "\n\t";
if(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "width") <= 600) {
t_2 += "\n\t\t";
var t_12;
t_12 = runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "width") * 2;
frame.set("width", t_12, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("width", t_12);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("width", t_12);
}
t_2 += "\n\t";
;
}
t_2 += "\n\t<video autoplay loop muted playsinline src=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/v/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += ".mp4?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "width"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\" class=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_klass, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\"></video>\n\t</picture>\n";
;
}
else {
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"type") == "video") {
t_2 += "\n\t<picture class=\"video-wrapper\">\n    <video autoplay loop muted playsinline src=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_cdnHost, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/v/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?sw=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_sizes),4), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\" class=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_klass, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\"></video>\n\t</picture>\n";
;
}
else {
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"url") && !runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"path")) {
t_2 += "\n\t<img class=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_klass, env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\" src=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"url"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\"";
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"alt")) {
t_2 += " alt=\"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_img),"alt"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\"";
;
}
t_2 += ">\n";
;
}
;
}
;
}
;
}
;
frame = frame.pop();
return new runtime.SafeString(t_2);
});
context.addExport("new");
context.setVariable("new", macro_t_1);
if(parentTemplate) {
parentTemplate.rootRenderFunc(env, context, frame, runtime, cb);
} else {
cb(null, output);
}
;
} catch (e) {
  cb(runtime.handleError(e, lineno, colno));
}
}
return {
root: root
};

})();
})();

	
	(function() {(window.nunjucksPrecompiled = window.nunjucksPrecompiled || {})["macros/video.html"] = (function() {
function root(env, context, frame, runtime, cb) {
var lineno = null;
var colno = null;
var output = "";
try {
var parentTemplate = null;
var macro_t_1 = runtime.makeMacro(
["className", "props"], 
[], 
function (l_className, l_props, kwargs) {
frame = frame.push(true);
kwargs = kwargs || {};
if (kwargs.hasOwnProperty("caller")) {
frame.set("caller", kwargs.caller); }
frame.set("className", l_className);
frame.set("props", l_props);
var t_2 = "";t_2 += "\n\t";
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"service") == "brightcove" || runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"service") == "ooyala") {
t_2 += "\n\n\t\t";
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"service") == "ooyala") {
t_2 += "\n\t\t\t";
var t_3;
t_3 = runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"video_id");
frame.set("videoID", t_3, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("videoID", t_3);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("videoID", t_3);
}
t_2 += "\n\t\t";
;
}
else {
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"service") == "brightcove") {
t_2 += "\n\t\t\t";
var t_4;
t_4 = "extId:" + runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"video_id");
frame.set("videoID", t_4, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("videoID", t_4);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("videoID", t_4);
}
t_2 += "\n\t\t";
;
}
;
}
t_2 += "\n\n\t\t";
var t_5;
t_5 = "ooyala-player--" + runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"video_id");
frame.set("playerID", t_5, true);
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.setVariable("playerID", t_5);
}
if(frame.topLevel) {
context.addExport("playerID", t_5);
}
t_2 += "\n\n\t<div class=\"ooyala-player-container";
if(l_className) {
t_2 += " ";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_className, env.opts.autoescape);
;
}
t_2 += "\">\n\t\t<div class=\"ooyala-player\" id=\"ooyala-player--";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"video_id"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\"></div>\n\t\t<figcaption class=\"article-cap\">\n\t\t\t";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(env.getFilter("safe").call(context, runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"caption")), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\n\t\t\t";
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"illustration")) {
t_2 += "\n\t\t\t<div class=\"article-illustration\">";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(env.getFilter("safe").call(context, runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"illustration")), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "</div>\n\t\t\t";
;
}
t_2 += "\n\t\t</figcaption>\n\t</div>\n\t";
if(!runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"hasOoyalaCallback")) {
t_2 += "\n\t<script>\n\t\t(function() {\n\t\t\tOO.ready( function() {\n\t\t\t\twindow.p";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(env.getFilter("replace").call(context, runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"video_id"),"-",""), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += " = OO.Player.create( '";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "playerID"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "', '";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "videoID"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "', {\n\t\t\t\t\t\"pcode\": \"FvbGkyOtJVFD33j_Rd0xPLSo0Jiv\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"playerBrandingId\": \"5ad1946db28d45cdb4325c91c7751266\",\n\t\t\t\t\t\"skin\": {\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\"config\": \"";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "cdnHost"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "/_/dist/ooyala/skin.json?v=";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.contextOrFrameLookup(context, frame, "assetVersion"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\"\n\t\t\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t\t} );\n\t\t\t});\n\t\t}());\n\t<\/script>\n\t";
;
}
t_2 += "\n\t";
;
}
else {
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"service") == "vimeo") {
t_2 += "\n\t<div class=\"vimeo-video-container";
if(l_className) {
t_2 += " ";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_className, env.opts.autoescape);
;
}
t_2 += "\">\n\t\t<div class=\"vimeo-video\">\n\t\t\t<iframe src=\"https://player.vimeo.com/video/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"video_id"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?title=0&byline=0&portrait=0\" width=\"100%\" height=\"300px\" frameborder=\"0\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></iframe>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<figcaption class=\"article-cap\">\n\t\t\t";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(env.getFilter("safe").call(context, runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"caption")), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\n\t\t\t";
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"illustration")) {
t_2 += "\n\t\t\t<div class=\"article-illustration\">";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(env.getFilter("safe").call(context, runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"illustration")), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "</div>\n\t\t\t";
;
}
t_2 += "\n\t\t</figcaption>\n\t</div>\n\t";
;
}
else {
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"service") == "youtube") {
t_2 += "\n\t<div class=\"youtube-video-container";
if(l_className) {
t_2 += " ";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(l_className, env.opts.autoescape);
;
}
t_2 += "\">\n\t\t<div class=\"youtube-video\">\n\t\t\t<iframe width=\"100%\" height=\"300px\" src=\"https://www.youtube.com/embed/";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"video_id"), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "?rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen></iframe>\n\t\t</div>\n\t\t<figcaption class=\"article-cap\">\n\t\t\t";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(env.getFilter("safe").call(context, runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"caption")), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "\n\t\t\t";
if(runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"illustration")) {
t_2 += "\n\t\t\t<div class=\"article-illustration\">";
t_2 += runtime.suppressValue(env.getFilter("safe").call(context, runtime.memberLookup((l_props),"illustration")), env.opts.autoescape);
t_2 += "</div>\n\t\t\t";
;
}
t_2 += "\n\t\t</figcaption>\n\t</div>\n\t";
;
}
;
}
;
}
t_2 += "\n\n";
;
frame = frame.pop();
return new runtime.SafeString(t_2);
});
context.addExport("create");
context.setVariable("create", macro_t_1);
output += "\n";
if(parentTemplate) {
parentTemplate.rootRenderFunc(env, context, frame, runtime, cb);
} else {
cb(null, output);
}
;
} catch (e) {
  cb(runtime.handleError(e, lineno, colno));
}
}
return {
root: root
};

})();
})();

	(function() {(window.nunjucksPrecompiled = window.nunjucksPrecompiled || {})["macros/ad.html"] = (function() {
function root(env, context, frame, runtime, cb) {
var lineno = null;
var colno = null;
var output = "";
try {
var parentTemplate = null;
var macro_t_1 = runtime.makeMacro(
["insider"], 
[], 
function (l_insider, kwargs) {
frame = frame.push(true);
kwargs = kwargs || {};
if (kwargs.hasOwnProperty("caller")) {
frame.set("caller", kwargs.caller); }
frame.set("insider", l_insider);
var t_2 = "";if(!runtime.memberLookup((l_insider),"isAdFree")) {
t_2 += "<div class=\"adunit ad--leaderboard\"\n\tdata-adunit=\"__site/__leaderboard\"\n\tdata-size-mapping=\"leaderboard\"\n\tdata-active=\"false\">\n</div>";
;
}
;
frame = frame.pop();
return new runtime.SafeString(t_2);
});
context.addExport("leaderboard");
context.setVariable("leaderboard", macro_t_1);
output += "\n\n";
var macro_t_3 = runtime.makeMacro(
["insider"], 
[], 
function (l_insider, kwargs) {
frame = frame.push(true);
kwargs = kwargs || {};
if (kwargs.hasOwnProperty("caller")) {
frame.set("caller", kwargs.caller); }
frame.set("insider", l_insider);
var t_4 = "";if(!runtime.memberLookup((l_insider),"isAdFree")) {
t_4 += "<div class=\"ad--large ad--leaderboard\">\n\t<div class=\"adunit\"\n\t\tdata-adunit=\"__site/__leaderboard\"\n\t\tdata-size-mapping=\"leaderboard\"\n\t\tdata-active=\"false\">\n\t</div>\n</div>";
;
}
;
frame = frame.pop();
return new runtime.SafeString(t_4);
});
context.addExport("bottomLeaderboard");
context.setVariable("bottomLeaderboard", macro_t_3);
output += "\n\n";
var macro_t_5 = runtime.makeMacro(
["insider"], 
[], 
function (l_insider, kwargs) {
frame = frame.push(true);
kwargs = kwargs || {};
if (kwargs.hasOwnProperty("caller")) {
frame.set("caller", kwargs.caller); }
frame.set("insider", l_insider);
var t_6 = "";if(!runtime.memberLookup((l_insider),"isAdFree")) {
t_6 += "<div class=\"adunit ad--large\"\n\tdata-adunit=\"__site/__fullwidth-interstitial\"\n\tdata-size-mapping=\"fullwidth-interstitial\"\n\tdata-active=\"false\">\n</div>";
;
}
;
frame = frame.pop();
return new runtime.SafeString(t_6);
});
context.addExport("fullwidthInterstitial");
context.setVariable("fullwidthInterstitial", macro_t_5);
output += "\n\n";
var macro_t_7 = runtime.makeMacro(
["insider"], 
[], 
function (l_insider, kwargs) {
frame = frame.push(true);
kwargs = kwargs || {};
if (kwargs.hasOwnProperty("caller")) {
frame.set("caller", kwargs.caller); }
frame.set("insider", l_insider);
var t_8 = "";if(!runtime.memberLookup((l_insider),"isAdFree")) {
t_8 += "<div class=\"adunit ad--square-only ad--article-body\"\n\tdata-adunit=\"__site/__square-rectangle\"\n\tdata-size-mapping=\"square-rectangle--mobile\"\n\tdata-active=\"false\">\n</div>";
;
}
;
frame = frame.pop();
return new runtime.SafeString(t_8);
});
context.addExport("articleBody");
context.setVariable("articleBody", macro_t_7);
output += "\n\n";
var macro_t_9 = runtime.makeMacro(
["insider"], 
[], 
function (l_insider, kwargs) {
frame = frame.push(true);
kwargs = kwargs || {};
if (kwargs.hasOwnProperty("caller")) {
frame.set("caller", kwargs.caller); }
frame.set("insider", l_insider);
var t_10 = "";if(!runtime.memberLookup((l_insider),"isAdFree")) {
t_10 += "<div class=\"adunit ad--right-rail\"\n\tdata-adunit=\"__site/__square-rectangle\"\n\tdata-size-mapping=\"square--desktop\"\n\tdata-active=\"false\">\n</div>";
;
}
;
frame = frame.pop();
return new runtime.SafeString(t_10);
});
context.addExport("rightRail");
context.setVariable("rightRail", macro_t_9);
output += "\n\n";
var macro_t_11 = runtime.makeMacro(
["insider"], 
[], 
function (l_insider, kwargs) {
frame = frame.push(true);
kwargs = kwargs || {};
if (kwargs.hasOwnProperty("caller")) {
frame.set("caller", kwargs.caller); }
frame.set("insider", l_insider);
var t_12 = "";if(!runtime.memberLookup((l_insider),"isAdFree")) {
t_12 += "<div class=\"adunit ad--square-only\"\n\tdata-adunit=\"__site/__square-only\"\n\tdata-size-mapping=\"footer\"\n\tdata-active=\"false\">\n</div>";
;
}
;
frame = frame.pop();
return new runtime.SafeString(t_12);
});
context.addExport("footer");
context.setVariable("footer", macro_t_11);
output += "\n\n";
var macro_t_13 = runtime.makeMacro(
["insider"], 
[], 
function (l_insider, kwargs) {
frame = frame.push(true);
kwargs = kwargs || {};
if (kwargs.hasOwnProperty("caller")) {
frame.set("caller", kwargs.caller); }
frame.set("insider", l_insider);
var t_14 = "";if(!runtime.memberLookup((l_insider),"isAdFree")) {
t_14 += "<div class=\"adunit ad_feed--topic-list\"\n\tdata-adunit=\"__site/__square-rectangle\"\n\tdata-size-mapping=\"square-rectangle--desktop\"\n\tdata-active=\"false\">\n</div>";
;
}
;
frame = frame.pop();
return new runtime.SafeString(t_14);
});
context.addExport("topicList");
context.setVariable("topicList", macro_t_13);
output += "\n\n";
var macro_t_15 = runtime.makeMacro(
["insider"], 
[], 
function (l_insider, kwargs) {
frame = frame.push(true);
kwargs = kwargs || {};
if (kwargs.hasOwnProperty("caller")) {
frame.set("caller", kwargs.caller); }
frame.set("insider", l_insider);
var t_16 = "";if(!runtime.memberLookup((l_insider),"isAdFree")) {
t_16 += "<div class=\"adunit ad_feed--topic-list-right\"\n\tdata-adunit=\"__site/__square-rectangle\"\n\tdata-size-mapping=\"square-rectangle--desktop\"\n\tdata-active=\"false\">\n</div>";
;
}
;
frame = frame.pop();
return new runtime.SafeString(t_16);
});
context.addExport("topicListRight");
context.setVariable("topicListRight", macro_t_15);
output += "\n\n";
var macro_t_17 = runtime.makeMacro(
["insider"], 
[], 
function (l_insider, kwargs) {
frame = frame.push(true);
kwargs = kwargs || {};
if (kwargs.hasOwnProperty("caller")) {
frame.set("caller", kwargs.caller); }
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Cvijanovicâs model shows that as the North Poleâs summer sea ice vanishes, as expected in the next few decades, it could turn down the tap for Central Valley farmers, Sierra Nevada ski resorts, and cities throughout the nationâs most populous state (see â<a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609642/the-year-climate-change-began-to-spin-out-of-control/\" target=\"_blank\">The Year Climate Change Began to Spin Out of Control</a>â).</p>"},{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"text-col","images":[{"id":425821,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/dscf3112.jpg","path":"images/dscf3112.jpg","crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":3648,"height":2736},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":3648,"height":2736},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":3648,"height":2736},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":3648,"height":2736}]}],"caption":"Climate scientist Ivana Cvijanovic conducted field work in the Alaska North Slope as part of her PhD research.","illustration":"","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>The results, <a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-01907-4\" target=\"_blank\">published</a> in <em>Nature Communications</em> in December, also suggest that shrinking sea ice may have played a role in the extreme, costly drought that plagued California for most of this decade. That was driven by a âridiculously resilient ridgeâ closely resembling the one that Cvijanovicâs simulation predicts.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Climate models are often derided as unreliable approximations of Earthâs complex systems, particularly among climate change deniers. But thanks to advances in computational power, the inclusion of more components, and other technical strides, these simulations are becoming incredibly powerful.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>They can predict with growing certainty how global warming is already altering the planet, and&nbsp;how itâs likely to in the future. In particular, the improvements are helping scientists to untangle the complex mechanisms driving extreme weather events.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Cvijanovic had tried to study the puzzling connections between melting ice and faraway precipitation changes for years. But standard climate models didnât offer a way to simulate the processes in a realistic way, until a recent breakthrough arrived from an unlikely source: nuclear weapons research.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<h3>Flipping the coin again</h3>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Cvijanovicâs curiosity had taken on a new urgency by the time she landed as a postdoctoral researcher at Californiaâs Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in 2014. Two summers earlier, Arctic sea ice had melted away far faster than scientists expected. Nearly five&nbsp;million square miles of ice disappeared from the peak period in late March, by far the biggest loss ever recorded.</p>"},{"type":"automated-related","data":{"headline":"Accompanying Story","layout":"single","id":"610225"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>It was a glaring sign that something was off in climate modelsâand on the scarier end of the spectrum.&nbsp;</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Climate models are software simulations that estimate how Earth reacts to various influences, like massive increases in carbon dioxide emissions, by running mathematical equations that represent our best understanding of physical laws. They calculate how shifting conditions ripple across time and space, rendering the oceans, surface, and atmosphere in a 3-D grid of boxes. Over the last few decades, the modelsâ resolution has greatly increased:&nbsp;the&nbsp;area each box represents has gone&nbsp;from 500 square kilometers down to less than 25 in some cases, even as the models incorporated aerosols, sea ice, vegetation, and other interconnected factors.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>For all these vast improvements, however, there are sometimes still big gaps between what the models predict and how the real world behaves, as the dramatic loss of sea ice underscored (see â<a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/543546/why-climate-models-arent-better/\" target=\"_blank\">Why Climate Models Arenât Better</a>â).</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>That event specifically caught the attention of Donald Lucas, a research scientist at Lawrence Livermore. He was part of a team of climate researchers and nuclear weapons modelers at the lab who had previously collaborated on a three-year project to improve confidence levels in the results of climate simulations.</p>"},{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"text-col","images":[{"id":425521,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/20180110lawrencelivermorelab0283.jpg","path":"images/20180110lawrencelivermorelab0283.jpg","crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":5760,"height":3839},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":5760,"height":3839},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":5760,"height":3839},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":5760,"height":3839}]}],"caption":"Donald Lucas, a research scientist at Lawrence Livermore, led a research effort to understand why Arctic sea ice was melting faster than climate models predicted.","illustration":"","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>The US hasnât conducted test explosions on nuclear weapons since 1992, so it has to rely on inspections and modeling to assess the reliability of the aging stockpile. Lawrence Livermore scientists have long used the labâs supercomputers to simulate the degradation of materials, like plutonium, and helped develop new ways to compute certainty levels.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Instead of running a simulation once, they repeat it many times, slightly adjusting certain variables to produce an array of possibilities. From there, the researchers can calculate the statistical likelihood of certain outcomes based, in part, on how often they occur in results and how well they match up with data from physical inspections.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>âYou go back and flip the coin again,â Lucas explains. âYou do that multiple times and you build up a distribution of the probability of the output.â</p>"},{"type":"automated-related","data":{"headline":"Related Story","layout":"single","id":"609642"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>He and his colleagues decided to apply the same approach to climate models, writing programs to tweak dozens of parameters in the source code of a public climate model. They harnessed about half of a supercomputer at Lawrence Livermore for nearly three years, producing 100,000 years of simulations across a wide array of climate scenarios.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>But in the summer of 2012, Lucas realized even those results had fallen well short of predicting the loss of Arctic sea ice that actually occurred. So he and colleagues undertook another modeling experiment, focused on sea ice. By consulting with experts on what variables could be at play and changing those parameters, his team was able to simulate the disappearance of far more Arctic sea ice, coming much closer to reality. &nbsp;</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Three variables accounted for 95 percent of the change. Two of them specified the size of snow particles on sea ice, which affects how much sunlight is reflected away. The last one, known as the âthermal conductivity of snow,â essentially defines how fast heat can move through ice. Like the other two variables, it is normally treated as a constant in the dedicated ice model the team used. But in this case, the researchers toggled it within a range that reflected its real-world variability.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Lucas stops short of saying theyâve pinpointed the missing puzzle pieces in sea ice models. But by allowing for a range of âplausibleâ variations, âwe find that we can explain most, but not all, of the differences between observations and [sea ice model] simulations,â&nbsp;he said in an e-mail.</p>"},{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"text-col","images":[{"id":425517,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/20180110lawrencelivermorelab0039.jpg","path":"images/20180110lawrencelivermorelab0039.jpg","crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":5760,"height":3839},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":5760,"height":3839},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":5760,"height":3839},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":5760,"height":3839}]}],"caption":"Lucas checks out new supercomputers at Lawrence Livermore Lab.","illustration":"","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<h3>The perfect setup</h3>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>The experiment also created a much finer tool&nbsp;for Cvijanovic to explore the question sheâd long pondered: Why did ancient periods of rapid warming in the Northern Hemisphere, known as <a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willi_Dansgaard\" target=\"_blank\">Dansgaard</a>â<a href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Oeschger\" target=\"_blank\">Oeschger</a>&nbsp;events,&nbsp;seem to coincide with dramatic precipitation shifts all the way down in the tropics?</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Toward the end of her PhD work at the University of Copenhagen, in 2011 and&nbsp;2012, Cvijanovic was part of a modeling group that tried to make sense of these abrupt climatic changes evident in Greenland ice core samples.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>She had made some crude attempts to explore these connections by adding energy fluxes in simulations, which essentially cranked up sea ice loss in artificial ways. But her colleagueâs work at Lawrence Livermore enabled her to model extreme ice loss in a more realistic manner, by tweaking parameters within whatâs considered the possible level of variation in nature.</p>"},{"type":"cta","data":{"layout":"left","template":"download"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>âThat was that perfect setup,â she says. âYouâre not doing anything unphysical; youâre not cheating to observe this sea ice loss.â</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Cvijanovic focused on the three variables that Lucasâs work found had the most powerful effects. She ran the model several dozen times, ultimately cranking up those variables to the far end of their ranges. It sometimes took an entire week to run a single analysis on the supercomputers at Lawrence Livermore, so the process took months. But eventually a clear picture began to form.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>With little ice to reflect heat back into space, the region steadily warms. A small amount of that additional heat reaches the tropics, but itâs enough to trigger changes in wind and precipitation that alter convection and circulation patterns. These, in turn, produce massive waves of high- and low-pressure areas in the atmosphere, building up a persistent ridge that lands in the North Pacific. That feature steers storms north, away from California and toward Alaska and Canada.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>It was a difficult experiment that depended on years of collective improvements in climate-modeling technology and techniques. More work is required to test the findings, and determine how other processes may magnify or diminish the effect of melting Arctic sea ice, other scientists say. But the simulation provided some of the first real evidence of the theorized connection between ice loss and distant droughts, and it sounded a stark warning about Californiaâs looming dangers.</p>"}],"title":"How nuclear weapons research revealed new climate threats","id":609974,"byline":[{"text":"James Temple","slug":"james-temple","profile":{"name":"James Temple","slug":"james-temple","url":"/profile/james-temple/","bio":"I am the senior editor for energy at <i>MIT Technology Review</i>. Iâm focused on renewable energy and the use of technology to combat climate change. Previously, I was a senior director at the <i>Verge</i>, deputy managing editor at <i>Recode</i>, and columnist at the <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. When Iâm not writing about energy and climate change, Iâm often hiking with my dog or shooting video of California landscapes.","avatar":{"id":412957,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/profiles/avatars/james_temple.png","path":"profiles/avatars/james_temple.png","mimetype":"image/png","width":2109,"height":2109},"contributor":{"id":201259,"type":"editor","title":"Senior Editor, Energy","avatar":{"id":412957,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/profiles/avatars/james_temple.png","path":"profiles/avatars/james_temple.png","mimetype":"image/png","width":2109,"height":2109}}}}],"type":"article","dek":"Lawrence Livermore Labâs increasingly powerful climate models have sounded a stark warning for California.","url":"/s/609974/how-nuclear-weapons-research-revealed-new-climate-threats/"},{"attachments":{"thumbnail":{"id":419344,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/icarbonxmain.jpg","path":"images/icarbonxmain.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":9796037,"width":2760,"height":3489,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":351,"width":2759,"height":1551},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":351,"width":2759,"height":1551},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":351,"width":2759,"height":1551},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":351,"width":2759,"height":1551}]},"feature":{"id":419344,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/icarbonxmain.jpg","path":"images/icarbonxmain.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":9796037,"width":2760,"height":3489,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":337,"width":2685,"height":2685},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":337,"width":2685,"height":2685},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":337,"width":2685,"height":2685},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":337,"width":2685,"height":2685}]},"social_thumbnail":{"id":419344,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/icarbonxmain.jpg","path":"images/icarbonxmain.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":9796037,"width":2760,"height":3489,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":351,"width":2759,"height":1551},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":351,"width":2759,"height":1551},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":351,"width":2759,"height":1551},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":351,"width":2759,"height":1551}]}},"body":[{"type":"html","data":"<p>âThis smart mirror isnât very smart,â says Jun Wang, standing in front of a full-length mirror wearing designer jeans ripped at the knees. âItâs just a camera and a mirror,â he says, looking mildly distressedâor as distressed as possible for a man whose face is perpetually unperturbed. âWhat I want is a mirror that does a 3-D scan of me here,â he says, using his hands to trace the contour of his thighs, âand here.â Wang indicates his belly, which is lean. âWe want an exact 3-D figure of you: the fat, the muscleâyour entire body shape, plus facial recognition, and whatâs going on with your skin.â He points to the top right area of the mirror. âAnd I want readouts about my health up there, next to where Iâm brushing my teethâmy weight, blood pressure, and heart rate, and how does that correlate with my DNA?â</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>This as-yet-unrealized smart mirror is just one of several gadgets that Wang, a 41-year-old biologist and computer scientist turned entrepreneur, says he is building. The devices will help gather, analyze, and display a crush of health data he wants to collect about himselfâand, he hopes, from millions of others. This is why Wang cofounded iCarbonX (ICX), a highly ambitious, if quixotic, personal-health company based here in Shenzhen, in southern China.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>ICX wants to capture more data about your body than has ever before been possible. It starts with your DNA sequence and includes data from Fitbit-style wearables that measure your steps, heart rate, and sleep patterns. Add frequent blood tests to measure various proteins and enzymes that can, say, reflect the health of your heart or signal very early signs of cancer. Include monitoring of the ever-changing levels of metabolites produced by the body as it processes food; traditional blood tests on levels of cholesterol and glucose; heart data from an EKG; and information from your medical history. The goal: continuous monitoring of your health and suggestions of adjustments you might make in your diet and behavior before you slip from being healthy into the early stages of an illness.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>This sounds a little like personalized medicine, which has been discussed for years. But for Wang, itâs not just about treating disease. Itâs also about what might be termed personalized health. âRight now you donât know about your temperature, or your pulse, or the microbes inside you that affect your emotions,â he says. âOr what to do if you have an allergy, or you want to lose weight because youâre fat.â</p>"},{"type":"quote","data":{"quote":"The devices will help gather, analyze, and display a crush of health data he wants to collect about himselfâand, he hopes, from millions of others.","layout":"3col","size":"large","style":"default"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>This vision of personal health monitoring is becoming achievable in part because of dramatic cost reductions for sequencing DNA and measuring the many thousands of biological compounds and processes that regulate the body. What all that means for any one of us, especially when all the readings are combined, is unclear. But ICX is part of a new wave of companies that figure they can find something meaningful in the data and enable medicine to stop merely reacting to an illness you have; these companies want to keep you healthy at a fraction of the cost. Unlocking this puzzle, with its millions of moving pieces, is where AI and other advanced computing techniques will have to come in. âAI is how we can take all of this information and tell you things that you donât know about your health,â says Wang.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Assuming it works, putting all of this together will not be cheap. As CEO of ICX, Wang has raised $600 million in funding for the effort, a remarkable amount for a project offering high-tech tests for healthy people. âBut heâll need it, and probably more, with everything they want to test,â says Eric Schadt, a computational biologist and mathematician who recently stepped down as director of Mount Sinaiâs Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology in New York. Schadt has launched his own health data company, called Sema4, which is scanning genomes and molecular biomarkers.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>ICX is using its pile of cash in part to invest in or acquire companies that might contribute to Wangâs holistic vision. This includes a $161 million stake in Colorado-based SomaLogic, which is working on a chip that can measure 5,000 proteins in the blood; more than $100 million in PatientsLikeMe, a company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that provides an online platform for more than 500,000 patients to share experiences, metrics, and feelings about their health and diseases; and $40 million in AOBiome, also of Cambridge, which sells spray-on microbes that it says make skin healthier. ICX also recently invested in HealthTell of San Ramon, California, which identifies antibodies from a blood sample as clues to the presence and progress of diseases including cancer and autoimmune disorders. Additionally, ICX is also collaborating with several companies in China.</p>"},{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"8col","images":[{"id":419345,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/icarbonxspot1.jpg","path":"images/icarbonxspot1.jpg","crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":1884,"height":1293},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":1884,"height":1293},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":1884,"height":1293},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":1884,"height":1293}]}],"illustration":"Yann Kebbi","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Tying this eclectic alliance together is an aggressive effort to build an artificial-intelligence system that will attempt to analyze all this data. Thatâs being led by Israel-based iCarbonX-Israel, which ICX acquired last year. Founded in 2005 as Imagu Vision Technologies, the company develops software to interpret CT and other medical images. Now Imaguâs engineers are working with counterparts at ICX to create what they call a âvirtual health brainâ that will interpret the thousands of data points ICX wants to collect on each customer. âWe want to create a tool that not only analyzes data but offers ways to help people improve their health, like how to alter their diet,â says Imagu CEO and cofounder Mor Amitai.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>âIf this all sounds ridiculously complicated, it is,â says Wang, smiling in a way that blends reassuranceâwhich undoubtedly is appreciated by investorsâand bemusement, as if he knows that what he is proposing sounds a bit daft. The question, then: can he use his money and technical savvy to revolutionize medicine?</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<h3>Precision health</h3>"},{"type":"comment-cta","data":{"layout":"right","text":"Would you pay to have AI continuously monitor your health?","link":"Tell us in the comments."}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>A tall man with short black hair, Wang strolls coolly through his companyâs headquarters, a Silicon Valley knockoff with open workstations, glass-walled conference rooms, a gym, and a cafÃ© always stocked with food, healthy drinks, tea, and coffee. Itâs on the third floor of an industrial-park building in a complex of similarly unexceptional structures tucked between two sprawling, wooded theme parks called Happy Valley and the China Folk Culture Village. In the back of ICXâs HQ is Wangâs office, a comfortable niche with deep leather chairs and a private conference roomâa business setting that is a long way from where Wang started, as an academic researcher sequencing DNA at Beijing University in the late 1990s.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Wang authored over 100 studies as a professor at the University of Copenhagen and as a bioinformatics whiz at the Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), which he helped found in 1999. BGI was the organization that led Chinaâs relatively small contribution to the Human Genome Project, a worldwide effort in which several countries worked on different segments of the human DNA sequence published in 2003. BGI later churned out the first complete DNA sequences of an Asian person, a strain of rice, the SARS virus, and the giant panda. During his stint as BGIâs CEO, Wang helped build the company into one of the largest sequencing operations in the world. In 2016, it had revenue of $250 million, and this summer it issued an IPO. Wang remains a major shareholder and a member of the board.</p>"},{"type":"quote","data":{"quote":"âYou also need millions of peopleâmaybe as many as 10 million peopleâto get meaningful signals for common diseases.â","layout":"3col","size":"large","style":"default"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>But he left BGI in 2015 because he was frustrated by the limits of genomics. Specifically, sequencing DNA doesnât provide much insight into the health of most individuals. Scientists have found countless DNA markers that seem as if they should help determine whether a person is healthy or sick. But those markers have turned out, nearly 15 years after the completion of the Human Genome Project, to make less of a difference than originally thought. With the exception of certain rare genetic mutations, DNA is just one determinant of a personâs medical fate. âIt turns out you also need to know about proteins, and metabolites, and all the rest,â says Wang.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Soon after his departure from BGI, Wang formed ICX, knowing he would do something with AI and health. But he wasnât sure exactly what data besides DNA the company could, or should, collect. To figure it out, he met with a range of experts and companies, including a pivotal meeting in July 2016 at the Original Maxâs restaurant in Burlingame, California, near the San Francisco airport. In town pitching ICX to investors and prospective partners, Wang had arranged to see Jamie Heywood, the cofounder and chairman of PatientsLikeMe, who was visiting from Boston. As they sat in an orange-and-yellow plastic booth in the truck-stop-style cafÃ©, it didnât take Heywood and Wang long to realize that they shared a fundamental exasperation with the limitations of todayâs medical practices. Giving people more data seemed like a promising route. PatientsLikeMe, which runs a service where thousands of members discuss their various chronic diseases in online forums and provide metrics about their health and the progression of their disease, had already shown the value of careful health tracking by individuals. Drinking coffee, Wang and Heywood dissed classic medical testing, which tends to be static, with one test taken at a timeâan EKG in a clinical setting every year or two, for example, or when symptoms seem to warrant it. âWe got excited about the possibility that we could discover the early stages of when a person shifts from good health to, say, becoming a diabetic,â says Heywood, an MIT-trained engineer. âWe both agreed that the technology is there, or is close to being there.â</p>"},{"type":"automated-related","data":{"headline":"Related Story","layout":"single","id":"604087"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Heywood, who is a fast-talking bundle of energy where Wang conveys a steady calm, suggested that such a profile should also include the sort of behavioral and personal data collected by his company. Information that people share in the forums of PatientsLikeMeâon such issues as the health impact of stress at workâprovides valuable clues to other members on how they can better manage their chronic conditions. Why not help healthy people use similar tools and data? âIt took about five minutes for Jun and I to realize that we could do this,â he recalls.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Heywood brought something else to the table: his company had built a computer platform designed to analyze data reported by its half-million users. But itâs not yet clear that combining all the data that ICX and its collaborators want to capture will be meaningful. Nor is it likely that AI will find significant correlations in the data unless ICX lures millions of people to its serviceâand even that many might not be enough. âICX will struggle,â predicts Eric Schadt of Sema4. âYou also need millions of peopleâmaybe as many as 10 million peopleâto get meaningful signals for common diseases.â</p>"},{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"8col","images":[{"id":419346,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/icarbonxspot2.jpg","path":"images/icarbonxspot2.jpg","crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":1841,"height":1297},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":1841,"height":1297},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":1841,"height":1297},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":1841,"height":1297}]}],"illustration":"Yann Kebbi","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Wang readily acknowledges the challenges. âTo do everything we want will take many years,â he says. When asked about the need to test large numbers of people to discern signals in the noise of all this data, he says that ICX is looking to enroll at least one million people in the next five years. âChina has this big population, so Iâm not worried about this,â he says. He adds that as disposable income increases in China, people want to spend money on their health.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Wang admits, however, that he doesnât yet have a clear business plan. âI tend to think about the right thing to do with the science and the product first,â he says. âThen I figure out the business model. Investors are okay with this. They donât want short term.â</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<h3>Smoke and mirrors?</h3>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Underlying ICXâs challenge are also some fundamental questions about how to integrate artificial intelligence into health care. Thereâs little doubt that advanced computing will eventually provide a huge boost toward making sense of all manner of health and biomedical data. And Wang is not the only one with business ambitions for the technology. According to CB Insights, which tracks venture capital investments, investors are funding 106 startups in AI and healthâup from a handful a few years ago. Theyâre pursuing everything from mental health and drug discovery to lifestyle management, virtual assistants, hospital management, and medical imaging and diagnostics. While this sounds impressive, AI so far has failed to make a substantial impact on most of medicine and health care. âIn certain niches, AI is here and has been for years,â says Marty Kohn, a physician and the former chief medical scientist at IBM, who helped develop <a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/607965/a-reality-check-for-ibms-ai-ambitions/\" target=\"_blank\">IBM Watson Health</a>. âBut itâs not happening at scale. And it hasnât yet helped large numbers of patients.â</p>"},{"type":"automated-related","data":{"headline":"Related Story","layout":"single","id":"608879"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>One reason is that itâs incredibly difficult to interpret the crush of data. âI think AI has tremendous potential,â says Leroy Hood, the president and cofounder of the Institute for Systems Biology in Seattle. âBut the claims for AI and health care are very overblown.â Most companies, he suggests, âdonât do real science.â</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>A longtime pioneer in finding tools for understanding the bodyâs complex functions, Hood is a cofounder of Seattle-based Arivale, another health data company. Two years ago, Arivale started offering its own version of lifestyle, wellness, and molecular testing, coupled with personal coaching. In July 2017, Hood and Arivale published a small study in <em>Nature Biotechnology</em> that he says provides a proof-of-concept analysis of what the researchers call âpersonal, dense, dynamic data cloudsâ measured in healthy people over time. They used advanced algorithms to make correlations for 108 subjects who took dozens of health tests and measurements. Some of the participants learned that they had vitamin deficiencies; others found they had early signs of inflammatory bowel disease or diabetes that needed tending through diet or supplements. These results, however, are preliminary, and far more of them will be needed to separate real findings from the firehose of data.</p>"},{"type":"quote","data":{"quote":"Thereâs little doubt that advanced computing will eventually provide \na huge boost toward making sense of all manner of health and biomedical data.","layout":"3col","size":"large","style":"default"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>As for Wang, he is experimenting on himself with still more ways to acquire such information. As he continues his tour of ICXâs headquarters in Shenzhen, he points to a toilet just off his office where he collects plastic bags of poop for his daily microbiome analysis. Wang describes plans to build a âsmart toiletâ that will capture and analyze oneâs waste and feed it into an AI-generated personal profile. âWe have the technology to do this,â he says. âWe have the algorithms. It will be cheap, something like $200.â Wang next lifts up his sky-blue polo shirt to show off a wireless continuous heart-rate monitor.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>One wonders, however, if millions of healthy people will be as obsessed as Jun Wang is with collecting so much data on themselves. The question seems to take him by surprise, momentarily roiling his composure. He knits his brow, looking as if he couldnât imagine that other people might not want smart mirrors and toilets, frequent blood draws to measure thousands of metabolites, and heart monitors taped to their chests. âIâm not asking everyone to do this,â he finally says. âPeople choose not to know a lot of things. But there are plenty of people who want to know, or can be educated to want to know.â He pauses for another nanosecond and then flashes that smile, looking as if he had just figured out the answer to this literally multibillion-dollar question about his effort and his company. âPeople used to not want to know their genes; now more and more people want to know,â he says. âIâm sure that this trend will continue.â</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p><em>David Ewing Duncan is a life science journalist and author of </em>Experimental Man<em>, and the curator of Arc Fusion. </em></p>"}],"title":"Can AI Keep You Healthy?","id":608987,"byline":[{"text":"David Ewing Duncan","slug":"david-ewing-duncan","profile":{"name":"David Ewing Duncan","slug":"david-ewing-duncan","url":"/profile/david-ewing-duncan/","bio":"David Ewing Duncan is a journalist and best-selling author of nine books. He is curator of <a href=\"http://www.arcfusion.org/\">Arc Fusion</a>, which convenes top doers and thinkers around critical life science topics to discuss and find solutions. He is a <a href=\"https://www.thedailybeast.com/author/david-ewing-duncan.html/\">Daily Beast</a> columnist and writes for <i>Wired</i>, the <i>New York Times</i>, <i>Atlantic</i>, and <i>Fortune</i>, among others. He is the author of <i>Experimental Man: What one manâs body tells us about our health future</i> (Wiley) and <i>When Iâm 164: The science of radical life extension and what happens if it succeeds</i> (TED Books). His website is <a href=\"http://www.davidewingduncan.com\">www.davidewingduncan.com</a>.","avatar":{"id":408555,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/profiles/avatars/DDuncan2.jpg","path":"profiles/avatars/DDuncan2.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","width":1840,"height":1836},"contributor":{"id":22301,"type":"guest contributor","avatar":{"id":408555,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/profiles/avatars/DDuncan2.jpg","path":"profiles/avatars/DDuncan2.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","width":1840,"height":1836}}}}],"type":"article","titles":{"alternative":"An ambitious Chinese startup wants to know everything about your body","snippet":"Personal health"},"dek":"A Chinese entrepreneur wants to track your health data and suggest ways to improve. But are computers really smart enough to make sense of all that information?","url":"/s/608987/how-ai-will-keep-you-healthy/"},{"attachments":{"thumbnail":{"id":426034,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/mit-fb-zender-flat-2.jpg","path":"images/mit-fb-zender-flat-2.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":1439200,"width":5819,"height":3768,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":441,"width":5819,"height":3273},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":441,"width":5819,"height":3273},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":441,"width":5819,"height":3273},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":441,"width":5819,"height":3273}]},"feature":{"id":426034,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/mit-fb-zender-flat-2.jpg","path":"images/mit-fb-zender-flat-2.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":1439200,"width":5819,"height":3768,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":568,"y":0,"width":3768,"height":3768},{"size":"medium","x":568,"y":0,"width":3768,"height":3768},{"size":"small","x":568,"y":0,"width":3768,"height":3768},{"size":"tiny","x":568,"y":0,"width":3768,"height":3768}]},"social_thumbnail":{"id":426038,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/mit-fb-zender-flat-2.png","path":"images/mit-fb-zender-flat-2.png","mimetype":"image/png","filesize":274838,"width":700,"height":453,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":57,"width":700,"height":393},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":57,"width":700,"height":393},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":57,"width":700,"height":393},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":57,"width":700,"height":393}]}},"body":[{"type":"html","data":"<p>Do you trust Facebook to take care of your kids?</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Thatâs what the worldâs largest social network is asking parents with the release of its first app for children, <a href=\"https://messengerkids.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Messenger Kids</a>. Itâs a pint-size version of Facebookâs chat app, Messenger (which, like Facebook itself, is intended only for those 13 and older). With Messenger Kids, Facebook becomes the first of the major social networks to put out an app specifically for children under 13.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>The move makes sense in some ways. Chat apps are everywhere, so why keep them out of the hands of children? It could even help parents teach them about online etiquette.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>And itâs a no-brainer for Facebook, whose teenage users are becoming increasingly enamored of competing apps like Snapchat, Twitter, and Kik. With Messenger Kids, perhaps, Facebook can hook younger children on its brand.</p>"},{"type":"quote","data":{"quote":"âItâs like Coca-Cola inventing a kidsâ soda product.â","layout":"3col","size":"default","style":"default"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>The app seems to be part of Facebookâs response to the concerns voiced by a <a href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/27/16552620/facebook-trust-survey-usage-popularity-fake-news\" target=\"_blank\">growing number</a> of peopleâincluding early Facebook investors like <a href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2017/11/9/16627724/sean-parker-facebook-childrens-brains-feedback-loop\" target=\"_blank\">Sean Parker</a>, as well as <a href=\"https://www.theverge.com/2017/12/11/16761016/former-facebook-exec-ripping-apart-society\" target=\"_blank\">former</a>&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/02/facebook-executive-advertising-data-comment\" target=\"_blank\">executives</a>âabout the social networkâs powers of manipulation. In controversial experiments, it has proved it can <a href=\"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/everything-we-know-about-facebooks-secret-mood-manipulation-experiment/373648/\" target=\"_blank\">alter peopleâs moods</a> or their <a href=\"https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2014/10/can-voting-facebook-button-improve-voter-turnout/\" target=\"_blank\">likelihood of voting</a> by tweaking their news feeds. And during the most recent US presidential election campaign, the company admitted, Russian-backed political content <a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/oct/30/facebook-russia-fake-accounts-126-million\" target=\"_blank\">reached 126 million</a> American Facebook users, showing how vulnerable the platform is to abuse.</p>"},{"type":"automated-trending","data":{"headline":"Recommended for You","size":"5","layout":"ordered"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>In an attempt to assuage worries about fake news, Facebook recently announced it will show regular Facebook users fewer posts from companies and news media and more from their friends. With the new app, itâs creating a purportedly safe space for children, too. Messenger Kids is meant chiefly for texting and video-chatting with parent-approved friends and family, and it includes fun features like digital stickers and animated masks.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>But do I want my young child to use Messenger Kids? The answer is the same as some peopleâs relationship status on Facebook: itâs complicated. Itâs good that children have a chance to grow gradually into social apps, but I donât necessarily want Facebook to be the teacher.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<h3>Kids and apps</h3>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>For a long time, in order to avoid running afoul of a US <a href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/rules/rulemaking-regulatory-reform-proceedings/childrens-online-privacy-protection-rule\" target=\"_blank\">federal law</a>, the biggest social networks have simply made it against their rules for anyone under 13 to sign up. Called COPPA, or the Childrenâs Online Privacy Protection Rule, the law <a href=\"https://www.ftc.gov/tips-advice/business-center/guidance/complying-coppa-frequently-asked-questions#General Questions\" target=\"_blank\">restricts</a> how companies collect, use, and share online data from kids and aims to give parents control over this data gathering.</p>"},{"type":"automated-related","data":{"headline":"Related Story","layout":"single","id":"609104"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>But COPPA is clearly ineffective. Three out of five American parents in a 2017 <a href=\"https://www.pta.org/docs/default-source/files/programs/health/social-media-poll-results-memo.docx\" target=\"_blank\">poll</a> conducted on behalf of Facebook and the National PTA (one of the groups Facebook consulted while building Messenger Kids) said that their under-13-year-olds use messaging apps, social media, or both. If you take into account sneakier kids and more oblivious parents, the real figure is likely to be much higher.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>The design of Messenger Kids is evidently meant to put parents at ease. Itâs full of parental controls; kids must get a parentâs authorization (via the parentâs own Facebook account) to sign up and to add each new contact.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>However, the app also has some of the very grown-up features you find on Messenger. For instance, if you send a contact a message on Messenger Kids, it lets you know if the person is online or how long itâs been since he or she was active. It will also tell you whether the person youâve sent a message to has viewed it already and if so, for recently sent messages, when.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>That kind of information can cause anxiety even in adults whoâve already spent years using apps. And habituating kids to always-on communication concerns <a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609104/smartphones-are-weapons-of-mass-manipulation-and-this-guy-is-declaring-war-on-them/\" target=\"_blank\">Tristan Harris</a>, a former design ethicist at Google who cofounded and runs the <a href=\"http://humanetech.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Center for Humane Technology</a>. âItâs like Coca-Cola inventing a kidsâ soda product,â he says. âIt still has to sell sugar; it canât really be genuinely concerned with the well-being of kids.â</p>"},{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"text-col","images":[{"id":424913,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/ipad-021.png","path":"images/ipad-021.png","crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":1793,"height":2540},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":1793,"height":2540},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":1793,"height":2540},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":1793,"height":2540}]}],"illustration":"Facebook","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<h3>Social cues and tech blues</h3>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Researchers at San Diego State University and Florida State University <a href=\"http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/2167702617723376\" target=\"_blank\">recently found</a> that teens who spent a lot of time using smartphones for things like social media were more likely to be depressed. The work, which shows teen suicide and depression rates climbing in the US since 2010, suggests that these issues are linked to the swift rise in smartphone ownership across the country.</p>"},{"type":"quote","data":{"quote":"The suitable messaging app for young children probably looks nothing like a mini version of Messenger.","layout":"3col","size":"default","style":"default"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>That finding and others have alarmed health and education experts. Nineteen groups and nearly 100 individuals (including Harris) signed a <a href=\"http://www.commercialfreechildhood.org/sites/default/files/devel-generate/gaw/FBMessengerKids.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">letter</a> in January pleading with Facebook to kill Messenger Kids. âEncouraging kids to move their friendships online will interfere with and displace the face-to-face interactions and play that are crucial for building healthy developmental skills, including the ability to read human emotion, delay gratification, and engage with the physical world,â the group wrote.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p><a href=\"http://drlarryrosen.com/\" target=\"_blank\">Larry Rosen</a>, a psychology professor and author of <a href=\"https://www.amazon.com/Distracted-Mind-Ancient-Brains-High-Tech/dp/0262034948%3FSubscriptionId%3DAKIAIBR2PEDO2OGC2EHA%26tag%3Dbluebook07-20%26linkCode%3Dxm2%26camp%3D2025%26creative%3D165953%26creativeASIN%3D0262034948\" target=\"_blank\"><em>The Distracted Mind: Ancient Brains in a High-Tech World</em></a>, says children in the Messenger Kids age group are still honing communication skills, including subtle and nonverbal ones like understanding body language and posture. âI worry weâre introducing something to kids who really donât need it,â he says, âand I think that the ostensible purpose is wrong, which is to get them started young.â</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<h3>Parent perspective</h3>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Not all parents agree. CJ Kanash is an insurance agent in Erie, Pennsylvania, and a father of five. Four of Kanashâs children are between the ages of six and 10, and each of them has an Amazon tablet with Messenger Kids on it.</p>"},{"type":"automated-related","data":{"headline":"Related Story","layout":"single","id":"608430"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Kanash uses Messenger Kids to send his kids reminders. His nine-year-old son from a previous marriage uses it to say good night to his mom by video chat. âThe world is constantly changing, and this is how weâre going to communicate more in the future,â he says. âThey should learn how to do it in a responsible way.â</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Kids do need to understand how to use technology, and in large part itâs up to parents to help them figure out how. And kids under 13 already use social apps, whether we like it or not. But Facebook shouldnât be the default simply because weâre familiar with it. The suitable messaging app for young children probably looks nothing like a mini version of Messenger.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>For instance, the <a href=\"http://childrensdesignguide.org/\" target=\"_blank\">Childrenâs Design Guide</a>, released in January by a group of designers, researchers, and child and education experts, <a href=\"http://childrensdesignguide.org/principles/\" target=\"_blank\">suggests</a> building digital products that encourage kids to use them in moderation and stop them from sharing potentially harmful information. Meanwhile, Harris and the rest of the letter writers recommend that kids simply use a parentâs Facebook or Skype account if they want to connect with far-flung family.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Thereâs little hard research, however, on what a healthy social-media app for kids would look like. As a result, weâre running a huge experiment with our children. We havenât had enough time for a generation of kids to grow up with online platforms and report back on how itâs affected them. All we have to go on is what we already know: that Facebookâs treatment of its older users doesnât bode well for its new focus on kids, no matter how cute and fun the app looks.</p>"}],"title":"Facebookâs app for kids should freak parents out","id":609723,"byline":[{"text":"Rachel Metz","slug":"rachel-metz","profile":{"name":"Rachel Metz","slug":"rachel-metz","url":"/profile/rachel-metz/","first_name":"Rachel","last_name":"Metz","bio":"As <i>MIT Technology Review</i>âs senior editor for mobile, I cover a wide variety of startups and write gadget reviews out of our San Francisco office. Iâm curious about tech innovation, and Iâm always on the lookout for the next big thing. Before arriving at <i>MIT Technology Review</i> in early 2012, I spent five years as a technology reporter at the Associated Press, covering companies including Apple, Amazon, and eBay, and penning reviews.","twitter_handle":"@RachelMetz","avatar":{"id":400008,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/profiles/avatars/rachel_metz.png","path":"profiles/avatars/rachel_metz.png","mimetype":"image/png","width":1000,"height":1000},"contributor":{"id":25766,"type":"editor","title":"Senior Editor, Mobile","avatar":{"id":400008,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/profiles/avatars/rachel_metz.png","path":"profiles/avatars/rachel_metz.png","mimetype":"image/png","width":1000,"height":1000}}}}],"type":"article","dek":"Messenger Kids, its first grab at the under-13 crowd, is not to be trusted. After all, youâve seen how the company treats adults.","url":"/s/609723/facebooks-app-for-kids-should-freak-parents-out/"},{"attachments":{"thumbnail":{"id":426019,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/howard-ignatiusflickr.jpg","path":"images/howard-ignatiusflickr.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":608014,"width":1600,"height":1065,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":2,"y":165,"width":1598,"height":898},{"size":"medium","x":2,"y":165,"width":1598,"height":898},{"size":"small","x":2,"y":165,"width":1598,"height":898},{"size":"tiny","x":2,"y":165,"width":1598,"height":898}]},"feature":{"id":426019,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/howard-ignatiusflickr.jpg","path":"images/howard-ignatiusflickr.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":608014,"width":1600,"height":1065,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":1065,"height":1065},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":1065,"height":1065},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":1065,"height":1065},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":1065,"height":1065}]},"social_thumbnail":{"id":426019,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/howard-ignatiusflickr.jpg","path":"images/howard-ignatiusflickr.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":608014,"width":1600,"height":1065,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":2,"y":127,"width":1598,"height":898},{"size":"medium","x":2,"y":127,"width":1598,"height":898},{"size":"small","x":2,"y":127,"width":1598,"height":898},{"size":"tiny","x":2,"y":127,"width":1598,"height":898}]}},"body":[{"type":"html","data":"<p>Using a swab of saliva from a newbornâs cheek, a new DNA test will probe the babyâs genes to search for <a href=\"http://www.sema4.com/natalis\" target=\"_blank\">193 genetic diseases</a>, like anemia, epilepsy, and metabolic disorders.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>The $649 test is meant for healthy babies, as a supplement to existing screening tests.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>In the US, the government recommends a newborn screening test that looks for a minimum of 34 disorders (though some states have additional requirements as well). The standard test involves a small sample of blood taken from a babyâs heel.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Eric Schadt, CEO of Sema4, the company behind the test, says some parents may want more information about their childâs genes than this standard testing delivers. Some people suffer for years before getting a proper diagnosis for some of the diseases that his companyâs test covers, he says.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>âIf you can, at birth, canvass some of the most common disorders, you get a better understanding of the health of your child,â Schadt says. âWe think parents want the best for their children and are going to do whatever they can so that their child can have the healthiest life possible.â</p>"},{"type":"automated-trending","data":{"headline":"Recommended for You","size":"5","layout":"ordered"}},{"type":"automated-related","data":{"headline":"Related Story","layout":"single","id":"513691"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>All the conditions the Sema4 test looks forâit uses DNA sequencing to examine a subset of genes, rather than the whole genomeâhave some kind of treatment already available. The test also analyzes how a baby is likely to respond to 38 medications commonly prescribed in early childhood.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Schadt says anyone can order the Sema4 test online, and a doctor with the company approves it. The test isn't covered by insurance yet.&nbsp;</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>The trouble is, even if a baby has a mutation in a gene, it could take years for symptoms to appear. And sometimes a child can carry a mutation but never develop the corresponding disease. Thatâs one reason <a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608162/dna-testing-reveals-the-chance-of-bad-news-in-your-genes/\" target=\"_blank\">DNA sequencing isnât yet routine</a> for children and adults who are currently healthy.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>That raises a big question: is a test like Sema4âs always a good thing?</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>âFor many families, this is the kind of thing that can open up a can of worms where it doesnât end up necessarily benefiting the parent or child,â says Laura Hercher, a geneticist at Sarah Lawrence College.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>In some cases, the results of the test could cause anxiety and confusion for parents and lead to unnecessary tests and procedures for children, she says: âYou put parents in a terrible position, because they donât know if they should wait until the child is sick to do in some cases draconian treatments.â</p>"}],"title":"A new DNA test will look for 190 diseases in your newbornâs genetic code","id":610197,"byline":[{"text":"Emily Mullin","slug":"emily-mullin","profile":{"name":"Emily Mullin","slug":"emily-mullin","url":"/profile/emily-mullin/","bio":"I am <i>MIT Technology Review</i>âs associate editor for biomedicine. I report from Washington, D.C., where I look for stories about how new technology is making us healthier and our medicine better. I am particularly interested in how these advances are affecting real people. Previously, I was a contributor at <i>Forbes</i>, and before that, an associate editor at FierceBiotech. Get in touch at <a href=\"mailto:emily.mullin@technologyreview.com\">emily.mullin@technologyreview.com</a>.","twitter_handle":"@emilylmullin","contributor":{"id":200796,"type":"editor","title":"Associate Editor, Biomedicine","avatar":{"id":409298,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/profiles/avatars/emily_mullinx1000.png","path":"profiles/avatars/emily_mullinx1000.png","mimetype":"image/png","width":1000,"height":1000}},"user":{"id":2034831,"username":"emily.mullin","email":"emily.mullin@technologyreview.com"}}}],"type":"article","dek":"But not all parents may want to know the results.","url":"/s/610197/a-new-dna-test-will-look-for-190-diseases-in-your-newborns-genetic-code/"},{"attachments":{"thumbnail":{"id":426064,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/justinsullivangettyblockchain.jpg","path":"images/justinsullivangettyblockchain.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":2894925,"width":3000,"height":1949,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":262,"width":3000,"height":1687},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":262,"width":3000,"height":1687},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":262,"width":3000,"height":1687},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":262,"width":3000,"height":1687}]},"feature":{"id":426064,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/justinsullivangettyblockchain.jpg","path":"images/justinsullivangettyblockchain.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":2894925,"width":3000,"height":1949,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":181,"y":0,"width":1949,"height":1949},{"size":"medium","x":181,"y":0,"width":1949,"height":1949},{"size":"small","x":181,"y":0,"width":1949,"height":1949},{"size":"tiny","x":181,"y":0,"width":1949,"height":1949}]},"social_thumbnail":{"id":426064,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/justinsullivangettyblockchain.jpg","path":"images/justinsullivangettyblockchain.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":2894925,"width":3000,"height":1949,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":262,"width":3000,"height":1687},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":262,"width":3000,"height":1687},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":262,"width":3000,"height":1687},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":262,"width":3000,"height":1687}]}},"body":[{"type":"html","data":"<p><strong>Denizens of the cryptocurrency world ought to get used to rubbing shoulders with regulators.</strong> The dark underbelly of the bonanza in&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608799/what-the-hell-is-an-initial-coin-offering/\" target=\"_blank\">initial coin offerings</a>, rising <a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610092/what-the-coincheck-hack-means-for-the-future-of-blockchain-security/\" target=\"_blank\">concerns about the security of cryptocurrency exchanges</a>, and a rush of âMain Streetâ investors to the scene have helped convince bureaucrats across the globe that cryptocurrency markets deserve a lot more attention. As a US Senate <a href=\"https://www.banking.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/hearings?ID=D8EC44B1-F141-4778-A042-584E0F3B9D39\" target=\"_blank\">hearing</a> illustrated this week, however, the question of how best to apply that attention is head-achingly complicated.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p><em>This piece appears in our new twice-weekly newsletter, Chain Letter, which covers the world of blockchain and cryptocurrencies.&nbsp;</em><a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/newsletters/chain-letter/\" target=\"_blank\"><em>Sign up here</em></a><em>&nbsp;â itâs free!</em></p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p><strong>Why you should care:</strong> The stakes are high, and not just because billions of real dollars are on the line. Many think the blockchain technology underlying cryptocurrencies can be <a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/537246/why-bitcoin-could-be-much-more-than-a-currency/\" target=\"_blank\">as disruptive as the foundation of the internet</a>. Decisions by policymakers will influence whether and how the promise unfolds.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p><strong>Crackdowns have commenced:</strong></p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<ul><li><a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609320/can-china-contain-bitcoin/\" target=\"_blank\">China has banned ICOs</a>&nbsp;and cryptocurrency trading, and may clamp down on mining.</li><li><a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609561/behind-south-koreas-cryptocurrency-boom/\" target=\"_blank\">South Korea has banned ICOs</a> and anonymous trading.</li><li>Japan has introduced a licensing regime for cryptocurrency exchanges.</li></ul>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>&nbsp;<strong>Gaps:</strong> Regulators are still wrestling with how to define cryptocurrency, which is partly why there are still big holes in oversight.</p>"},{"type":"automated-trending","data":{"headline":"Recommended for You","size":"5","layout":"ordered"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>In the US, for instance, cryptocurrencies are classified as commodities, which makes them the purview of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. But the agency lacks the authority to directly oversee cryptocurrency exchanges, J. Christopher Giancarlo, CFTCâs chair, <a href=\"https://www.banking.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/d6c0f0b6-757d-4916-80fd-a43315228060/A2A6C1D8DDBB7AD33EBE63254D80E9E3.giancarlo-testimony-2-6-18b.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">told the Senate committee</a> (pdf) at this weekâs hearing. It canât make them do things like register with the government, report transactions, or comply with cybersecurity checksâin fact, under current law no federal agency has such authority, Giancarlo said.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p><strong>Last line of defense:</strong> With the fedsâ hands tied, state-level regulators are left picking up the slackâeven though they traditionally spend their time policing things like check-cashing and other so-called money transmission services. This isnât working, for at least two reasons. First, cryptocurrency exchanges âprovide a networked good that inherently crosses state lines,â <a href=\"https://coincenter.org/entry/money-transmission-licensing-is-broken-here-s-how-to-fix-it\" target=\"_blank\">argues</a> Peter Van Valkenburgh, director of research at Coin Center, a blockchain policy think tank. Second, the definition of âmoney transmissionâ varies by state. The morass of confusion and uncertainty, combined with stiff penalties for running afoul of the law, is discouraging technologists and entrepreneurs, according to Van Valkenburgh.</p>"},{"type":"automated-related","data":{"headline":"Related Story","layout":"single","id":"537246"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p><strong>The ICO conundrum:</strong> Initial coin offerings, in whichâpoof!â<a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608799/what-the-hell-is-an-initial-coin-offering/\" target=\"_blank\">a new digital currency pops into existence</a>, are especially concerning to securities regulators. Simply calling something a âcurrencyâ doesnât keep it outside of the jurisdiction of the US Securities and Exchange Commission, SEC chair Jay Clayton <a href=\"https://www.banking.senate.gov/public/_cache/files/a5e72ac6-4f8a-473f-9c9c-e2894573d57d/BF62433A09A9B95A269A29E1FF13D2BA.clayton-testimony-2-6-18.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">told the Senate committee</a> (pdf). Many ICO tokens look like securities, he said, since they are âpromoted as investment opportunities that rely on the efforts of others, with their utility as an efficient medium for commercial exchange being a distinct and secondary characteristic.â That horse has left the barn, though: ICOs have raised more than $4 billion, and according to Clayton none have yet registered with SEC.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p><strong>The bottom line:</strong> Regulating cryptocurrency markets is a high-stakes, complicated, fast-moving work in progress. Stay tuned for new developments, including:</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<ul><li><strong>More from the SEC:</strong> Expect the commission to keep <a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609633/2017-was-the-year-of-the-ico-now-what/#comments\" target=\"_blank\">ramping up enforcement&nbsp;against dubious ICOs</a>.</li><li><strong>Congressâs response:</strong> Clayton and Giancarlo agreed that a new regulatory framework is needed, which may require new legislation. Good luck with that.</li><li><strong>Action in the states:</strong> Regulators from seven US states <a href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fintech-regulations/u-s-states-join-forces-on-fintech-licenses-idUSKBN1FQ2CK?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=technologyNews&amp;utm_source=feedburner&amp;utm_medium=feed&amp;utm_campaign=Feed%3A+reuters%2FtechnologyNews+%28Reuters+Technology+News%29\" target=\"_blank\">recently agreed to join forces</a> in regulating exchanges.</li><li><strong>A push for global rules:</strong> France and Germany <a href=\"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-bitcoin-france-germany/france-germany-to-make-joint-bitcoin-regulation-proposal-at-g20-summit-idUSKBN1F728X\" target=\"_blank\">will propose international regulations</a> at the G20 summit in March.</li></ul>"}],"title":"Like it or not, the future of cryptocurrency will be determined by bureaucrats","id":610202,"byline":[{"text":"Mike Orcutt","slug":"mike-orcutt","profile":{"name":"Mike Orcutt","slug":"mike-orcutt","url":"/profile/mike-orcutt/","first_name":"Mike","last_name":"Orcutt","bio":"Iâm an associate editor at <i>MIT Technology Review</i>, focusing on the world of cryptocurrencies and blockchains. My reporting, which includes a twice-weekly, blockchain-focused email newsletter, Chain Letter (<a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/newsletters/chain-letter/\">subscribe here</a>), revolves around one central question: Why does blockchain technology matter?","twitter_handle":"@mike_orcutt","avatar":{"id":86817,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/legacy/mike_orcutt.jpg","path":"legacy/mike_orcutt.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","width":72,"height":72},"contributor":{"id":25221,"type":"editor","title":"Associate Editor","avatar":{"id":400006,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/profiles/avatars/mike_orcutt.png","path":"profiles/avatars/mike_orcutt.png","mimetype":"image/png","width":1000,"height":1000}},"user":{"id":446,"username":"mike.orcutt","email":"mike.orcutt@technologyreview.com"}}}],"type":"article","dek":"Digital coins donât fit traditional regulatory definitionsâwhat policymakers do about that will determine where the technology goes from here.","url":"/s/610202/like-it-or-not-the-future-of-cryptocurrency-will-be-determined-by-bureaucrats/"},{"attachments":{"thumbnail":{"id":424557,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/theenemytopper3.jpg","path":"images/theenemytopper3.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":338837,"width":1830,"height":1700,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":336,"width":1830,"height":1029},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":336,"width":1830,"height":1029},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":15,"width":1830,"height":1029},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":336,"width":1830,"height":1029}]},"feature":{"id":424557,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/theenemytopper3.jpg","path":"images/theenemytopper3.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":338837,"width":1830,"height":1700,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":73,"y":0,"width":1700,"height":1700},{"size":"medium","x":73,"y":0,"width":1700,"height":1700},{"size":"small","x":73,"y":0,"width":1700,"height":1700},{"size":"tiny","x":73,"y":0,"width":1700,"height":1700}]},"social_thumbnail":{"id":424557,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/theenemytopper3.jpg","path":"images/theenemytopper3.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":338837,"width":1830,"height":1700,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":239,"width":1830,"height":1029},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":239,"width":1830,"height":1029},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":74,"width":1830,"height":1029},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":239,"width":1830,"height":1029}]}},"body":[{"type":"html","data":"<p><span class=\"s1\">Sun streams through a grid of skylights,</span> carving the galleryâs wooden floor into a checkerboard. When I look up, I can see wispy clouds passing overhead. Large photos hang on the gallery walls. Theyâre pictures of a landscape devastated by war and portraits of men fighting in those wars.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>I hear footsteps behind me. I turn around and watch two figures enter the room and take up stations in front of the portraits. Theyâre the men from the pictures.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>An unseen narrator explains that the shorter one, Jean de Dieu, was a child soldier recruited by the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR). Itâs a Hutu group waging war against Rwanda from its base in the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The other, Patient, is a sergeant in the Congolese army, which is allied with Rwandaâs ruling Tutsi ethnic group.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>I know theyâre both virtual characters, re-created through 3-D scanning and computer graphics. But theyâre startlingly realisticâfar more lifelike than anything Iâve seen in a game or movie.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>As I approach Jean de Dieu, who looks sad and tired, a conversation begins. The narrator asks: <em>Who is your enemy? What is violence for you? What makes your enemy inhuman?</em> Jean answers in halting, vulnerable tones. I listen to his story of being forced into a refugee camp at age 11 and seeing Congolese militia kill his parents, their brains splattering onto him. Of course heâd hate the Tutsi, and everyone aligned with them.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Now the narrator quizzes Patient. He says the army pursues the FDLR because its soldiers rob, rape, and murder Congolese citizens. âHe has no human values and can no longer change his mind,â Patient says of his despised FDLR enemy. âHe wants to stay in the forest as part of the rebellion like a savage. Only beasts live in the forest.â</p>"},{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"8col","images":[{"id":424554,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/dedieuandpatient_1.jpg","path":"images/dedieuandpatient_1.jpg","crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":2760,"height":1700},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":2760,"height":1700},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":2760,"height":1700},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":2760,"height":1700}]}],"caption":"Jean de Dieu (left) fled Rwanda as a child and watched as militia in the Democratic Republic of the Congo killed his parents. Patient (right) fights for the Congolese Army.","illustration":"Karim Ben Khelifa","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>But Patient and Jean de Dieu also tell the narrator something else: they just want to live in peace with their neighbors and families. And as I walk through three more rooms and meet more combatantsâgang members in El Salvador, a reservist in Israel and a Palestinian fighter in GazaâI hear that shared hope flicker through in answer after answer. These men all have different stories, different traumas, and different allegiances. But their dreams are the same. Abu Khaled, in Gaza, says 23 of his family members have died during the Israeli occupation, but he still hopes for âpeace and brotherhoodâ in the region.</p>"},{"type":"list","data":{"headline":"Things reviewed","items":[{"title":"<a href=\"https://mitmuseum.mit.edu/enemy\" target=_blank>The Enemy</a>","desc":"A project by Karim Ben Khelifa"}]}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>After 40 minutes, Iâm guided to a spot on the floor that resembles a <em>Star Trek</em> transporter pad. An assistant helps me remove my Oculus Rift VR headset and backpack, and Iâm back on the ground floor of the MIT Museum, where this ambitious virtual-reality exhibit, âThe Enemy,â made its North American premiere in the fall of 2017.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p><span class=\"s2\">The exhibitâor maybe âexperienceâ is a better wordâis the creation of the Belgian-Tunisian photojournalist Karim Ben Khelifa. He interviewed and filmed the fighters and then worked with Fox Harrell, a professor of digital media and artificial intelligence at MIT, and French partners Camera Lucida, France TÃ©lÃ©visions Nouvelles Ecritures, and Emissive to bring them to life inside the virtual gallery.</span></p>"},{"type":"quote","data":{"quote":"A virtual-reality re-creation of a fighter, speaking in his own words, might help viewers feel the impact of war more deeply, Ben Khelifa believed.","layout":"3col","size":"default","style":"default"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Part of whatâs groundbreaking about âThe Enemyâ is the sheer size of the simulation: the museum cleared out a 3,000-square-foot space so that up to 15 Oculus-wearing visitors at a time could roam freely in the virtual world. The fidelity of the characters and their movements is also striking. You can see the stubble on their chins and the tattoos on their arms and torsos. Thanks to eye-tracking sensors, each figureâs gaze is locked onto yours, cementing the illusion that the fighters are speaking directly to you. The technology works well enough to disappear, allowing you to form direct, empathetic connections with Jean, Patient, Abu, and their fellow combatants.</p>"},{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"text-col","images":[{"id":424543,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/jeandedieu2.jpg","path":"images/jeandedieu2.jpg","crops":[{"size":"large","x":63,"y":71,"width":1394,"height":1399},{"size":"medium","x":63,"y":71,"width":1394,"height":1399},{"size":"small","x":63,"y":71,"width":1394,"height":1399},{"size":"tiny","x":63,"y":71,"width":1394,"height":1399}]}],"caption":"This photograph of Jean de Dieu is one of those used to create his avatar.","illustration":"Karim Ben Khelifa","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Which is exactly what Ben Khelifa wanted. âMy interest was, can you look at these people in the eyes?â he told me. âCan they look <em>you</em> in the eyes? And what is happening when two people look at one another in the eyes? There is a connection, whether we want it or not.â</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Right now, the âThe Enemyâ is accessible only to museum visitors, but Ben Khelifa says he wants those trapped in conflict zones, especially young people, to experience it too. If the installation can help people see that every conflict is grounded, to some extent, in stereotypes and misunderstandings, they might come to understand one another better and stop fighting, he believes. Itâs a noble goalâbut will all future VR producers have such benevolent aims?</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<h3><strong>Blown away</strong></h3>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>The idea that VR might be a medium for a new kind of journalism took hold around 2015, when the <em>New York Times</em> released its first VR documentary, âThe Displaced,â about three young war refugees. Technically, the pieces produced by the <em>Times</em>â VR studio are 360Â° films. Viewers can look in different directions, but otherwise, they watch passively. Sticklers reserve the term âvirtual realityâ for simulated 3-D environments in which users can move around at will and control objects, as gamers can on platforms such as HTC Vive, PlayStation VR, and Oculus Rift. Thatâs the type of virtual reality that Ben Khelifa, a freelancer who has covered conflicts in Iraq, Libya, Syria, Israel, Yemen, Somalia, and many other countries, wanted to employ for âThe Enemy.â</p>"},{"type":"quote","data":{"quote":"âAm I scared by it? Yeah. If you can create empathy, you can brainwash people too.â","cite":"Ben Khelifa","layout":"3col","size":"default","style":"default"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Ben Khelifa says he was worried that traditional war images have lost their power. Take the famous photo of Alan Kurdi, the three-year-old refugee boy whose body washed ashore in Turkey in 2015. âEvery single parent in the world should react to this and say, âThat could be my kid,ââ Ben Khelifa says. But though the image saddened millions, it didnât move nations to intervene in Syria. âWe donât have the same emotional relation with photos that we used to have,â he says.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>A virtual-reality re-creation of a fighter, speaking in his own words, might help viewers feel the impact of war more deeply, Ben Khelifa believed. So he went to Israel and Gaza, where he found soldiers willing to be videotaped. While they talked, he scanned them with a Microsoft Kinect and photographed them from multiple angles. He says his experience as a photojournalist helped him get the subjects to open up. âThese fighters understand that Iâve been through a lot of fighting tooâwithout holding a gun, but holding my camera,â Ben Khelifa says. âAnd I think there isâI wouldnât call it a brotherhood, but an understanding that we both know what war is.â</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>In April 2015, at New Yorkâs Tribeca Film Festival, Ben Khelifa showed a prototype of âThe Enemy,â featuring only Abu Khaled and an Israeli soldier named Gilad. âPeople were just blown away by the realism of the fighters,â he says. But these early figures didnât walk, turn their heads, or react to users. âFrom there, what Iâve been realizing is, the more the fighters are modified to recognize your presence, the more you recognize the presence of the fighter,â he says. âYou spend less time wondering if heâs real or not. And you get to listen.â</p>"},{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"text-col","images":[{"id":424540,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/gilad.jpg","path":"images/gilad.jpg","crops":[{"size":"large","x":72,"y":72,"width":2081,"height":2089},{"size":"medium","x":72,"y":72,"width":2081,"height":2089},{"size":"small","x":72,"y":72,"width":2081,"height":2089},{"size":"tiny","x":72,"y":72,"width":2081,"height":2089}]}],"caption":"Gilad, a reservist in the Israel Defense Forces, is filmed for the creation of his avatar as it will appear in âThe Enemy.â","illustration":"Karim Ben Khelifa","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>A few years earlier Ben Khelifa had met MITâs Fox Harrell, whose book <em>Phantasmal Media</em> explores how creators of VR and other computational media can build experiences that mutate depending on the userâs actions. Harrell says heâs fascinated by the narrative techniques of the 1950 Kurosawa film <em>Rashomon</em>, which retells the story of a brutal rape and murder from multiple perspectives. âIâve been interested in how you can use algorithmic processes in AI to trigger these kinds of effects,â he says.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>For âThe Enemy,â Harrell helped Ben Khelifa and his team of developers in France build a system that surveys visitors before the experience and then monitors them on camera and via the Oculus headset as they interact with each fighter. Visitorsâ responses determine the order in which they experience the three conflicts, the message they receive in the final gallery, and even the weather visible through the skylights.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p><span class=\"s3\">John Durant, the director of the MIT Museum, says âThe Enemyâ took the museum into untested territory, both technologically and politically. âIt was very appealing, because a lot of us talk about the ways in which technology may or may not contribute to addressing certain kinds of social and political issues, and sometimes people talk about it more than actually experiencing it and trying it,â he says. </span></p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>The poignant stories told by Amilcar and Jorge, members of two rival gangs in San Salvador, give that section of the exhibit a sticking power that a photo essay just wouldnât have, Durant says. âMost of the people who are likely to visit this museum donât have the experience of growing up as members of a gang where a kind of tribal loyalty is perhaps the most fundamental thing you know,â he says. âSo it takes some effort, honestly, to try and think about what the world might be like from that point of view. I think âThe Enemy,â to me, made it much easier.â</p>"},{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"8col","images":[{"id":424555,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/vladmirandalberto_1.jpg","path":"images/vladmirandalberto_1.jpg","crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":2760,"height":1700},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":2760,"height":1700},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":2760,"height":1700},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":2760,"height":1700}]}],"caption":"Amilcar Vladimir (left) and Jorge Alberto (right) are members of warring gangs in El Salvador.","illustration":"Karim Ben Khelifa","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Visitors to the museum report similar revelations. âIâm from Colombia â¦ Iâve lived close to war,â one visitor wrote in the guest book. âForgiveness is gonna be always the hardest part. For forgiveness to appear, thereâs gotta be compassion, and that is what âThe Enemyâ brought me. Thank you.â</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<h3><strong>Brainwashing</strong></h3>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>VR has, in fact, begun to compete with old-fashioned photojournalism and TV news. VR producers have been flocking to Southeast Asia lately to document the plight of the Rohingya, a Muslim-majority ethnic group under assault in Buddhist-majority Myanmar. A refugee featured in a searing Al Jazeera VR film recounted how security forces in Myanmar had killed her husband and raped her. An Emmy-nominated VR film shot inside a Rohingya confinement camp by the anti-atrocity group the Nexus Fund showed prisoners languishing with little food or medical care. âI canât put everybody on a plane and take them to Myanmar, but I know that if I could and they could see this in person, thereâs nothing they wouldnât do to help,â Nexus Fund executive director Sally Smith told CNN.</p>"},{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"text-col","images":[{"id":424545,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/jorgealbertohand.jpg","path":"images/jorgealbertohand.jpg","crops":[{"size":"large","x":27,"y":28,"width":658,"height":661},{"size":"medium","x":27,"y":28,"width":658,"height":661},{"size":"small","x":27,"y":28,"width":658,"height":661},{"size":"tiny","x":27,"y":28,"width":658,"height":661}]}],"caption":"Jorge Albertoâs hand bears gang-related tattoos.","illustration":"Karim Ben Khelifa","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>But if VR is an empathy machine, where will all that empathy be directed in the future? Here in the United States, meddlers have hijacked Google, YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter to generate outrage and spread falsehoods, with political consequences we are only beginning to understand. VRâs immersiveness and realism pull even more directly on our heartstrings. Thereâs nothing to stop Buddhist extremists in Myanmar, for instance, from making VR films designed to further inflame passions against the Rohingya. âAm I scared by it? Yeah,â Ben Khelifa says. âIf you can create empathy, you can brainwash people too.â</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>In âThe Enemy,â the VR storytelling is even-handed to a fault. In fact, if the piece has a limitation, itâs that it refuses to judge the merits of each fighterâs cause. But that limitation is also a strength. The parallel questions put to each combatant allow the visitor to construct âthis kind of model of whatâs the same and whatâs differentâ for each fighter, Harrell explains. âAnd that can be some impetus to thinking beyond the preconceptions you had of the conflict.â</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Without this kind of commitment to fairness and factuality, VR could easily devolve into a propaganda tool. But thatâs true of all journalism. Weâre fortunate that a creator with Ben Khelifaâs vision and conscience is showing the way.&nbsp;</p>"},{"type":"cta","data":{"layout":"left","template":"download"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p><em>Wade Roush is a technology journalist and the producer and host of </em>Soonish<em>, a podcast about technology and the future.<br></em></p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p><em>\"The Enemyâ was produced by Camera Lucida, France TÃ©lÃ©visions, the National Film Board of Canada, Emissive, and Dpt, and was staged at the MIT Museum in late 2017. It will continue its North American tour in Montreal and other Canadian cities. For tour dates visit&nbsp;<a href=\"http://theenemyishere.org\">theenemyishere.org</a>.</em></p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p><em>&nbsp;</em></p>"}],"title":"This VR Exhibit Lets You Connect with the Human Side of War","id":609316,"byline":[{"text":"Wade Roush","slug":"wade-roush","profile":{"name":"Wade Roush","slug":"wade-roush","url":"/profile/wade-roush/","contributor":{"id":27341,"type":"guest contributor"}}}],"type":"article","titles":{"alternative":"This VR exhibit lets you connect with the human side of war","snippet":"This VR exhibit lets you connect with the human side of war"},"dek":"A pioneering photojournalist hopes VR can restore war photographyâs dramatic power to influence and inform us.","url":"/s/609316/this-vr-exhibit-lets-you-connect-with-the-human-side-of-war/"},{"attachments":{"thumbnail":{"id":426082,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/obj-datastreamsocial.png","path":"images/obj-datastreamsocial.png","mimetype":"image/png","filesize":1870543,"width":2796,"height":1573,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":2784,"height":1566},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":2784,"height":1566},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":2784,"height":1566},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":2784,"height":1566}]},"social_thumbnail":{"id":426082,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/obj-datastreamsocial.png","path":"images/obj-datastreamsocial.png","mimetype":"image/png","filesize":1870543,"width":2796,"height":1573,"crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":2796,"height":1572},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":2796,"height":1572},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":2796,"height":1572},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":2796,"height":1572}]}},"body":[{"type":"html","data":"<p>Just a few years ago, the conventional wisdom held that you couldnât attribute any single extreme weather event to climate change. But now scientists increasingly can and do state the odds that human actions caused or exacerbated specific droughts and hurricanes.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>One big reason for the change is that the science of climate modeling is becoming increasingly powerful as improvements in technology, techniques, and data sharing allow researchers to set up novel experiments or simply run many more of them.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>(Read the&nbsp;accompanying&nbsp;story: â<a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/609974/how-nuclear-weapons-research-revealed-new-climate-threats/\" target=\"_blank\">How nuclear weapons research revealed new climate threats</a>.â)</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Climate models are sophisticated computer simulations that approximate how the planet responds to various forces, like surges in carbon dioxide. They break down the oceans, surface, and atmosphere into 3-D boxes and calculate how shifting conditions track across time and space.</p>"},{"type":"automated-related","data":{"headline":"Accompanying Story","layout":"single","id":"609974"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Basic gains in computing power have driven many of the improvements. Those boxes were about 500 square kilometers in 1990. For some of todayâs highest-resolution models, including the Department of Energyâs E3SM, Japanâs MRI, and Chinaâs FGOALS, they are under 25 square kilometers. The resolution gets higher still for specific applications, such as modeling hurricanes.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>In addition, the earliest climate models in the 1960s were focused on the atmosphere, but now they take into account land surfaces, sea ice, aerosols, the carbon cycle, vegetation, and atmospheric chemistry. More recently, models have started to incorporate the ways that human behavior shifts in response to climate change, including migration and deforestation.</p>"},{"type":"automated-trending","data":{"headline":"Recommended for You","size":"5","layout":"ordered"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Other modeling advances have occurred as a result of a three-decade effort under the World Climate Research Programme, known as the <a href=\"https://cmip.llnl.gov/\" target=\"_blank\">Coupled Model Intercomparison Project</a> (CMIP). Under this program, research institutions are asked to conduct a common set of experiments with a common set of inputs, and publicly share the results.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>The petabytes of resulting data have enabled researchers around the world to carry out studies that dive into specific areas of interest without having to secure their own time on supercomputers.&nbsp;</p>"},{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"text-col","images":[{"id":426080,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/obj-datastream-1.jpg","path":"images/obj-datastream-1.jpg","crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":3000,"height":1147},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":3000,"height":1147},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":3000,"height":1147},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":3000,"height":1147}]}],"illustration":"The National Center for Atmospheric Research","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>The abundance of data has also allowed scientists to compare the results of various models against each other, and against climate changes observed in the real world to date. Thatâs provided crucial insight into which models work best, and occasionally it has even revealed problems with our observations. Itâs also offered feedback thatâs allowed institutions to test new hypotheses, further refine models, and improve their understanding of natural processes, says Noah Diffenbaugh, a professor of earth system science at Stanford.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Notably, MITâs hurricane modeler Kerry Emanuel used public data from seven models to drive a focused hurricane simulation tens of thousands of times, in an effort to calculate the odds that a storm on the scale of Hurricane Harvey will land on Texas again. By examining two 20-year periods across a range of scenarios for greenhouse-gas emissions, he <a href=\"http://www.pnas.org/content/114/48/12681\" target=\"_blank\">found</a> that what was a 1-in-100-year event at the end of the 20th century will be a 1-in-5.5-year event by the end of this one.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>But for all these vast improvements, even a 25-square-kilometer box is still far too large to capture small-scale processes like the behavior of individual clouds. And scientists are well aware that the models donât perfectly represent complex natural processes.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Itâs why they generally speak in terms of ranges in climate-change scenarios, and why events in the real world can still occasionally occur outside those bounds.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>âThereâs still a lot of uncertainty in the projections, and weâre all bothered by that,â Emanuel says.</p>"}],"title":"What the hell is a climate modelâand why does it matter?","id":610225,"byline":[{"text":"James Temple","slug":"james-temple","profile":{"name":"James Temple","slug":"james-temple","url":"/profile/james-temple/","bio":"I am the senior editor for energy at <i>MIT Technology Review</i>. Iâm focused on renewable energy and the use of technology to combat climate change. Previously, I was a senior director at the <i>Verge</i>, deputy managing editor at <i>Recode</i>, and columnist at the <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>. When Iâm not writing about energy and climate change, Iâm often hiking with my dog or shooting video of California landscapes.","avatar":{"id":412957,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/profiles/avatars/james_temple.png","path":"profiles/avatars/james_temple.png","mimetype":"image/png","width":2109,"height":2109},"contributor":{"id":201259,"type":"editor","title":"Senior Editor, Energy","avatar":{"id":412957,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/profiles/avatars/james_temple.png","path":"profiles/avatars/james_temple.png","mimetype":"image/png","width":2109,"height":2109}}}}],"type":"article","dek":"Better technology, techniques, and data sharing have allowed scientists to try novel experimentsâor simply run many more of them.","url":"/s/610225/what-the-hell-is-a-climate-modeland-why-does-it-matter/"},{"attachments":{"thumbnail":{"id":426063,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/georgechurch.jpg","path":"images/georgechurch.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":55224,"width":800,"height":533,"caption":"Harvard geneticist George Church","crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":800,"height":450},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":800,"height":450},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":800,"height":450},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":800,"height":450}]},"social_thumbnail":{"id":426063,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/georgechurch.jpg","path":"images/georgechurch.jpg","mimetype":"image/jpeg","filesize":55224,"width":800,"height":533,"caption":"Harvard geneticist George Church","crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":800,"height":450},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":800,"height":450},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":800,"height":450},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":800,"height":450}]}},"body":[{"type":"imageset","data":{"layout":"text-col","images":[{"id":426063,"type":"static image","url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/images/georgechurch.jpg","path":"images/georgechurch.jpg","crops":[{"size":"large","x":0,"y":0,"width":800,"height":533},{"size":"medium","x":0,"y":0,"width":800,"height":533},{"size":"small","x":0,"y":0,"width":800,"height":533},{"size":"tiny","x":0,"y":0,"width":800,"height":533}]}],"caption":"Harvard geneticist George Church","illustration":"Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University","title":""}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Cryptocurrency in exchange for your genetic data! Sounds a bit like a scam, but itâs the premise behind a new company founded by a leading geneticist. Nebula Genomics says it plans to sequence your genome for under $1,000, give you insights about it, secure it using a blockchain, and allow you to do whatever you want with the data.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Nebula is the brainchild of geneticist <a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/g/george-church/\" target=\"_blank\">George Church</a>, PhD student Dennis Grishin, and graduate Kamal Obbad, all from Harvard.&nbsp;Mirza Cifric, CEO of Veritas Genetics, which offers <a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600950/for-999-veritas-genetics-will-put-your-genome-on-a-smartphone-app/\" target=\"_blank\">a genome-sequencing service for $999</a>, is a founding advisor.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>When you pay to take a DNA testâthrough 23andMe, Helix, or Ancestry.com, for exampleâthe company that does the testing&nbsp;can sell your genetic data to third parties with your consent. But you don't get a cut of that profit. Nebula wants to sequence peopleâs entire genomes and let them own it, allowing them to earn digital money by sharing it.</p>"},{"type":"automated-trending","data":{"headline":"Recommended for You","size":"5","layout":"ordered"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>In a <a href=\"https://www.nebulagenomics.io/assets/documents/NEBULA_whitepaper_v4.51.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">white paper</a> released today, Church and his colleagues reason that pharma and biotech companies need large genomic data sets to develop new drugs. Companies typically buy this data from academic institutions or genetic testing companies like 23andMe, often for millions of dollars.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Nebula says it aims to eliminate the middleman so that people can sell their genomic data straight to drug companies and other data buyers.</p>"},{"type":"cta","data":{"layout":"left","template":"chain_letter"}},{"type":"html","data":"<p>âThe pitch to the average person is that youâre not just monetizing your genetic data,â says Obbad, one of Nebula's cofounders. âWeâre also going to provide you with insights, similar to what 23andMe and Ancestry.com do.â For example, Nebula will tell be able to tell you about your disease risks.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Obbad says biotech and pharma companies wonât actually be able to download data shared by owners, just borrow it. Data owners will remain anonymous, while buyers will have to be fully transparent about their identity. Genomic data and transaction records will be secured by a blockchainâ<a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/424091/what-bitcoin-is-and-why-it-matters/\" target=\"_blank\">the same technology behind cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin</a>.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Other startups, like EncrypGen, Luna DNA, and Zenome, say they are building platforms where people can sell their genetic information onlineâbut these services donât offer genome sequencing. People who want to get their genomes sequenced through Nebula will pay with Nebula tokens, which will also be used by researchers and companies wanting to acquire that data. Nebula hasnât yet determined how it will distribute tokens, or whether it will have <a href=\"https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608799/what-the-hell-is-an-initial-coin-offering/\" target=\"_blank\">an initial coin offering</a>.</p>"},{"type":"html","data":"<p>Obbad says Nebulaâs goal is to get the price of genome sequencing below $1,000 by working with biotech and pharma companies, which will subsidize a chunk of the cost. He says people will be able to join the platform sometime within the next few months.</p>"},{"type":"video","data":{"service":"ooyala","video_id":"U2NGx2YjE6YJDeiCMcD09Gjzvx4WuzZ7","caption":"Learn more about blockchains and their potential uses.","illustration":"","file":{"url":"https://player.ooyala.com/static/cacheable/81a5d1f8685c3118d6a8196cd04199ac/player_v2.swf?version=2&embedCode=U2NGx2YjE6YJDeiCMcD09Gjzvx4WuzZ7&videoPcode=FvbGkyOtJVFD33j_Rd0xPLSo0Jiv","secure_url":"https://player.ooyala.com/static/cacheable/81a5d1f8685c3118d6a8196cd04199ac/player_v2.swf?version=2&embedCode=U2NGx2YjE6YJDeiCMcD09Gjzvx4WuzZ7&videoPcode=FvbGkyOtJVFD33j_Rd0xPLSo0Jiv","type":"application/x-shockwave-flash"}}}],"title":"This new company wants to sequence your genome and let you share it on a blockchain","id":610221,"byline":[{"text":"Emily Mullin","slug":"emily-mullin","profile":{"name":"Emily Mullin","slug":"emily-mullin","url":"/profile/emily-mullin/","bio":"I am <i>MIT Technology Review</i>âs associate editor for biomedicine. I report from Washington, D.C., where I look for stories about how new technology is making us healthier and our medicine better. I am particularly interested in how these advances are affecting real people. Previously, I was a contributor at <i>Forbes</i>, and before that, an associate editor at FierceBiotech. Get in touch at <a href=\"mailto:emily.mullin@technologyreview.com\">emily.mullin@technologyreview.com</a>.","twitter_handle":"@emilylmullin","contributor":{"id":200796,"type":"editor","title":"Associate Editor, Biomedicine","avatar":{"id":409298,"url":"https://s3.amazonaws.com/files.technologyreview.com/p/pub/profiles/avatars/emily_mullinx1000.png","path":"profiles/avatars/emily_mullinx1000.png","mimetype":"image/png","width":1000,"height":1000}},"user":{"id":2034831,"username":"emily.mullin","email":"emily.mullin@technologyreview.com"}}}],"type":"article","dek":"People will be able to earn cryptocurrency in exchange for letting pharma companies use their data.","url":"/s/610221/this-new-company-wants-to-sequence-your-genome-and-let-you-share-it-on-a-blockchain/"}],"env":{"label":"prod","rhinoUrl":"https://cms.technologyreview.com","cdnHost":"https://cdn.technologyreview.com","originHost":"https://www.technologyreview.com"},"recaptchaSiteKey":"6Ld7EwoUAAAAAAsArADB7O-2iwPym46rsReGoEZd","url":"https://www.technologyreview.com/the-download/608790/houston-is-swarming-with-drones/","path":"/the-download/608790/houston-is-swarming-with-drones/","loginRedirectTo":"/the-download/608790/houston-is-swarming-with-drones/","debug":false};
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