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Twin megastorms have scientists fearing this may be the new normal
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A emergency operations committee official monitors the trajectory of Hurricane Irma in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
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Wed 6 Sep 2017 <span class="content__dateline-time">14.45 EDT</span>
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<p>One week after the record deluge in Texas, the biggest hurricane ever measured in the mid-Atlantic is tearing through the Caribbean.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/sep/06/hurricane-irma-caribbean-islands-category-5-storm" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline">Hurricane Irma, a category-five storm,</a> is destroying homes and threatening lives in the Leeward Islands with 185mph winds and 11ft coastal surges, and in the coming days it is forecast to hit Puerto Rico, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Cuba and Florida. The governor of Florida has already declared a state of emergency.<br tabindex="-1"></p>
<p>For Donald Trump, these twin megastorms are a source of awe. “Hurricane looks like largest ever recorded in the Atlantic!” he tweeted of Irma on Wednesday. “Even experts have said they’ve never seen one like this!” he posted of Harvey last week.</p>
<p>But for many scientists they are a worrying sign of a “new normal” in which extreme weather events become more intense as a result of manmade climate change. Rather than expressing astonishment, they say policymakers need to strengthen long-term countermeasures and act more effectively on reducing carbon emissions.<br></p>
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<p>“Even I as a climate scientist am startled to see another potentially devastating storm in this region so shortly after Harvey,” said Anders Levermann, of the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research. “Unfortunately, the physics are very clear: hurricanes get their destructive energy from ocean heat, and currently water surface temperatures in this region are very high.”<br></p>
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<p>Climatologists are careful to point out that rising greenhouse gas emissions are not the sole cause of hurricanes, which buffet the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico around this time every year. But there is strong evidence that warming temperatures and rising sea levels are increasing the destructive power of storms.</p>
<p>“Higher than average sea-surface temperatures are fuelling <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/hurricane-irma" data-link-name="auto-linked-tag" data-component="auto-linked-tag" class="u-underline">Hurricane Irma</a>, giving additional energy and moisture,” said Julian Heming, a hurricane expert at the Met Office. He said the impacts – intense rainfall, flash floods, extreme winds and a potentially lethal storm surge – would be felt far from the centre as Irma moves north-west.</p>
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<p>On Saint Barthélemy, Irma’s winds were measured at more than 150mph before they destroyed monitoring equipment in the island’s meteorological station. The US <a href="http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT1+shtml/051445.shtml" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline">National Hurricane Center</a> has said the “potentially catastrophic” storm could bring surges of up to 20ft along coasts in the southern Bahamas and Turks and Caicos Islands, and between five and 12 inches of rain in Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Haiti and Cuba.</p>
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<p>Whether Irma will reach <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/florida" data-link-name="auto-linked-tag" data-component="auto-linked-tag" class="u-underline">Florida</a> at its current level of intensity is uncertain. Since records began in 1851, only three category five hurricanes have made landfall in the US.</p>
<p>Following Harvey, which was a category four hurricane at its peak, a second major storm of this size in one season would be unprecedented, according to Weather Underground.</p>
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<p> <span>Related: </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2017/sep/06/hurricane-irma-caribbean-islands-category-5-storm" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline">Hurricane Irma: devastation as 'superstorm' hits Caribbean and heads for Florida – live</a> </p>
</aside>
<p>But historically unusual weather is no longer freakish. The floods that hit Houston last week were described as a once-in-500-years event because records suggested there was only a 0.2% chance of such heavy rainfall. However, precedent is an increasingly unreliable guide in a changing climate. In the past three years, Texas has been <a href="https://communityimpact.com/houston/tomball-magnolia/city-county/2017/03/02/cities-counties-take-steps-prepare-flood-season/" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline">hit by three 100- to 500-year events</a>, according to local media.</p>
<p>More could follow. The National Hurricane Center said on Wednesday it expected <a draggable="true" href="http://go.usa.gov/W3H" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline">Tropical Storm Jose</a>, which has formed east of the Antilles, to become a hurricane during the night. Its latest map also shows a third, smaller storm – Katia – in the Gulf of Mexico.</p>
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<p>The degree to which climate change affects the intensity of these weather events is being studied. But there is a <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/aug/29/how-did-climate-change-worsen-hurricane-harvey" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline">growing sense of urgency</a> for governments to reduce emissions and strengthen preparations for future disasters. </p>
<p>“These events offer wider lessons on how prepared we are for a warmer future. It is likely that rainfall events, in general, will become more extreme, as will heatwaves and droughts. So events like Irma and Harvey also help us understand if we are prepared for them and who will be most affected,” said Dann Mitchell, a research fellow at the University of Bristol’s Cabot Institute. </p>
<p>As well as better urban and emergency planning, he said, social policies would also play a part.</p>
<p>“Increasingly, the evidence is clear that the poorest, <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/mar/31/climate-change-poor-suffer-most-un-report" data-link-name="in body link" class="u-underline">being the most exposed to many climate risks</a> and often being the least protected, will be most affected. Addressing this inequality is at the heart of not just the climate change discussion but all discussions about how we become resilient to risk and hazards.”</p>
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<path d="M3 4H1L0 5v3l1 1h2l4 4h1V0H7L3 4zm11.7 2.5c0 2-.7 3.8-1.8 5.2l.4.4c1.6-1.3 2.6-3.3 2.6-5.6s-1-4.3-2.6-5.6l-.4.4c1.2 1.5 1.8 3.3 1.8 5.2m-3.7 0c0 1.1-.3 2.2-.9 3.1l.5.5c.8-1 1.4-2.2 1.4-3.6s-.6-2.6-1.5-3.5l-.5.5c.6.8 1 1.9 1 3"/>
</svg>
</span>
{{/isAudio}}
{{#isComment}}
<span class="inline-quote inline-icon fc-item__quote-icon">
<svg width="30" height="21" viewbox="0 0 30 21" class="fc-item__quote-icon__svg inline-quote__svg inline-icon__svg">
<path d="M29.8.4a313 313 0 0 0-2 20.6h-12A61 61 0 0 1 23.5.4h6.4zM14.1.4c-.9 6.7-1.7 13.4-2 20.6H0C1.3 13.8 3.7 7 7.5.4h6.6z"/>
</svg>
</span>
{{/isComment}}
</span>
{{headline}}
</h2>
{{#isComment}}
<div class="fc-item__byline">
{{byline}}
</div>
{{/isComment}}
</div>
<aside class="fc-item__meta">
<time class="fc-item__timestamp" data-relativeformat="short">
{{#showWebPublicationDate}}
<span class="inline-clock inline-icon ">
<svg width="11" height="11" viewbox="0 0 11 11" class="inline-clock__svg inline-icon__svg">
<path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"/>
</svg>
</span>
<span class="timestamp__text">
<span class="u-h">Published: </span>
{{webPublicationDate}}
</span>
{{/showWebPublicationDate}}
</time>
</aside>
</div>
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com{{url}}" class="fc-item__link">{{headline}}</a>
</div>
{{/headline}}
{{/content}}
</div>
{{/showContent}}
</template>
<div overflow class="cta cta--medium cta--show-more">
<span class="inline-plus inline-icon ">
<svg width="18" height="18" viewbox="0 0 18 18" class="inline-plus__svg inline-icon__svg">
<path d="M8.2 0h1.6l.4 7.8 7.8.4v1.6l-7.8.4-.4 7.8H8.2l-.4-7.8L0 9.8V8.2l7.8-.4.4-7.8z"/>
</svg>
</span>
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</amp-list>
<amp-list layout="fixed-height" height="184" src="https://amp.theguardian.com/container/count/3/offset/1/mf2.json" credentials="include" class="onward-list">
<template type="amp-mustache">
{{#showContent}}
<div class="fc-container__inner">
<div class="fc-container__header__title">
<span>{{displayName}}</span>
</div>
{{#description}}
<div class="fc-container__header__description">
{{description}}
</div>
{{/description}}
{{#content}}
{{#headline}}
<div class="fc-item {{toneClass}}">
<div class="fc-item__image-container">
<amp-img src="{{thumbnail}}" layout="fixed" width=126 height=75></amp-img>
</div>
<div class="fc-item__content">
<div class="fc-item__header">
<h2 class="fc-item__title">
<span>
{{#isVideo}}
<span class="inline-video-icon inline-icon fc-item__video-icon">
<svg width="36" height="23" viewbox="0 0 36 23" class="fc-item__video-icon__svg inline-video-icon__svg inline-icon__svg">
<path d="M3.2 0L0 3.3v16.4L3.3 23H22V0H3.2m30.4 1L25 9v5l8.6 8H36V1h-2.4"/>
</svg>
</span>
{{/isVideo}}
{{#isGallery}}
<span class="inline-camera inline-icon fc-item__camera-icon">
<svg width="18" height="13" viewbox="0 0 18 13" class="fc-item__camera-icon__svg inline-camera__svg inline-icon__svg">
<path d="M18 3.5v8L16.5 13h-15L0 11.5v-8L1.5 2H5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5L18 3.5zM9 11c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5S10.9 4 9 4 5.5 5.6 5.5 7.5 7.1 11 9 11z"/>
</svg>
</span>
{{/isGallery}}
{{#isAudio}}
<span class="inline-volume-high inline-icon ">
<svg width="16" height="13" viewbox="0 0 16 13" class="inline-volume-high__svg inline-icon__svg">
<path d="M3 4H1L0 5v3l1 1h2l4 4h1V0H7L3 4zm11.7 2.5c0 2-.7 3.8-1.8 5.2l.4.4c1.6-1.3 2.6-3.3 2.6-5.6s-1-4.3-2.6-5.6l-.4.4c1.2 1.5 1.8 3.3 1.8 5.2m-3.7 0c0 1.1-.3 2.2-.9 3.1l.5.5c.8-1 1.4-2.2 1.4-3.6s-.6-2.6-1.5-3.5l-.5.5c.6.8 1 1.9 1 3"/>
</svg>
</span>
{{/isAudio}}
{{#isComment}}
<span class="inline-quote inline-icon fc-item__quote-icon">
<svg width="30" height="21" viewbox="0 0 30 21" class="fc-item__quote-icon__svg inline-quote__svg inline-icon__svg">
<path d="M29.8.4a313 313 0 0 0-2 20.6h-12A61 61 0 0 1 23.5.4h6.4zM14.1.4c-.9 6.7-1.7 13.4-2 20.6H0C1.3 13.8 3.7 7 7.5.4h6.6z"/>
</svg>
</span>
{{/isComment}}
</span>
{{headline}}
</h2>
{{#isComment}}
<div class="fc-item__byline">
{{byline}}
</div>
{{/isComment}}
</div>
<aside class="fc-item__meta">
<time class="fc-item__timestamp" data-relativeformat="short">
{{#showWebPublicationDate}}
<span class="inline-clock inline-icon ">
<svg width="11" height="11" viewbox="0 0 11 11" class="inline-clock__svg inline-icon__svg">
<path d="M5.4 0C2.4 0 0 2.4 0 5.4s2.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4-2.4 5.4-5.4S8.4 0 5.4 0zm3 6.8H4.7V1.7h.7L6 5.4l2.4.6v.8z"/>
</svg>
</span>
<span class="timestamp__text">
<span class="u-h">Published: </span>
{{webPublicationDate}}
</span>
{{/showWebPublicationDate}}
</time>
</aside>
</div>
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com{{url}}" class="fc-item__link">{{headline}}</a>
</div>
{{/headline}}
{{/content}}
</div>
{{/showContent}}
</template>
<div overflow class="cta cta--medium cta--show-more">
<span class="inline-plus inline-icon ">
<svg width="18" height="18" viewbox="0 0 18 18" class="inline-plus__svg inline-icon__svg">
<path d="M8.2 0h1.6l.4 7.8 7.8.4v1.6l-7.8.4-.4 7.8H8.2l-.4-7.8L0 9.8V8.2l7.8-.4.4-7.8z"/>
</svg>
</span>
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