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			<div class="pre-content heading-holder"><ul id="page-actions" class="hlist "><li id="ca-edit" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-edit" title="Edit the lead section of this page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0">Edit this page</a></li><li id="ca-watch" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element watch-this-article"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Texas" title="Add this page to your watchlist [w]" accesskey="w"></a></li><li class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element mw-ui-icon-minerva-language-switcher language-selector" title="Read in another language"><a href="/wiki/Special:MobileLanguages/Texas">Read in another language</a></li></ul><h1 id="section_0">Texas</h1></div><div id="bodyContent" class="content"><div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the U.S. state. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Texas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Texas (disambiguation)">Texas (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p><b>Texas</b> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="nowrap"><small>locally</small> <span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i><span lang="es">Texas or Tejas</span></i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈtexas]</a></span>) is the second largest <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> by both <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">area</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">population</a>. Geographically located in the <a href="/wiki/South_Central_United_States" title="South Central United States">South Central region</a> of the country, Texas shares borders with the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> to the west, and the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Mexico" title="States of Mexico">Mexican states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a> to the southwest, while the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> is to the southeast.</p><table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em;width: 22em; font-size: 88%"><tr><th colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.2em; font-size: 1.2em; padding: 0.4em 0.8em 0.4em">State of Texas</th>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="maptable" style="text-align:center">
<table style="align:center;text-align:center;background: none; width:100%;"><tr><td style="width: 58%; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Texas.svg" class="image" title="Flag of Texas"><img alt="Flag of Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/125px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" width="125" height="83" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/188px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/250px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720"></a></td>
<td style="width: 42%; vertical-align: middle; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Texas.svg" class="image" title="State seal of Texas"><img alt="State seal of Texas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/85px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png" width="85" height="85" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/128px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/170px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="524"></a></td>
</tr><tr style="font-size: 90%;"><td style="width:58%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Texas" title="Flag of Texas">Flag</a></td>
<td style="width:42%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Texas" title="Seal of Texas">Seal</a></td>
</tr></table></td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_nicknames" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state nicknames">Nickname(s)</a>: <span class="nickname">The Lone Star State</span></td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto(s)</a>: Friendship</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">State song(s)</a>: "<span class="State anthem"><a href="/wiki/Texas,_Our_Texas" title="Texas, Our Texas">Texas, Our Texas</a></span>"</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="maptable" style="text-align:center">
<div class="center">
<div class="floatnone"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_in_United_States.svg" class="image" title="Map of the United States with Texas highlighted"><img alt="Map of the United States with Texas highlighted" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Texas_in_United_States.svg/250px-Texas_in_United_States.svg.png" width="250" height="155" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Texas_in_United_States.svg/375px-Texas_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Texas_in_United_States.svg/500px-Texas_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731"></a></div>
</div>
</td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Official language</a></th>
<td>No official language<br>
(see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Texas" title="Languages of Texas">Languages spoken in Texas</a>)</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Spoken languages</a></th>
<td>Predominantly <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>;<br><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> is spoken by a sizable minority<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Texan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Texan (disambiguation)">Texan</a><br><a href="/wiki/Texian" class="mw-redirect" title="Texian">Texian</a> (archaic)<br><a href="/wiki/Tejano" title="Tejano">Tejano</a> (Usually only used for Hispanics)</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capital</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states%27_largest_cities_by_population" title="List of U.S. states' largest cities by population">Largest city</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">Largest metro</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington Metroplex</a></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Area</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">Ranked 2nd</a></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Total</th>
<td>268,581<sup id="cite_ref-facts_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-2">[2]</a></sup> sq mi<br>
(696,241 km<sup>2</sup>)</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Width</th>
<td>773<sup id="cite_ref-environment_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-environment-3">[3]</a></sup> miles (1,244 km)</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Length</th>
<td>790 miles (1,270 km)</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • % water</th>
<td>2.5</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Latitude</th>
<td>25° 50′ N to 36° 30′ N</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Longitude</th>
<td>93° 31′ W to 106° 39′ W</td>
</tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Population</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by population">Ranked 2nd</a></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Total</th>
<td>28,304,596 (2017 est.)<sup id="cite_ref-PopHousingEst_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopHousingEst-4">[4]</a></sup></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by population density">Density</a></th>
<td>108/sq mi  (40.6/km<sup>2</sup>)<br><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by population density">Ranked 26th</a></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States#Income_by_state" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a></th>
<td>$56,473<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> (26th)</td>
</tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_elevation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by elevation">Elevation</a></th>
<td></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Highest point</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Peak" title="Guadalupe Peak">Guadalupe Peak</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NAVD88_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAVD88-8">[8]</a></sup><br>
8,751 ft (2667.4 m)</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Mean</th>
<td>1,700 ft  (520 m)</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • Lowest point</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a><sup id="cite_ref-USGS_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-7">[7]</a></sup><br>
Sea level</td>
</tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Before statehood</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to Union</a></th>
<td>December 29, 1845 (28th)</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Greg Abbott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">R</a>)</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Texas">Lieutenant Governor</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Dan_Patrick_(politician)" title="Dan Patrick (politician)">Dan Patrick</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas Legislature</a></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">Senate</a></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></td>
</tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Texas" title="List of United States Senators from Texas">U.S. Senators</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)<br><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">R</a>)</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House delegation</a></th>
<td>25 Republicans,<br>
11 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Texas" title="United States congressional delegations from Texas">list</a>)</td>
</tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_offsets_by_U.S._state" class="mw-redirect" title="List of time offsets by U.S. state">Time zones</a></th>
<td> </td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • most of state</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Time Zone (North America)">Central</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> <a href="/wiki/Central_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Standard Time">−6</a>/<a href="/wiki/Central_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Daylight Time">−5</a></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal"> • <a href="/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Texas" title="El Paso County, Texas">El Paso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hudspeth_County,_Texas" title="Hudspeth County, Texas">Hudspeth</a>, and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Culberson_County,_Texas" title="Culberson County, Texas">Culberson</a> counties</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Standard Time">−7</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Daylight Time">−6</a></td>
</tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"></td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:US" title="ISO 3166-2:US">US-TX</a></td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row">Abbreviations</th>
<td><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_abbreviations#Postal_codes" title="List of U.S. state abbreviations">TX</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_abbreviations#Current_use_of_traditional_abbreviations" title="List of U.S. state abbreviations">Tex.</a></td>
</tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Website</th>
<td><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texas.gov/">texas<wbr></wbr>.gov</a></span></td>
</tr></table><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:22em"><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap;"><span style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols" title="List of Texas state symbols">Texas state symbols</a></span></th>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="maptable" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Texas.svg" class="image"><img alt="Flag of Texas.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/250px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" width="250" height="167" class="thumbborder" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/375px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/500px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720"></a>
<div>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Texas" title="Flag of Texas">Flag of Texas</a></div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="maptable" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Texas.svg" class="image"><img alt="Seal of Texas.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/150px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png" width="150" height="150" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/225px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_Texas.svg/300px-Seal_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="524"></a>
<div>The <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Texas" title="Seal of Texas">Seal of Texas</a></div>
</td>
</tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Living insignia</th>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_birds" title="List of U.S. state birds">Bird</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Northern_mockingbird" title="Northern mockingbird">Northern mockingbird</a> (<i>Mimus polyglottos</i>)</td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_fish" title="List of U.S. state fish">Fish</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_bass" title="Guadalupe bass">Guadalupe bass</a> (<i>Micropterus treculii</i>)</td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state flowers">Flower</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Bluebonnet_(plant)" title="Bluebonnet (plant)">Bluebonnet</a> (<i>Lupinus</i> spp., namely Texas bluebonnet, <i>L. texensis</i>)</td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_insects" title="List of U.S. state insects">Insect</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">Monarch butterfly</a> (<i>Danaus plexippus</i>)</td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_mammals" title="List of U.S. state mammals">Mammal</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Texas_longhorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas longhorn">Texas longhorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nine-banded_armadillo" title="Nine-banded armadillo">nine-banded armadillo</a> (<i>Dasypus novemcinctus</i>)</td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state_reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. state reptiles">Reptile</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Texas_horned_lizard" title="Texas horned lizard">Texas horned lizard</a> (<i>Phrynosoma cornutum</i>)</td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state trees">Tree</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">Pecan</a> (<i>Carya illinoinensis</i>)</td>
</tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:#aaa 1px solid">Inanimate insignia</th>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_foods" title="List of U.S. state foods">Food</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Chili_con_carne" title="Chili con carne">Chili</a></td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_instruments" title="List of U.S. state instruments">Instrument</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a></td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_and_territory_mottos" title="List of U.S. state and territory mottos">Motto</a></th>
<td><i>Friendship</i></td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_shells" title="List of U.S. state shells">Shell</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Sinistrofulgur_perversum" title="Sinistrofulgur perversum">Lightning whelk</a> (<i>Busycon perversum pulleyi</i>)</td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_ships" title="List of U.S. state ships">Ship</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/USS_Texas_(BB-35)" title="USS Texas (BB-35)">USS <i>Texas</i></a></td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state,_district,_and_territorial_nicknames" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state, district, and territorial nicknames">Slogan</a></th>
<td><i>The Friendly State</i></td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils" title="List of U.S. state soils">Soil</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Houston_Black_(soil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Black (soil)">Houston Black</a></td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_songs" title="List of U.S. state songs">Song</a></th>
<td>"<a href="/wiki/Texas,_Our_Texas" title="Texas, Our Texas">Texas, Our Texas</a>"</td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_sports" title="List of U.S. state sports">Sport</a></th>
<td><a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></td>
</tr><tr><th scope="row">Other</th>
<td>Molecule: <a href="/wiki/Buckyball_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckyball (molecule)">Buckyball</a> (For more, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols" title="List of Texas state symbols">article</a>)</td>
</tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Numbered_highways_in_the_United_States#State_highways" title="Numbered highways in the United States">State route marker</a></th>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_6.svg" class="image" title="Texas state route marker"><img alt="Texas state route marker" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Texas_6.svg/85px-Texas_6.svg.png" width="85" height="85" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Texas_6.svg/128px-Texas_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Texas_6.svg/170px-Texas_6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="384"></a></td>
</tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/50_State_Quarters" title="50 State Quarters">State quarter</a></th>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:2004_TX_Proof.png" class="image" title="Texas quarter dollar coin"><img alt="Texas quarter dollar coin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/2004_TX_Proof.png/85px-2004_TX_Proof.png" width="85" height="85" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1110"></a>
<div>Released in 2004</div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:#aaa 1px solid"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_state_symbols" title="Lists of United States state symbols">Lists of United States state symbols</a></td>
</tr></table>
<p><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Texas_by_population" title="List of cities in Texas by population">most populous city</a> in Texas and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">fourth largest</a> in the U.S., while <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> is the second-most populous in the state and seventh largest in the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a> are the fourth and fifth largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Metropolitan Statistical Areas">metropolitan statistical areas</a> in the country, respectively. Other major cities include <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a>, the second-most populous <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">state capital</a> in the U.S., and <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>. Texas is nicknamed "The Lone Star State" to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the state's struggle for independence from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. The "Lone Star" can be found on the Texas state flag and on the Texan state seal.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The origin of Texas's name is from the word "Tejas," which means "friends" in the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup></p>
<p>Due to its size and geologic features such as the <a href="/wiki/Balcones_Fault" title="Balcones Fault">Balcones Fault</a>, Texas contains diverse <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">landscapes</a> common to both the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern regions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup> Although Texas is popularly associated with the U.S. <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_deserts" title="List of North American deserts">southwestern deserts</a>, less than 10% of Texas' land area is <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> Most of the population centers are located in areas of former <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piney_woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Piney woods">forests</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a>. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piney_woods" class="mw-redirect" title="Piney woods">piney woods</a>, to rolling plains and rugged hills, and finally the <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> and mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_(Texas)" title="Big Bend (Texas)">Big Bend</a>.</p>
<p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Six_flags_over_Texas" title="Six flags over Texas">six flags over Texas</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[note 1]</a></sup> refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">first European country to claim the area</a> of Texas. France held a <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">short-lived colony</a>. Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic</a>. In 1845,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup> Texas joined the union as the 28th state. The state's <a href="/wiki/Texas_Annexation" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Annexation">annexation</a> set off a chain of events that led to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> in 1846. A <a href="/wiki/Slave_and_free_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave and free states">slave state</a> before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Texas declared its secession from the U.S. in early 1861, and officially joined the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> on March 2 of the same year. After the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation.</p>
<p>Historically four major industries shaped the Texas economy prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>: cattle and bison, cotton, timber, and oil.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> Before and after the U.S. Civil War the cattle industry, which Texas came to dominate, was a major economic driver for the state, thus creating the traditional image of the Texas cowboy. In the later 19th century cotton and lumber grew to be major industries as the cattle industry became less lucrative. It was ultimately, though, the discovery of major <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> deposits (<a href="/wiki/Spindletop" title="Spindletop">Spindletop</a> in particular) that initiated an <a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">economic boom</a> which became the driving force behind the economy for much of the 20th century. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Texas" title="Economy of Texas">economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a> industry in the mid-20th century. As of 2015, it is second on the list of the most <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> companies with 54.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup> With a growing base of industry, the state leads in many industries, including agriculture, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemicals">petrochemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_industry" title="Energy industry">energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_industry" title="Computer industry">computers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">biomedical sciences</a>. Texas has led the nation in state export revenue since 2002, and has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by GDP">second-highest</a> <a href="/wiki/Gross_State_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross State Product">gross state product</a>. If it were a country, Texas would be the <a href="/wiki/Comparison_between_U.S._states_and_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="Comparison between U.S. states and countries by GDP (nominal)">10th largest economy in the world</a>.</p>
<p></p>
<div id="toc" class="toc-mobile"><h2>Contents</h2></div></div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(1)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2><div class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1">
<p>The name Texas, based on the <a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a> word <i>tejas</i> meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> themselves and to the region of their settlement in <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TribesofTexas_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribesofTexas-17">[16]</a></sup></p>
<p>During Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the <i>Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas</i> (English: New Kingdom of the Philippines: The Province of Texas).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup></p>
</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(2)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Geography">Geography</span></h2><div class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2">
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Texas" title="Geography of Texas">Geography of Texas</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg/250px-Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg" width="250" height="167" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1711" data-file-height="1140"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg/250px-Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn_Reservoir" title="Sam Rayburn Reservoir">Sam Rayburn Reservoir</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG/250px-Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG" width="250" height="188" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG/250px-Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Hill_Country_187N-2.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
<a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Texas Hill Country</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Texas is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_area" title="List of U.S. states and territories by area">second-largest</a> U.S. state, after <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, with an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km<sup>2</sup>). Though 10% <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">larger than France</a> and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_country_subdivisions_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the largest country subdivisions by area">country subdivisions by size</a>. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">40th largest</a> behind <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>.</p>
<p>Texas is in the <a href="/wiki/South_Central_United_States" title="South Central United States">south central</a> part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers. The <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> forms a natural border with the Mexican states of <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila" title="Coahuila">Coahuila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a> to the south. The <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a> forms a natural border with Oklahoma and Arkansas to the north. The <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas-Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabine River (Texas-Louisiana)">Sabine River</a> forms a natural border with Louisiana to the east. The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" title="Texas Panhandle">Texas Panhandle</a> has an eastern border with Oklahoma at <a href="/wiki/100th_meridian_west" title="100th meridian west">100° W</a>, a northern border with Oklahoma at <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%27_north" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel 36°30' north">36°30' N</a> and a western border with New Mexico at <a href="/wiki/103rd_meridian_west" title="103rd meridian west">103° W</a>. <a href="/wiki/El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="El Paso">El Paso</a> lies on the state's western tip at <a href="/wiki/32nd_parallel_north" title="32nd parallel north">32° N</a> and the Rio Grande.<sup id="cite_ref-comp1850_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comp1850-19">[18]</a></sup></p>
<p>With 10 <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">climatic regions</a>, 14 <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_soil_science" title="Agricultural soil science">soil regions</a> and 11 distinct <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecological regions</a>, regional classification becomes problematic with differences in soils, topography, geology, rainfall, and plant and animal communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Tx_eco_regions_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tx_eco_regions-20">[19]</a></sup> One classification system divides Texas, in order from southeast to west, into the following: <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coastal_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coastal Plains">Gulf Coastal Plains</a>, Interior Lowlands, <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, and Basin and Range Province.</p>
<p>The Gulf Coastal Plains region wraps around the Gulf of Mexico on the southeast section of the state. Vegetation in this region consists of thick piney woods. The Interior Lowlands region consists of gently rolling to hilly forested land and is part of a larger pine-hardwood forest.</p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:272px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Alan_Henry.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Lake_Alan_Henry.jpg/270px-Lake_Alan_Henry.jpg" width="270" height="208" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1153"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Lake_Alan_Henry.jpg/270px-Lake_Alan_Henry.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="270" data-height="208" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Lake_Alan_Henry" title="Lake Alan Henry">Lake Alan Henry</a></div>
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<a href="/wiki/Steinhagen_Reservoir" title="Steinhagen Reservoir">Steinhagen Reservoir</a></div>
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<p>The Great Plains region in central Texas is located in spans through the state's <a href="/wiki/Texas_Panhandle" title="Texas Panhandle">panhandle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a> to the state's <a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">hill country</a> near Austin. This region is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>. "Far West Texas" or the "<a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a>" region is the state's Basin and Range Province. The most varied of the regions, this area includes Sand Hills, the Stockton Plateau, desert valleys, wooded mountain slopes and desert grasslands.</p>
<p>Texas has 3,700 named streams and 15 major rivers,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> as the largest. Other major rivers include the <a href="/wiki/Pecos_River" title="Pecos River">Pecos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brazos_River" title="Brazos River">Brazos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_(Texas)" title="Colorado River (Texas)">Colorado</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a>. While Texas has few natural lakes, Texans have built over 100 <a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Texas" title="List of lakes in Texas">artificial reservoirs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></sup></p>
<p>The size and unique history of Texas make its regional affiliation debatable; it can be fairly considered a Southern or a Southwestern state, or both. The vast geographic, economic, and cultural diversity within the state itself prohibits easy categorization of the whole state into a <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">recognized region of the United States</a>. Notable extremes range from <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a> which is often considered an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Far West Texas</a> which is generally acknowledged to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">interior Southwest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Geology">Geology</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Texas" title="Geology of Texas">Geology of Texas</a></div>
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<a href="/wiki/Palo_Duro_Canyon" title="Palo Duro Canyon">Palo Duro Canyon</a></div>
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<a href="/wiki/Franklin_Mountains_State_Park" title="Franklin Mountains State Park">Franklin Mountains State Park</a></div>
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<a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park">Big Bend National Park</a></div>
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<p>Texas is the southernmost part of the Great Plains, which ends in the south against the folded <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Occidental" title="Sierra Madre Occidental">Sierra Madre Occidental</a> of Mexico. The <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a> forms a stable <a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">craton</a> which changes across a broad continental margin and transitional crust into true <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> of the Gulf of Mexico. The oldest rocks in Texas date from the Mesoproterozoic and are about 1,600 million years old.</p>
<p>These <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rocks</a> underlie most of the state, and are exposed in three places: <a href="/wiki/Llano,_Texas" title="Llano, Texas">Llano</a> uplift, <a href="/wiki/Van_Horn,_Texas" title="Van Horn, Texas">Van Horn</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Mountains_(Texas)" title="Franklin Mountains (Texas)">Franklin Mountains</a>, near El Paso. <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary rocks">Sedimentary rocks</a> overlay most of these ancient rocks. The oldest sediments were deposited on the flanks of a rifted continental margin, or <a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">passive margin</a> that developed during <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> time.</p>
<p>This margin existed until <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> collided in the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a> subperiod to form <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a>. This is the buried crest of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ouachita_Mountains" title="Ouachita Mountains">Ouachita Mountains</a> zone of Pennsylvanian <a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">continental collision</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenic</a> crest is today buried beneath the Dallas–<a href="/wiki/Waco,_Texas" title="Waco, Texas">Waco</a>—Austin–San Antonio trend.</p>
<p>The late <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> mountains collapsed as <a href="/wiki/Rifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifting">rifting</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period began to open the Gulf of Mexico. Pangea began to break up in the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">seafloor spreading</a> to form the Gulf of Mexico occurred only in the mid and <a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">late Jurassic</a>. The shoreline shifted again to the eastern margin of the state and the Gulf of Mexico passive margin began to form. Today 9 to 12 miles (14 to 19 km) of sediments are buried beneath the Texas continental shelf and a large proportion of remaining US <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> are located here. At the start of its formation, the incipient Gulf of Mexico basin was restricted and seawater often evaporated completely to form thick <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> deposits of Jurassic age. These salt deposits formed <a href="/wiki/Salt_dome" title="Salt dome">salt dome</a> <a href="/wiki/Diapir" title="Diapir">diapirs</a>, and are found in East Texas along the Gulf coast.<sup id="cite_ref-DiaperGrowth_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiaperGrowth-25">[24]</a></sup></p>
<p>East Texas outcrops consist of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> sediments which contain important deposits of <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>. The Mississippian and Pennsylvanian sediments in the north; Permian sediments in the west; and Cretaceous sediments in the east, along the Gulf coast and out on the Texas <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> contain oil. <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> rocks are found in far west Texas in the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Bend, Texas">Big Bend</a> area. A blanket of <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> sediments known as the <a href="/wiki/Ogallala_Aquifer" title="Ogallala Aquifer">Ogallala formation</a> in the western high plains region is an important <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogallala_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogallala-26">[25]</a></sup> Located far from an active <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tectonic">plate tectonic</a> boundary, Texas has no <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanoes">volcanoes</a> and few earthquakes.<sup id="cite_ref-earthquakes_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earthquakes-27">[26]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Wildlife">Wildlife</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Texas" title="List of mammals of Texas">List of mammals of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Texas" title="List of birds of Texas">List of birds of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_reptiles_of_Texas" title="List of reptiles of Texas">List of reptiles of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Texas" title="List of amphibians of Texas">List of amphibians of Texas</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_taxa_described_from_Texas&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="List of taxa described from Texas (page does not exist)">List of taxa described from Texas</a></div>
<p>A wide range of animals and insects live in Texas. It is the home to 65 species of mammals, 213 species of reptiles and amphibians, and the greatest diversity of bird life in the United States—590 native species in all.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a></sup> At least 12 species have been introduced and now reproduce freely in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></sup></p>
<p>Texas plays host to several species of wasps. Texas is one of the regions that has the highest abundance of <i><a href="/wiki/Polistes_exclamans" title="Polistes exclamans">Polistes exclamans</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Range_Extension_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Range_Extension-30">[29]</a></sup> Additionally, Texas has provided an important ground for the study of <i><a href="/wiki/Polistes_annularis" title="Polistes annularis">Polistes annularis</a></i>.</p>
<p>During the spring Texas <a href="/wiki/Wildflowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildflowers">wildflowers</a> such as the state flower, the <a href="/wiki/Lupinus_texensis" title="Lupinus texensis">bluebonnet</a>, line highways throughout Texas. During the Johnson Administration the first lady, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson" title="Lady Bird Johnson">Lady Bird Johnson</a>, worked to draw attention to Texas wildflowers.</p>
</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(3)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Climate">Climate</span></h2><div class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3">
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Texas" title="Climate of Texas">Climate of Texas</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TX_koppen.svg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/TX_koppen.svg/220px-TX_koppen.svg.png" width="220" height="277" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="1247"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 277px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/TX_koppen.svg/220px-TX_koppen.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="277" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/TX_koppen.svg/330px-TX_koppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/TX_koppen.svg/440px-TX_koppen.svg.png 2x" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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Köppen climate types in Texas</div>
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<p>The large size of Texas and its location at the intersection of multiple <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">climate zones</a> gives the state highly variable weather. The <a href="/wiki/Panhandle" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhandle">Panhandle</a> of the state has colder winters than North Texas, while the Gulf Coast has mild winters. Texas has wide variations in precipitation patterns. El Paso, on the western end of the state, averages 8.7 inches (220 mm) of annual rainfall,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></sup> while parts of southeast Texas average as much as 64 inches (1,600 mm) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a></sup> Dallas in the North Central region averages a more moderate 37 inches (940 mm) per year.</p>
<p>Snow falls multiple times each winter in the Panhandle and mountainous areas of West Texas, once or twice a year in North Texas, and once every few years in Central and East Texas. Snow falls south of San Antonio or on the coast in rare circumstances only. Of note is the <a href="/wiki/2004_Christmas_Eve_snowstorm" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm">2004 Christmas Eve snowstorm</a>, when 6 inches (150 mm) of snow fell as far south as <a href="/wiki/Kingsville,_Texas" title="Kingsville, Texas">Kingsville</a>, where the average high temperature in December is 65 °F.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a></sup></p>
<p>Maximum temperatures in the summer months average from the 80s °<a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">F</a> (26 °C) in the mountains of West Texas and on <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Island" title="Galveston Island">Galveston Island</a> to around 100 °F (38 °C) in the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley" title="Rio Grande Valley">Rio Grande Valley</a>, but most areas of Texas see consistent summer high temperatures in the 90 °F (32 °C) range.</p>
<p>Night-time summer temperatures range from the upper 50s °F (14 °C) in the West Texas mountains<sup id="cite_ref-weather2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather2-34">[33]</a></sup> to 80 °F (27 °C) in Galveston.<sup id="cite_ref-weather3_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weather3-35">[34]</a></sup></p>
<p>The table below consists of averages for August (generally the warmest month) and January (generally the coldest) in selected cities in various regions of the state. El Paso and Amarillo are exceptions with July and December respectively being the warmest and coldest months respectively, but with August and January only being narrowly different.</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"><caption>Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Texas<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_climate_averages_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas_climate_averages-36">[35]</a></sup></caption>
<tr><th>Location</th>
<th>August (°F)</th>
<th>August (°C)</th>
<th>January (°F)</th>
<th>January (°C)</th>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston</a></td>
<td>94/75</td>
<td>34/24</td>
<td>63/42</td>
<td>17/6</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio</a></td>
<td>96/74</td>
<td>35/23</td>
<td>63/40</td>
<td>17/5</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Dallas,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas, Texas">Dallas</a></td>
<td>96/77</td>
<td>36/25</td>
<td>57/37</td>
<td>16/3</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></td>
<td>97/74</td>
<td>36/23</td>
<td>61/45</td>
<td>16/5</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></td>
<td>92/67</td>
<td>33/21</td>
<td>57/32</td>
<td>14/0</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Laredo,_Texas" title="Laredo, Texas">Laredo</a></td>
<td>100/77</td>
<td>37/25</td>
<td>67/46</td>
<td>19/7</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas" title="Amarillo, Texas">Amarillo</a></td>
<td>89/64</td>
<td>32/18</td>
<td>50/23</td>
<td>10/–4</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville</a></td>
<td>94/76</td>
<td>34/24</td>
<td>70/51</td>
<td>21/11</td>
</tr></table><h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Storms">Storms</span></h3>
<p><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorms</a> strike Texas often, especially the eastern and northern portions of the state. <a href="/wiki/Tornado_Alley" title="Tornado Alley">Tornado Alley</a> covers the northern section of Texas. The state experiences the most <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a> in the United States, an average of 139 a year. These strike most frequently in North Texas and the Panhandle.<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_average_number_of_tornadoes_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_average_number_of_tornadoes-37">[36]</a></sup> Tornadoes in Texas generally occur in the months of April, May, and June.<sup id="cite_ref-TexasWeather_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexasWeather-38">[37]</a></sup></p>
<p>Some of the most destructive hurricanes in U.S. history have impacted Texas. A hurricane in 1875 killed about 400 people in <a href="/wiki/Indianola,_Texas" title="Indianola, Texas">Indianola</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/1886_Indianola_hurricane" title="1886 Indianola hurricane">another hurricane</a> in 1886 that destroyed the town. These events allowed <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a> to take over as the chief port city. The <a href="/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane" title="1900 Galveston hurricane">1900 Galveston hurricane</a> subsequently devastated that city, killing about 8,000 people or possibly as many as 12,000. This makes it the deadliest <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a> in U.S. history.<sup id="cite_ref-deadhurr_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadhurr-39">[38]</a></sup> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Harvey" title="Hurricane Harvey">Hurricane Harvey</a> made landfall in <a href="/wiki/Rockport,_Texas" title="Rockport, Texas">Rockport</a> as a Category 4 Hurricane, causing significant damage there. The storm stalled over land for a very long time, allowing it to drop unprecedented amounts of rain over the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Greater Houston</a> area and surrounding counties. The result was widespread and catastrophic flooding that inundated hundreds of thousands of homes. Harvey ultimately became the costliest hurricane worldwide, causing an estimated $198.6 billion in damage, surpassing the cost of <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198billion_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198billion-40">[39]</a></sup></p>
<p>Other devastating Texas hurricanes include the <a href="/wiki/1915_Galveston_hurricane" title="1915 Galveston hurricane">1915 Galveston hurricane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Audrey" title="Hurricane Audrey">Hurricane Audrey</a> in 1957 which killed over 600 people, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Carla" title="Hurricane Carla">Hurricane Carla</a> in 1961, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Beulah" title="Hurricane Beulah">Hurricane Beulah</a> in 1967, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Alicia" title="Hurricane Alicia">Hurricane Alicia</a> in 1983, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Rita" title="Hurricane Rita">Hurricane Rita</a> in 2005, and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ike" title="Hurricane Ike">Hurricane Ike</a> in 2008. <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical storms</a> have also caused their share of damage: <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Allison_(1989)" title="Tropical Storm Allison (1989)">Allison</a> in 1989 and again <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Allison" title="Tropical Storm Allison">during 2001</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Claudette_(1979)" title="Tropical Storm Claudette (1979)">Claudette</a> in 1979 among them.</p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Greenhouse_gases">Greenhouse gases</span></h3>
<p>Texas emits the most <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a> in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-GH1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH1-41">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GH2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH2-42">[41]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GH3_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH3-43">[42]</a></sup> The state emits nearly 1.5 trillion pounds (680 billion kg) of carbon dioxide annually. As an independent nation, Texas would rank as the world's seventh-largest producer of greenhouse gases.<sup id="cite_ref-GH2_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH2-42">[41]</a></sup> Causes of the state's vast greenhouse gas emissions include the state's large number of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel power plant">coal power plants</a> and the state's refining and manufacturing industries.<sup id="cite_ref-GH2_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH2-42">[41]</a></sup> In 2010, there were 2,553 "emission events" which poured 44.6 million pounds of contaminants into the Texas sky.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a></sup></p>
</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(4)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><div class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4">
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History of Texas</a></div>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Pre-European_era">Pre-European era</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian Mexico</a></div>
<p>Texas lies between two major cultural spheres of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian North America">Pre-Columbian North America</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern tribes">Southwestern</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains</a> areas. <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">Archaeologists</a> have found that three major indigenous cultures lived in this territory, and reached their developmental peak before the first European contact. These were:<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-45">[44]</a></sup></p>
<ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pueblo_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Pueblo Peoples">Pueblo</a> from the upper <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> region, centered west of Texas;</li>
<li>the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a>, which extended along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi River Valley">Mississippi River Valley</a> east of Texas; and</li>
<li>the civilizations of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, centered south of Texas. Influence of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> in northern Mexico peaked around AD 500 and declined over the 8th to 10th centuries.</li>
</ul><p>No culture was dominant in the present-day Texas region, and many peoples inhabited the area.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson-45">[44]</a></sup> Native American tribes that lived inside the boundaries of present-day Texas include the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_people" title="Alabama people">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atakapa" title="Atakapa">Atakapan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidai" title="Bidai">Bidai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan_people" title="Coahuiltecan people">Coahuiltecan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coushatta" title="Coushatta">Coushatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Hasinai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jumano_people" title="Jumano people">Jumano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karankawa_people" title="Karankawa people">Karankawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nativeamericans_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nativeamericans-47">[46]</a></sup> The name <i><b>Texas</b></i> derives from <i>táyshaʔ</i>, a word in the <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan language</a> of the <i>Hasinai</i>, which means "friends" or "allies".<sup id="cite_ref-facts_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TribesofTexas_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TribesofTexas-17">[16]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-etymology_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-49">[48]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WChafe_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WChafe-50">[49]</a></sup></p>
<p>Whether a Native American tribe was friendly or warlike was critical to the fates of European explorers and <a href="/wiki/Settler" title="Settler">settlers</a> in that land.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></sup> Friendly tribes taught newcomers how to grow indigenous crops, prepare foods, and hunt <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">wild game</a>. Warlike tribes made life difficult and dangerous for Europeans through their attacks and resistance to the newcomers.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Colonization">Colonization</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">French colonization of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:262px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_Flags_over_Texas.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Six_Flags_over_Texas.jpg/260px-Six_Flags_over_Texas.jpg" width="260" height="186" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3259" data-file-height="2328"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Six_Flags_over_Texas.jpg/260px-Six_Flags_over_Texas.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="260" data-height="186" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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Flags of the <a href="/wiki/Six_flags_over_Texas" title="Six flags over Texas">six nations</a> that have had sovereignty over some or all of the current territory of Texas</div>
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<p>The first historical document related to Texas was a map of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a>, created in 1519 by Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Alonso_%C3%81lvarez_de_Pineda" title="Alonso Álvarez de Pineda">Alonso Álvarez de Pineda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman243_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman243-53">[52]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weber34_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber34-54">[53]</a></sup> Nine years later, shipwrecked Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a> and his cohort became the first Europeans in what is now Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-CVaca_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CVaca-55">[54]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SpanishT_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpanishT-56">[55]</a></sup> Cabeza de Vaca reported that in 1528, when the Spanish landed in the area, "half the natives died from a disease of the bowels and blamed us."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></sup> Cabeza de Vaca also made observations about the way of life of the Ignaces Natives of Texas: "They went about with a firebrand, setting fire to the plains and timber so as to drive off the mosquitos, and also to get lizards and similar things which they eat, to come out of the soil. In the same manner they kill deer, encircling them with fires, and they do it also to deprive the animals of pasture, compelling them to go for food where the Indians want."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a> describes his 1541 encounter with "Two kinds of people travel around these plains with the cows; one is called <a href="/wiki/Querecho_Indians" title="Querecho Indians">Querechos</a> and the others <a href="/wiki/Teyas_Indians" title="Teyas Indians">Teyas</a>; they are very well built, and painted, and are enemies of each other. They have no other settlement or location than comes from traveling around with the cows. They kill all of these they wish, and tan the hides, with which they clothe themselves and make their tents, and they eat the flesh, sometimes even raw, and they also even drink the blood when thirsty. The tents they make are like field tents, and they set them up over some poles they have made for this purpose, which come together and are tied at the top, and when they go from one place to another they carry them on some dogs they have, of which they have many, and they load them with the tents and poles and other things, for the country is so level, as I said, that they can make use of these, because they carry the poles dragging along on the ground. The sun is what they worship most."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></sup></p>
<p>European powers ignored the area until accidentally settling there in 1685. Miscalculations by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier_de_La_Salle" class="mw-redirect" title="René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle</a> resulted in his establishing the colony of <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">Fort Saint Louis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Matagorda_Bay" title="Matagorda Bay">Matagorda Bay</a> rather than along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weber149_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber149-60">[59]</a></sup> The colony lasted only four years before succumbing to harsh conditions and hostile natives.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman83_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman83-61">[60]</a></sup></p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Texas_1718.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_of_Texas_1718.jpg/240px-Map_of_Texas_1718.jpg" width="240" height="198" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 198px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Map_of_Texas_1718.jpg/240px-Map_of_Texas_1718.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="240" data-height="198" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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A 1718 map of Texas by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_L%27Isle" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume de L'Isle">Guillaume de L'Isle</a>. Approximate state area highlighted, northern areas indefinite.</div>
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<p>In 1690 Spanish authorities, concerned that France posed competitive threat, constructed several <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">missions</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman89_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman89-62">[61]</a></sup> After Native American resistance, the Spanish missionaries returned to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-weber155_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber155-63">[62]</a></sup> When France began settling <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a>, mostly in the southern part of the state, in 1716 Spanish authorities responded by founding a new series of missions in East Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman111and2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman111and2-64">[63]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-weber160_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber160-65">[64]</a></sup> Two years later, they created <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a> as the first Spanish civilian settlement in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-weber163_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber163-66">[65]</a></sup></p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LaFora_1771_2.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/LaFora_1771_2.jpg/290px-LaFora_1771_2.jpg" width="290" height="181" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/LaFora_1771_2.jpg/290px-LaFora_1771_2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="290" data-height="181" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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Nicolas de La Fora's 1771 map of the northern frontier of New Spain clearly shows the Provincia de los Tejas.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a></sup></div>
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<p>Hostile native tribes and distance from nearby Spanish colonies discouraged settlers from moving to the area. It was one of New Spain's least populated provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman205_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman205-68">[67]</a></sup> In 1749, the Spanish peace treaty with the <a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipan Apache</a><sup id="cite_ref-weber193_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber193-69">[68]</a></sup> angered many tribes, including the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hasinai" title="Hasinai">Hasinai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weber189_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber189-70">[69]</a></sup> The Comanche signed a treaty with Spain in 1785<sup id="cite_ref-weddle163_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle163-71">[70]</a></sup> and later helped to defeat the Lipan Apache and <a href="/wiki/Karankawa_people" title="Karankawa people">Karankawa</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-weddle164_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weddle164-72">[71]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chipman200_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman200-73">[72]</a></sup> With more numerous missions being established, priests led a peaceful conversion of most tribes. By the end of the 18th century only a few <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> tribes had not converted to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-chipman202_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chipman202-74">[73]</a></sup></p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_f_austin.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stephen_f_austin.jpg/180px-Stephen_f_austin.jpg" width="180" height="214" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1207"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stephen_f_austin.jpg/180px-Stephen_f_austin.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="180" data-height="214" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin" title="Stephen F. Austin">Stephen F. Austin</a> was the first American <i><a href="/wiki/Empresario" title="Empresario">empresario</a></i> given permission to operate a colony within <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a>.</div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_1824_(equirectangular_projection).png" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png/290px-Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png" width="290" height="217" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1047"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png/290px-Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png" data-alt="" data-width="290" data-height="217" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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Mexico in 1824. <a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a> is the northeastern-most state.</div>
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<p>When the United States <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">purchased Louisiana</a> from France in 1803, American authorities insisted that the agreement also included Texas. The boundary between New Spain and the United States was finally set at the <a href="/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas%E2%80%93Louisiana)" title="Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)">Sabine River</a> in 1819, at what is now the border between Texas and Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-weber291to9_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber291to9-75">[74]</a></sup> Eager for new land, many United States settlers refused to recognize the agreement. Several <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">filibusters</a> raised armies to invade the area west of the Sabine River.<sup id="cite_ref-davis46_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis46-76">[75]</a></sup> In 1821, the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> included the Texas territory, which became part of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-weber300_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weber300-77">[76]</a></sup> Due to its low population, Mexico made the area part of the state of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-manchaca162_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manchaca162-78">[77]</a></sup></p>
<p>Hoping that more settlers would reduce the near-constant Comanche raids, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a> liberalized its immigration policies to permit immigrants from outside Mexico and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-manchaca164_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manchaca164-79">[78]</a></sup> Under the Mexican immigration system, large swathes of land were allotted to <i><a href="/wiki/Empresario" title="Empresario">empresarios</a></i>, who recruited settlers from the United States, Europe, and the Mexican interior. The first grant, to <a href="/wiki/Moses_Austin" title="Moses Austin">Moses Austin</a>, was passed to his son <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin" title="Stephen F. Austin">Stephen F. Austin</a> after his death.</p>
<p>Austin's settlers, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Three_Hundred" title="Old Three Hundred">Old Three Hundred</a>, made places along the <a href="/wiki/Brazos_River" title="Brazos River">Brazos River</a> in 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-manchaca198_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manchaca198-80">[79]</a></sup> Twenty-three other empresarios brought settlers to the state, the majority of whom were from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-manchaca198_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manchaca198-80">[79]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a></sup> The population of Texas grew rapidly. In 1825, Texas had about 3,500 people, with most of Mexican descent.<sup id="cite_ref-edmondson75_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmondson75-82">[81]</a></sup> By 1834, the population had grown to about 37,800 people, with only 7,800 of Mexican descent.<sup id="cite_ref-manchaca201and172_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-manchaca201and172-83">[82]</a></sup> Most of these early settlers who arrived with Austin and soon after were persons less than fortunate in life, as Texas was devoid of the comforts found elsewhere in Mexico and the United States during that time period. Early Texas settler David B. Edwards described his fellow Texans as being "banished from the pleasures of life."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a></sup></p>
<p>Many immigrants openly flouted Mexican law, especially the prohibition against <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>. Combined with United States' attempts to purchase Texas, Mexican authorities decided in 1830 to prohibit continued immigration from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-edmondson78_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmondson78-85">[84]</a></sup> New laws also called for the enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" title="Duty (economics)">customs duties</a> angering both native Mexican citizens (<i><a href="/wiki/Tejano" title="Tejano">Tejanos</a></i>) and recent immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-davis77_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis77-86">[85]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Anahuac_Disturbances" title="Anahuac Disturbances">Anahuac Disturbances</a> in 1832 were the first open revolt against Mexican rule and they coincided with a revolt in Mexico against the nation's president.<sup id="cite_ref-davis85_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis85-87">[86]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Texian" class="mw-redirect" title="Texian">Texians</a> sided with the <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalists</a> against the current government and drove all Mexican soldiers out of East Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-davis86to89_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis86to89-88">[87]</a></sup> They took advantage of the lack of oversight to agitate for more political freedom. Texians met at the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1832" title="Convention of 1832">Convention of 1832</a> to discuss requesting independent statehood, among other issues.<sup id="cite_ref-davis92_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis92-89">[88]</a></sup> The following year, Texians reiterated their demands at the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1833" title="Convention of 1833">Convention of 1833</a>.</p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Republic">Republic</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></div>
<p>Within Mexico, tensions continued between federalists and centralists. In early 1835, wary <a href="/wiki/Texians" title="Texians">Texians</a> formed Committees of Correspondence and Safety.<sup id="cite_ref-huson4_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huson4-90">[89]</a></sup> The unrest erupted into armed conflict in late 1835 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gonzales" title="Battle of Gonzales">Battle of Gonzales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hardin12_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardin12-91">[90]</a></sup> This launched the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a>, and over the next two months, the Texians defeated all Mexican troops in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-barr64_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barr64-92">[91]</a></sup> Texians elected delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Consultation_(Texas)" title="Consultation (Texas)">Consultation</a>, which created a provisional government.<sup id="cite_ref-winders72_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winders72-93">[92]</a></sup> The provisional government soon collapsed from infighting, and Texas was without clear governance for the first two months of 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-winders90and92_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-winders90and92-94">[93]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hardin109_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardin109-95">[94]</a></sup></p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:332px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg/330px-SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg" width="330" height="189" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="587"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 189px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg/330px-SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="330" data-height="189" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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William Henry Huddle: <i>Surrender of Santa Anna</i> (1886; <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Capitol" title="Texas State Capitol">Texas State Capitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin">Austin</a>)</div>
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<p>During this time of political turmoil, Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> personally led an army to end the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-hardin102_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardin102-96">[95]</a></sup> The Mexican expedition was initially successful. General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Urrea" title="José de Urrea">José de Urrea</a> defeated all the Texian resistance along the coast culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Goliad_massacre" title="Goliad massacre">Goliad massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-97">[96]</a></sup> Santa Anna's forces, after a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Alamo" title="Siege of the Alamo">thirteen-day siege</a>, overwhelmed Texian defenders at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a>. News of the defeats sparked panic amongst Texas settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-todish68_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-todish68-98">[97]</a></sup></p>
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The present-day outlines of the U.S. states superimposed on the boundaries of the 1836–1845 <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a></div>
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<p>The newly elected Texian delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1836" title="Convention of 1836">Convention of 1836</a> quickly signed a <a href="/wiki/Texas_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Texas Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> on March 2, forming the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>. After electing interim officers, the Convention disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-roberts144_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roberts144-99">[98]</a></sup> The new government joined the other settlers in Texas in the <a href="/wiki/Runaway_Scrape" title="Runaway Scrape">Runaway Scrape</a>, fleeing from the approaching Mexican army.<sup id="cite_ref-todish68_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-todish68-98">[97]</a></sup> After several weeks of retreat, the <a href="/wiki/Texian_Army" title="Texian Army">Texian Army</a> commanded by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> attacked and defeated Santa Anna's forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-todish69_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-todish69-100">[99]</a></sup> Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Velasco" title="Treaties of Velasco">Treaties of Velasco</a>, ending the war.<sup id="cite_ref-todish70_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-todish70-101">[100]</a></sup></p>
<p>While Texas had won its independence, political battles raged between two factions of the new Republic. The nationalist faction, led by <a href="/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar" title="Mirabeau B. Lamar">Mirabeau B. Lamar</a>, advocated the continued independence of Texas, the expulsion of the Native Americans, and the expansion of the Republic to the Pacific Ocean. Their opponents, led by Sam Houston, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States and peaceful co-existence with Native Americans. The conflict between the factions was typified by an incident known as the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Archive_War" title="Texas Archive War">Texas Archive War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-archivewar_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archivewar-102">[101]</a></sup></p>
<p>Mexico launched two small expeditions into Texas in 1842. The town of San Antonio was captured twice and Texans were defeated in battle in the <a href="/wiki/Dawson_massacre" title="Dawson massacre">Dawson massacre</a>. Despite these successes, Mexico did not keep an occupying force in Texas, and the republic survived.<sup id="cite_ref-Calvert_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calvert-103">[102]</a></sup> The republic's inability to defend itself added momentum to Texas's eventual annexation into the United States.</p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Statehood">Statehood</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></div>
<p>As early as 1837, the Republic made several attempts to negotiate <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexation</a> with the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a></sup> Opposition within the republic from the nationalist faction, along with strong <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> opposition within the United States, slowed Texas's admission into the Union. Texas was finally <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexed</a> when the expansionist <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> won the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1844" title="United States presidential election, 1844">election of 1844</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></sup> On December 29, 1845, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> admitted Texas to the U.S. as a constituent state of the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-TAnnexation_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAnnexation-106">[105]</a></sup></p>
<p>The population of the new state was quite small at first and there was a strong mix between the English-speaking American settlers that dominated in the eastern/northeastern portions of the state and the Spanish-speaking former Mexicans that dominated in the southern and western portions of the state. Statehood brought many new settlers. Because of the long Spanish presence in Mexico and various failed colonization efforts by the Spanish and Mexicans in northern Mexico, there were large herds of <a href="/wiki/Texas_Longhorn" title="Texas Longhorn">Longhorn cattle</a> that roamed the state. Hardy by nature but also suitable for slaughtering and consumption, they represented an economic opportunity that many entrepreneurs seized upon, thus creating the cowboy culture for which Texas is famous. While in the early days of the republic cattle and bison were slaughtered for their hides, soon a beef industry was established with cattle being shipped all over the U.S. and the Caribbean (within a few decades, beef had become a staple of the American diet).</p>
<p>After Texas's annexation, Mexico broke diplomatic relations with the United States. While the United States claimed that Texas's border stretched to the Rio Grande, Mexico claimed it was the <a href="/wiki/Nueces_River" title="Nueces River">Nueces River</a>. While the former Republic of Texas could not enforce its border claims, the United States had the military strength and the political will to do so. President Polk ordered General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> south to the Rio Grande on January 13, 1846. A few months later Mexican troops routed an American cavalry patrol in the disputed area in the <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Affair" title="Thornton Affair">Thornton Affair</a> starting the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. The first battles of the war were fought in Texas: the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Texas" title="Siege of Fort Texas">Siege of Fort Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Alto" title="Battle of Palo Alto">Battle of Palo Alto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Battle of Resaca de la Palma</a>. After these decisive victories, the United States invaded Mexican territory ending the fighting in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Mwar_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mwar-107">[106]</a></sup></p>
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Proposals of 1850 for Texas northwestern boundary</div>
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<p>After a series of United States victories, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> ended the two-year war. In return, for US$18,250,000, Mexico gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, ceded the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a> in 1848, most of which today is called the American Southwest, and Texas's borders were established at the Rio Grande.<sup id="cite_ref-Mwar_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mwar-107">[106]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a> set Texas's boundaries at their present form. U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/James_Pearce" title="James Pearce">James Pearce</a> of Maryland drafted the final proposal<sup id="cite_ref-comp1850_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comp1850-19">[18]</a></sup> where Texas ceded its claims to land which later became half of present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, a third of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, and small portions of <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> to the federal government, in return for the assumption of $10 million of the old republic's debt.<sup id="cite_ref-comp1850_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comp1850-19">[18]</a></sup> Post-war Texas grew rapidly as migrants poured into the cotton lands of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-CCulture_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCulture-108">[107]</a></sup></p>
<p>They also brought or purchased enslaved African Americans, whose numbers tripled in the state from 1850 to 1860, from 58,000 to 182,566.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span id="Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_.281860.E2.80.931900.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Civil_War_and_Reconstruction_(1860–1900)">Civil War and Reconstruction (1860–1900)</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas in the American Civil War</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Glory_to_the_defeated_-_dignified_resignation.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Glory_to_the_defeated_-_dignified_resignation.jpg/170px-Glory_to_the_defeated_-_dignified_resignation.jpg" width="170" height="274" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="3072"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 274px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Glory_to_the_defeated_-_dignified_resignation.jpg/170px-Glory_to_the_defeated_-_dignified_resignation.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="274" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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Civil war monument in <a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston, Texas</a></div>
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<p>Texas was at war again after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1860" title="United States presidential election, 1860">election of 1860</a>. At this time, blacks comprised 30 percent of the state's population, and they were overwhelmingly enslaved.<sup id="cite_ref-HTO_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTO-110">[109]</a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> was elected, South Carolina seceded from the Union. Five other <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Lower South states</a> quickly followed. A State Convention considering secession opened in Austin on January 28, 1861. On February 1, by a vote of 166–8, the Convention adopted an <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Secession" title="Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance of Secession</a> from the United States. Texas voters approved this Ordinance on February 23, 1861. Texas joined the newly created Confederate States of America on March 4, 1861 ratifying the permanent <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Constitution" title="Confederate States Constitution">C.S. Constitution</a> on March 23.<sup id="cite_ref-facts_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facts-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SecessionConvention_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecessionConvention-111">[110]</a></sup></p>
<p>Not all Texans favored secession initially, although many of the same would later support the Southern cause. Texas's most notable <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Unionist</a> was the state Governor, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a>. Not wanting to aggravate the situation, Houston refused two offers from President Lincoln for Union troops to keep him in office. After refusing to swear an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, Houston was deposed as governor.<sup id="cite_ref-SamHoustonHB_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SamHoustonHB-112">[111]</a></sup></p>
<p>While far from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">major battlefields</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, Texas contributed large numbers of men and equipment to the rest of the Confederacy.<sup id="cite_ref-CivilwarHB_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CivilwarHB-113">[112]</a></sup> Union troops briefly <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Galveston">occupied</a> the state's primary port, Galveston. Texas's border with Mexico was known as the "backdoor of the Confederacy" because trade occurred at the border, bypassing the Union blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-FederalWriter_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FederalWriter-114">[113]</a></sup> The Confederacy repulsed all Union attempts to shut down this route,<sup id="cite_ref-CivilwarHB_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CivilwarHB-113">[112]</a></sup> but Texas's role as a supply state was marginalized in mid-1863 after the Union capture of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palmito_Ranch" title="Battle of Palmito Ranch">final battle of the Civil War</a> was fought near Brownsville, Texas at <a href="/wiki/Palmito_Ranch_Battlefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmito Ranch Battlefield">Palmito Ranch</a><sup id="cite_ref-BattlePR_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BattlePR-115">[114]</a></sup> with a Confederate victory.</p>
<p>Texas descended into anarchy for two months between the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Courthouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Appomattox Courthouse">surrender</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> and the assumption of authority by Union General <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Granger" title="Gordon Granger">Gordon Granger</a>. Violence marked the early months of <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CivilwarHB_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CivilwarHB-113">[112]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a> commemorates the announcement of the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> in Galveston by General Gordon Granger, almost two and a half years after the original announcement.<sup id="cite_ref-BarriersVoting_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarriersVoting-116">[115]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Juneteenth_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juneteenth-117">[116]</a></sup> President Johnson, in 1866, declared the civilian government restored in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-readmission_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readmission-118">[117]</a></sup> Despite not meeting reconstruction requirements, Congress resumed allowing elected Texas representatives into the federal government in 1870. Social volatility continued as the state struggled with agricultural depression and labor issues.<sup id="cite_ref-restoration_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-restoration-119">[118]</a></sup></p>
<p>Like most of the South, the Texas economy was devastated by the War. However, since the state had not been as dependent on slaves as other parts of the South it was able to recover more quickly. The culture in Texas during the later 19th century exhibited many facets of a frontier territory. The state became notorious as a haven for people from other parts of the country who wanted to escape debt, criminal prosecution, or other problems. Indeed, "Gone to Texas" was a common expression for those fleeing the law in other states. Nevertheless, the state also attracted many businessmen and other settlers with more legitimate interests as well.</p>
<p>The cattle industry continued to thrive though it gradually became less profitable. Cotton and lumber became major industries creating new economic booms in various regions of the state. Railroad networks grew rapidly as did the port at Galveston as commerce between Texas and the rest of the U.S. (and the rest of the world) expanded. As with some other states before, the lumber industry quickly decimated the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas_forests" title="History of Texas forests">forests of Texas</a> such that by the early 20th century the major of the forest population in Texas was gone (later conservation efforts restored some of it but never to the level it once was).</p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Earlier_20th_century">Earlier 20th century</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucas_gusher.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lucas_gusher.jpg/170px-Lucas_gusher.jpg" width="170" height="202" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 202px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Lucas_gusher.jpg/170px-Lucas_gusher.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="202" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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Spindletop, the first major oil gusher</div>
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<p>In 1900, Texas suffered the deadliest natural disaster in U.S. history during the <a href="/wiki/1900_Galveston_hurricane" title="1900 Galveston hurricane">Galveston hurricane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deadhurr_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deadhurr-39">[38]</a></sup> On January 10, 1901, the first major <a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil well</a> in Texas, <a href="/wiki/Spindletop" title="Spindletop">Spindletop</a>, was found south of <a href="/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas" title="Beaumont, Texas">Beaumont</a>. Other fields were later discovered nearby in <a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a>, and under the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. The resulting "<a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">oil boom</a>" transformed Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Spindletop_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spindletop-120">[119]</a></sup> Oil production eventually averaged three million barrels per day at its peak in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Oil_Gas_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oil_Gas-121">[120]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 1901, the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed a bill requiring payment of a <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll tax</a> for voting, which effectively <a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_Era" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era">disenfranchised</a> most blacks, and many poor whites and <a href="/wiki/Latinos" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinos">Latinos</a>. In addition, the legislature established <a href="/wiki/White_primaries" title="White primaries">white primaries</a>, ensuring that minorities were excluded from the formal political process. The number of voters dropped dramatically, and the Democrats crushed competition from the Republican and Populist parties.<sup id="cite_ref-yale_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-122">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu-123">[122]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Texas" title="Socialist Party of Texas">Socialist Party</a> became the second-largest party in Texas after 1912,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a></sup> coinciding with a large socialist upsurge in the United States during fierce battles in the labor movement and the popularity of national heroes like <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>. The Socialists' popularity soon waned after their vilification by the United States government for their opposition to US involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a> dealt a double blow to the state's economy, which had significantly improved since the Civil War. Migrants abandoned the worst hit sections of Texas during the Dust Bowl years. Especially from this period on, blacks left Texas in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> to get work in the Northern United States or California and to escape the oppression of segregation.<sup id="cite_ref-TX&amp;GreatMigration_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TX&amp;GreatMigration-125">[124]</a></sup> In 1940, Texas was 74 percent <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_Whites" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Hispanic Whites">Anglo</a>, 14.4 percent black, and 11.5 percent Hispanic.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a></sup></p>
<p>World War II had a dramatic impact on Texas, as federal money poured in to build military bases, munitions factories, POW detention camps and Army hospitals; 750,000 young men left for service; the cities exploded with new industry; the colleges took on new roles; and hundreds of thousands of poor farmers left the fields for much better paying war jobs, never to return to agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a></sup> Texas manufactured 3.1 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking eleventh among the 48 states.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></sup></p>
<p>Texas modernized and expanded its <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Texas#Public_colleges_and_universities" title="Education in Texas">system of higher education</a> through the 1960s. The state created a comprehensive plan for higher education, funded in large part by oil revenues, and a central state apparatus designed to manage state institutions more efficiently. These changes helped Texas universities receive federal research funds.<sup id="cite_ref-Blanton_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blanton-130">[129]</a></sup></p>
<p>On November 22, 1963, President <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy was assassinated</a> in Dallas.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span id="Economic_and_political_change_.281950.E2.80.93present.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Economic_and_political_change_(1950–present)">Economic and political change (1950–present)</span></h3>
<p>Beginning around the mid-20th century, Texas began to transform from a rural and agricultural state to one that was urban and industrialized.<sup id="cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSHAsince-132">[131]</a></sup> The state's population grew quickly during this period, with large levels of migration from outside the state.<sup id="cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSHAsince-132">[131]</a></sup> As a part of the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> Texas experienced strong economic growth, particularly during the 1970s and early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSHAsince-132">[131]</a></sup> Texas's economy diversified, lessening its reliance on the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSHAsince-132">[131]</a></sup> By 1990, <a href="/wiki/Hispanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanics">Hispanics</a> overtook blacks to become the largest minority group in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSHAsince-132">[131]</a></sup></p>
<p>During the late 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> as the dominant party in the state, as the latter became more <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">politically liberal</a> and as demographic changes favored the former.<sup id="cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSHAsince-132">[131]</a></sup></p>
</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(5)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</span></h2><div class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5">
<p>The current <a href="/wiki/Texas_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Constitution">Texas Constitution</a> was adopted in 1876. Like many <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" title="State constitution (United States)">states</a>, it explicitly provides for a separation of powers. The state's Bill of Rights is much larger than its <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">federal counterpart</a>, and has provisions unique to Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-BillofRights_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BillofRights-133">[132]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="State_government">State government</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Texas" title="Government of Texas">Government of Texas</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_agencies" title="List of Texas state agencies">List of Texas state agencies</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:252px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_State_Capitol_Night.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Texas_State_Capitol_Night.jpg/250px-Texas_State_Capitol_Night.jpg" width="250" height="138" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="565"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Texas_State_Capitol_Night.jpg/250px-Texas_State_Capitol_Night.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="250" data-height="138" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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The <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Capitol" title="Texas State Capitol">Texas State Capitol</a> at night</div>
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</div>
<p>Texas has a plural <a href="/wiki/Executive_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive branch">executive branch</a> system limiting the power of the governor, which is a weak executive compared to some other states. Except for the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Texas" title="Secretary of State of Texas">Secretary of State</a>, voters elect executive officers independently; thus candidates are directly answerable to the public, not the governor.<sup id="cite_ref-pluralexec_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pluralexec-134">[133]</a></sup> This election system has led to some executive branches split between parties and reduced the ability of the governor to carry out a program. When <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> served as Texas's governor, the state had a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> lieutenant governor, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Bullock" title="Bob Bullock">Bob Bullock</a>. The executive branch positions consist of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Texas" title="List of Governors of Texas">Governor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Texas" title="Lieutenant Governor of Texas">Lieutenant Governor</a>, Comptroller of Public Accounts, Land Commissioner, Attorney General, Agriculture Commissioner, the three-member <a href="/wiki/Texas_Railroad_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Railroad Commission">Texas Railroad Commission</a>, the State Board of Education, and the Secretary of State.<sup id="cite_ref-pluralexec_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pluralexec-134">[133]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Texas_Legislature" title="Texas Legislature">Texas Legislature</a> consists of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Texas House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, with 150 members, and a <a href="/wiki/Texas_Senate" title="Texas Senate">Senate</a>, with 31 members. The <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Texas_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the Texas House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> leads the House, and the lieutenant governor, the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Legislature_Members_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legislature_Members-135">[134]</a></sup> The Legislature meets in regular session biennially for just over 100 days, but the governor can call for special sessions as often as desired (notably, the Legislature cannot call itself into session).<sup id="cite_ref-Special_Sessions_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Special_Sessions-136">[135]</a></sup> The state's <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal year</a> spans from the previous calendar year's September 1 to the current year's August 31. Thus, the FY 2015 dates from September 1, 2014 through August 31, 2015.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Texas" title="Judiciary of Texas">judiciary of Texas</a> is one of the most complex in the United States, with many layers and overlapping jurisdictions. Texas has two courts of last resort: the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Supreme Court">Texas Supreme Court</a>, for civil cases, and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Texas Court of Criminal Appeals">Texas Court of Criminal Appeals</a>. Except for some municipal benches, partisan elections select judges at all levels of the judiciary; the governor fills vacancies by appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-Judiciary_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judiciary-137">[136]</a></sup> Texas is notable for its use of capital punishment, having led the country in executions since capital punishment was reinstated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Gregg_v._Georgia" title="Gregg v. Georgia">Gregg v. Georgia</a></i> case (see <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Texas" title="Capital punishment in Texas">Capital punishment in Texas</a>).</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division">Texas Ranger Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Public_Safety" title="Texas Department of Public Safety">Texas Department of Public Safety</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">law enforcement agency</a> with statewide <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>. Over the years, the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder to political corruption. They have acted as <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riot</a> police and as detectives, protected the Texas governor, tracked down fugitives, and functioned as a paramilitary force both for the republic and the state. The Texas Rangers were unofficially created by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin" title="Stephen F. Austin">Stephen F. Austin</a> in 1823 and formally constituted in 1835. The Rangers were integral to several important events of Texas history and some of the best-known criminal cases in the history of the <a href="/wiki/American_Old_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Old West">Old West</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TexasRangers_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexasRangers-138">[137]</a></sup></p>
<p>The Texas constitution defines the responsibilities of county governments, which serve as agents of the state. What are called commissioners court and court judges are elected to serve as the administrative arm. Most cities in the state, those over 5,000 in population, have <a href="/wiki/Home-rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Home-rule">home-rule</a> governments. The vast majority of these have charters for <a href="/wiki/Council-manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Council-manager">council-manager</a> forms of government, by which voters elect council members, who hire a professional city manager as operating officer.</p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Politics">Politics</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Texas" title="Politics of Texas">Politics of Texas</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Texas" title="Political party strength in Texas">Political party strength in Texas</a></div>
<table class="wikitable" style="float:right; font-size:79%; margin:10px"><caption><b>Texas Presidential elections results</b><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a></sup></caption>
<tr style="background:lightgrey;"><th>Year</th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></th>
<th><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></th>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2016" title="United States presidential election, 2016">2016</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><b>52.23%</b> <i>4,685,047</i></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;">43.24% <i>3,877,868</i></td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2012" title="United States presidential election, 2012">2012</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><b>57.15%</b> <i>4,569,843</i></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;">41.37% <i>3,308,124</i></td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><b>55.39%</b> <i>4,479,328</i></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;">43.63% <i>3,528,633</i></td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2004" title="United States presidential election, 2004">2004</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><b>61.09%</b> <i>4,526,917</i></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;">38.30% <i>2,832,704</i></td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2000" title="United States presidential election, 2000">2000</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><b>59.30%</b> <i>3,799,639</i></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;">38.11% <i>2,433,746</i></td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1996" title="United States presidential election, 1996">1996</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><b>48.80%</b> <i>2,736,166</i></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;">43.81% <i>2,459,683</i></td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1992" title="United States presidential election, 1992">1992</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><b>40.61%</b> <i>2,496,071</i></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;">37.11% <i>2,281,815</i></td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1988" title="United States presidential election, 1988">1988</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><b>56.01%</b> <i>3,036,829</i></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;">43.41% <i>2,352,748</i></td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1984" title="United States presidential election, 1984">1984</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><b>63.58%</b> <i>3,433,428</i></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;">36.18% <i>1,949,276</i></td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1980" title="United States presidential election, 1980">1980</a></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#fff3f3;"><b>55.30%</b> <i>2,510,705</i></td>
<td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0ff;">41.51% <i>1,881,148</i></td>
</tr></table><h4 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_history">Political history</span></h4>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lbj2.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/220px-Lbj2.jpg" width="220" height="330" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="5552"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lbj2.jpg/220px-Lbj2.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, Texan and 36th president of the United States</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>In the 1870s, white Democrats wrested power back in the state legislature from the biracial coalition at the end of Reconstruction. In the early 20th century, the legislature passed bills to impose <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll tax (United States)">poll taxes</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/White_primaries" title="White primaries">white primaries</a>; these measures effectively <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disfranchisement after Reconstruction era">disfranchised</a> most blacks, poor whites and Mexican Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-yale_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yale-122">[121]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu-123">[122]</a></sup> In the 1890s, 100,000 blacks voted in the state; by 1906, only 5,000 could vote.<sup id="cite_ref-MOTTU_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOTTU-140">[139]</a></sup> As a result, the Democratic Party dominated <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Texas" title="Politics of Texas">Texas politics</a> from the turn of the century, imposing racial segregation and white supremacy. It held power until after passage in the mid-1960s of national civil rights legislation enforcing constitutional rights of all citizens.</p>
<p>Although Texas was essentially a one-party state during this time and the Democratic primary was viewed as "the real election," the Democratic Party had conservative and liberal factions, which became more pronounced after the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PoliticalPartiesTSHA_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoliticalPartiesTSHA-141">[140]</a></sup> Additionally, several factions of the party briefly split during the 1930s and 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-PoliticalPartiesTSHA_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoliticalPartiesTSHA-141">[140]</a></sup></p>
<p>The state's conservative white voters began to support Republican presidential candidates by the mid-20th century. After this period, they supported Republicans for local and state offices as well, and most whites became Republican Party members.<sup id="cite_ref-SouthWon_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouthWon-142">[141]</a></sup> The party also attracted some minorities, but many have continued to vote for Democratic candidates. The shift to the Republican Party is much-attributed to the fact that the Democratic Party became increasingly <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a> during the 20th century, and thus increasingly out-of-touch with the average Texas voter.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryTXvoters_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryTXvoters-143">[142]</a></sup> As Texas was always a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> state, voters switched to the GOP, which now more closely reflected their beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryTXvoters_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryTXvoters-143">[142]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PBSredstate_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBSredstate-144">[143]</a></sup> Commentators have also attributed the shift to Republican political consultant <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a>, who managed numerous political campaigns in Texas in the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-PBSredstate_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBSredstate-144">[143]</a></sup> Other stated reasons included court-ordered redistricting and the demographic shift in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt" title="Sun Belt">Sun Belt</a> that favored the Republican Party and conservatism.<sup id="cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TSHAsince-132">[131]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/2003_Texas_redistricting" title="2003 Texas redistricting">2003 Texas redistricting</a> of Congressional districts led by Republican <a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLay" title="Tom DeLay">Tom DeLay</a>, was called by the <i>New York Times</i> "an extreme case of partisan <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NYTGerry_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTGerry-145">[144]</a></sup> A group of Democratic legislators, the "<a href="/wiki/Texas_Eleven" title="Texas Eleven">Texas Eleven</a>", fled the state in a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a>-busting effort to prevent the legislature from acting, but was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Tex11_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tex11-146">[145]</a></sup> The state had already redistricted following the 2000 census. Despite these efforts, the legislature passed a map heavily in favor of Republicans, based on 2000 data and ignoring the estimated nearly one million new residents in the state since that date. Career attorneys and analysts at the Department of Justice objected to the plan as diluting the votes of African American and Hispanic voters, but political appointees overrode them and approved it.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTGerry_145-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTGerry-145">[144]</a></sup> Legal challenges to the redistricting reached the national <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> in the case <i><a href="/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens_v._Perry" title="League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry">League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry</a></i> (2006), but the court ruled in favor of the state (and Republicans).<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></sup></p>
<p>In the <a href="/wiki/Texas_elections,_2014" title="Texas elections, 2014">2014 Texas elections</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a> made large gains, with numerous Tea Party favorites being elected into office, including <a href="/wiki/Dan_Patrick_(politician)" title="Dan Patrick (politician)">Dan Patrick</a> as lieutenant governor,<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-148">[147]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Paxton" title="Ken Paxton">Ken Paxton</a> as attorney general,<sup id="cite_ref-Fernandez_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fernandez-148">[147]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grissom_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grissom-150">[149]</a></sup> in addition to numerous other candidates<sup id="cite_ref-Grissom_150-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grissom-150">[149]</a></sup> including conservative Republican <a href="/wiki/Greg_Abbott" title="Greg Abbott">Greg Abbott</a> as governor.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></sup></p>
<h4 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Texas_politics_today">Texas politics today</span></h4>
<p>Texas voters lean toward <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">fiscal conservatism</a>, while enjoying the benefits of huge federal investment in the state in military and other facilities achieved by the power of the Solid South in the 20th century. They also tend to have <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">socially conservative</a> values.<sup id="cite_ref-TPoliticalCulture1_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPoliticalCulture1-152">[151]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TPoliticalCulture2_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPoliticalCulture2-153">[152]</a></sup></p>
<p>Since 1980, most Texas voters have supported Republican presidential candidates. In 2000 and 2004, Republican <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> won Texas with 60.1 percent of the vote, partly due to his "favorite son" status as a former governor of the state. <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> won the state in <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_2008" title="United States presidential election, 2008">2008</a>, but with a smaller margin of victory compared to Bush at 55 percent of the vote. Austin, Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio consistently lean Democratic in both local and statewide elections.</p>
<p>Residents of counties along the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> closer to the <a href="/wiki/Mexico-United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico-United States border">Mexico-United States border</a>, where there are many Latino residents, generally vote for Democratic Party candidates, while most other rural and suburban areas of Texas have shifted to voting for Republican Party candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-2000electionresults_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2000electionresults-154">[153]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2004electionresults_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2004electionresults-155">[154]</a></sup></p>
<p>As of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2014" title="United States elections, 2014">general elections of 2014</a>, a large majority of the members of Texas's <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House</a> delegation are <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, along with both <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senators">U.S. Senators</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th United States Congress</a>, of the 36 <a href="/wiki/Texas_Congressional_Districts" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Congressional Districts">Congressional districts in Texas</a>, 25 are held by Republicans and 11 by Democrats. Texas's Senators are <a href="/wiki/John_Cornyn" title="John Cornyn">John Cornyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Ted Cruz</a>. Since 1994, Texans have not elected a Democrat to a statewide office. The state's Democratic voters are made up primarily by liberal and <a href="/wiki/Minority_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority groups">minority groups</a> in Austin, San Antonio, Dallas, Houston, Beaumont, and El Paso, as well as minority voters in East Texas and South Texas.</p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 98%;"><tr style="background:#e9e9e9;"><th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas,_2016" title="United States presidential election in Texas, 2016">United States presidential election in Texas, 2016</a><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></sup></th>
</tr><tr style="background:#eee; text-align:center;"><th colspan="2" style="width: 15em">Party</th>
<th style="width: 10em">Candidate</th>
<th style="width: 10em">Running mate</th>
<th style="width: 5em">Votes</th>
<th style="width: 5em">Percentage</th>
<th style="width: 5em">Electoral votes</th>
</tr><tr><th style="background:#f33; width:3px;"></th>
<td style="width: 130px"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b></td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a></b></td>
<td><b><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></b></td>
<td style="text-align:right;"><b>4,685,047</b></td>
<td style="text-align:right;"><b>52.23%</b></td>
<td style="text-align:right;"><b>36</b></td>
</tr><tr><th style="background:#33f; width:3px;"></th>
<td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">3,877,868</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">43.24%</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">0</td>
</tr><tr><th style="background:gold; width:3px;"></th>
<td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Gary_Johnson" title="Gary Johnson">Gary Johnson</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/William_Weld" class="mw-redirect" title="William Weld">William Weld</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">283,492</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">3.16%</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">0</td>
</tr><tr><th style="background:#0bda51; width:3px;"></th>
<td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Jill Stein</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ajamu_Baraka" title="Ajamu Baraka">Ajamu Baraka</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">71,558</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">0.80%</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">0</td>
</tr><tr><th style="background:grey; width:3px;"></th>
<td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Write-in_candidate" title="Write-in candidate">Write-in</a></td>
<td>Various candidates</td>
<td>Various candidates</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">51,261</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">0.57%</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">0</td>
</tr><tr><th style="background:#f33; width:3px;"></th>
<td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a><sup id="cite_ref-Elector_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elector-157">[a]</a></sup></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Carly_Fiorina" title="Carly Fiorina">Carly Fiorina</a><sup id="cite_ref-Elector_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elector-157">[a]</a></sup></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">0</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">0.0%</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">1</td>
</tr><tr><th style="background:gold; width:3px;"></th>
<td style="width: 130px"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a><sup id="cite_ref-Elector_157-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elector-157">[a]</a></sup></td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a></td>
<td style="text-align:right;">0</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">0.0%</td>
<td style="text-align:right;">1</td>
</tr><tr style="background:#eee; text-align:right;"><td colspan="4"><b>Totals</b></td>
<td><b>8,969,226</b></td>
<td><b>100.00%</b></td>
<td><b>38</b></td>
</tr><tr style="background:#eee; text-align:right;"><td colspan="6">Voter turnout (voting age population)</td>
<td></td>
</tr></table><h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Texas counties">List of Texas counties</a></div>
<p>Texas has 254 <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of the United States">counties</a>— the most nationwide. Each county runs on <a href="/wiki/Commissioners%27_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioners' Court">Commissioners' Court</a> system consisting of four elected commissioners (one from each of four precincts in the county, roughly divided according to population) and a county judge elected at large from the entire county. County government runs similar to a "weak" <a href="/wiki/Mayor-council" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council">mayor-council</a> system; the county judge has no veto authority, but votes along with the other commissioners.</p>
<p>Although Texas permits cities and counties to enter "interlocal agreements" to share services, the state does not allow <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">consolidated city-county</a> governments, nor does it have <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan government">metropolitan governments</a>. Counties are not granted <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a> status; their powers are strictly defined by state law. The state does not have townships— areas within a county are either incorporated or unincorporated. Incorporated areas are part of a municipality. The county provides limited services to unincorporated areas and to some smaller incorporated areas. Municipalities are classified either "general law" cities or "home rule".<sup id="cite_ref-homerule_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homerule-158">[156]</a></sup> A municipality may elect home rule status once it exceeds 5,000 population with voter approval.</p>
<p>Texas also permits the creation of "special districts", which provide limited services. The most common is the <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school district</a>, but can also include hospital districts, community college districts, and utility districts (one utility district located near Austin was the plaintiff in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Austin_Municipal_Utility_District_No._1_v._Holder" title="Northwest Austin Municipal Utility District No. 1 v. Holder">a landmark Supreme Court case involving the Voting Rights Act</a>).</p>
<p>Municipal, school district, and special district elections are <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisan">nonpartisan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-reqvote_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reqvote-159">[157]</a></sup> though the party affiliation of a candidate may be well-known. County and state elections are partisan.</p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Criminal_law">Criminal law</span></h3>
<p>Texas has a reputation of very harsh criminal punishment for criminal offenses. It is one of the 32 states that practice <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Texas" title="Capital punishment in Texas">capital punishment</a>, and since the <a href="/wiki/US_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="US Supreme Court">US Supreme Court</a> allowed capital punishment to resume in 1976, 40% of all US executions have taken place in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a></sup> As of 2008, Texas had the 4th highest <a href="/wiki/Incarceration_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarceration rate">incarceration rate</a> in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a></sup> Texas also has strong <a href="/wiki/Self_defense" class="mw-redirect" title="Self defense">self defense</a> laws, allowing citizens to use lethal force to defend themselves, their families, or their property.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a></sup></p>
</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(6)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Economy">Economy</span></h2><div class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6">
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Texas" title="Economy of Texas">Economy of Texas</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Texas_locations_by_per_capita_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas locations by per capita income">Texas locations by per capita income</a></div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg/220px-NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg/220px-NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_Neutral_Buoyancy_Laboratory_Astronaut_Training.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Astronaut training at the <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a></div>
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</div>
<p>As of 2014, Texas had a <a href="/wiki/Gross_state_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross state product">gross state product</a> (GSP) of $1.648 trillion, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by GDP (nominal)">second-highest</a> in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a></sup> Its GSP is <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">greater than the GDPs</a> of Australia and South Korea, which are the world's 12th- and 13th-largest economies, respectively. Texas' economy is the fourth-largest of any <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_subdivisions_by_GDP_over_USD_100_billions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country subdivisions by GDP over USD 100 billions">country subdivision</a> globally, behind England (as part of the UK), California, and <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Prefecture" title="Tokyo Prefecture">Tokyo Prefecture</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_GDP_per_capita_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by GDP per capita (nominal)">Per Capita personal income</a> in 2009 was $36,484, ranking 29th in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-economy1_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economy1-164">[162]</a></sup></p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_(2014).png" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_%282014%29.png/220px-Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_%282014%29.png" width="220" height="242" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="882"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 242px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_%282014%29.png/220px-Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_%282014%29.png" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="242" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Geo_Map_of_Income_by_Location_in_Texas_(2014).png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
A geomap depicting the income, by county, in Texas as of 2014</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Texas's large population, abundance of natural resources, thriving cities and leading centers of higher education have contributed to a large and diverse economy. Since oil was discovered, the state's economy has reflected the state of the petroleum industry. In recent times, urban centers of the state have increased in size, containing two-thirds of the population in 2005. The state's economic growth has led to <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> and its associated symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-economy1_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economy1-164">[162]</a></sup></p>
<p>As of April 2013, the state's unemployment rate is 6.4 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 2010, <i>Site Selection Magazine</i> ranked Texas as the most business-friendly state in the nation, in part because of the state's three-billion-dollar <a href="/wiki/Texas_Enterprise_Fund" title="Texas Enterprise Fund">Texas Enterprise Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1businessclimate_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1businessclimate-166">[164]</a></sup> Texas has the joint-highest number of <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> company headquarters in the United States, along with California.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 2010, there were 346,000 millionaires in Texas, constituting the second-largest population of millionaires in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxation">Taxation</span></h3>
<p>Texas has a "low taxes, low services" reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-TPoliticalCulture1_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TPoliticalCulture1-152">[151]</a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a>, Texans' state and local tax burdens rank among the lowest in the nation, 7th lowest nationally; state and local taxes cost $3,580 per capita, or 8.4 percent of resident incomes.<sup id="cite_ref-TaxFound_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaxFound-171">[169]</a></sup> Texas is one of seven states that lack a <a href="/wiki/State_income_tax" title="State income tax">state income tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TaxFound_171-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaxFound-171">[169]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-incometax_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-incometax-172">[170]</a></sup></p>
<p>Instead, the state collects revenue from <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property taxes</a> (though these are collected at the county, city, and school district level; Texas has a state constitutional prohibition against a state property tax) and <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">sales taxes</a>. The state sales tax rate is 6.25 percent,<sup id="cite_ref-TaxFound_171-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaxFound-171">[169]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a></sup> but local taxing jurisdictions (cities, counties, special purpose districts, and transit authorities) may also impose sales and use tax up to 2 percent for a total maximum combined rate of 8.25 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a></sup></p>
<p>Texas is a "tax donor state"; in 2005, for every dollar Texans paid to the federal government in <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">federal income taxes</a>, the state got back about $0.94 in benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-TaxFound_171-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TaxFound-171">[169]</a></sup> To attract business, Texas has incentive programs worth $19 billion per year (2012); more than any other US state.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Agriculture_and_mining">Agriculture and mining</span></h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Texas_Cotton.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/West_Texas_Cotton.jpg/220px-West_Texas_Cotton.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/West_Texas_Cotton.jpg/220px-West_Texas_Cotton.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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Cotton modules after being harvested in West Texas</div>
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<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_well.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg/220px-Oil_well.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Oil_well.jpg/220px-Oil_well.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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An oil well</div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg/220px-GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg/220px-GreenMountainWindFarm_Fluvanna_2004.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Brazos_Wind_Farm" title="Brazos Wind Farm">Brazos Wind Farm</a> in the plains of West Texas</div>
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</div>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GodPod.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GodPod.jpg/220px-GodPod.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GodPod.jpg/220px-GodPod.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Electronic_Data_Systems" title="Electronic Data Systems">Electronic Data Systems</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano</a></div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Texas has the most farms and the highest acreage in the United States. The state is ranked #1 for revenue generated from total livestock and livestock products. It is ranked #2 for total agricultural revenue, behind California.<sup id="cite_ref-netstateecon_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netstateecon-177">[175]</a></sup> At $7.4 billion or 56.7 percent of Texas' annual agricultural cash receipts, beef cattle production represents the largest single segment of Texas agriculture. This is followed by cotton at $1.9 billion (14.6 percent), greenhouse/nursery at $1.5 billion (11.4 percent), broilers at $1.3 billion (10 percent), and dairy products at $947 million (7.3 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-EMMA2013_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMMA2013-178">[176]</a></sup></p>
<p>Texas leads the nation in the production of cattle, horses, sheep, goats, wool, mohair and hay.<sup id="cite_ref-EMMA2013_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMMA2013-178">[176]</a></sup> The state also leads the nation in production of cotton<sup id="cite_ref-netstateecon_177-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netstateecon-177">[175]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a></sup> which is the number one crop grown in the state in terms of value.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a></sup> The state grows significant amounts of cereal crops and produce.<sup id="cite_ref-netstateecon_177-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netstateecon-177">[175]</a></sup> Texas has a large commercial fishing industry. With mineral resources, Texas leads in creating cement, crushed stone, lime, salt, sand and gravel.<sup id="cite_ref-netstateecon_177-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-netstateecon-177">[175]</a></sup></p>
<p>Texas throughout the 21st century has been <a href="/wiki/Drought_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought in the United States">hammered by drought</a>. This has cost the state billions of dollars in livestock and crops.<sup id="cite_ref-TexasReuters_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexasReuters-181">[179]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Energy">Energy</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deregulation_of_the_Texas_electricity_market" title="Deregulation of the Texas electricity market">Deregulation of the Texas electricity market</a></div>
<p>Ever since the discovery of oil at <a href="/wiki/Spindletop" title="Spindletop">Spindletop</a>, energy has been a dominant force politically and economically within the state.<sup id="cite_ref-AlmanacOil_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlmanacOil-182">[180]</a></sup> If Texas were its own country it would be the sixth largest oil producer in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_of_Texas" title="Railroad Commission of Texas">Railroad Commission of Texas</a>, contrary to its name, regulates the state's <a href="/wiki/Oil_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil industry">oil and gas industry</a>, gas utilities, pipeline safety, safety in the <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_petroleum_gas" title="Liquefied petroleum gas">liquefied petroleum gas</a> industry, and surface coal and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> mining. Until the 1970s, the commission controlled the price of petroleum because of its ability to regulate Texas's oil reserves. The founders of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC) used the Texas agency as one of their models for petroleum price control.<sup id="cite_ref-RRcommission_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRcommission-184">[182]</a></sup></p>
<p>Texas has known petroleum deposits of about 5 billion barrels (790,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>), which makes up about one-fourth of the known U.S. reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrol_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrol-185">[183]</a></sup> The state's <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refineries</a> can process 4.6 million barrels (730,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of oil a day.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrol_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrol-185">[183]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Baytown_Refinery" title="Baytown Refinery">Baytown Refinery</a> in the Houston area is the largest refinery in America.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrol_185-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrol-185">[183]</a></sup> Texas also leads in natural gas production, producing one-fourth of the nation's supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrol_185-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrol-185">[183]</a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/List_of_petroleum_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of petroleum companies">petroleum companies</a> are based in Texas such as: <a href="/wiki/Anadarko_Petroleum_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadarko Petroleum Corporation">Anadarko Petroleum Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conoco-Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Conoco-Phillips">Conoco-Phillips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exxon-Mobil" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon-Mobil">Exxon-Mobil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tesoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesoro">Tesoro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Valero Energy Corporation">Valero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Refining" title="Western Refining">Western Refining</a>.</p>
<p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>, Texans consume, on average, the fifth most energy (of all types) in the nation per capita and as a whole, following behind Wyoming, Alaska, Louisiana, North Dakota, and Iowa.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrol_185-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrol-185">[183]</a></sup></p>
<p>Unlike the rest of the nation, most of Texas is on its own <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Power grid">power grid</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Interconnection" title="Texas Interconnection">Texas Interconnection</a>. Texas has a <a href="/wiki/Deregulation_of_the_Texas_electricity_market" title="Deregulation of the Texas electricity market">deregulated</a> electric service. Texas leads the nation in total net electricity production, generating 437,236 MWh in 2014, 89% more MWh than Florida, which ranked second.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a></sup> As an independent nation, Texas would rank as the world's eleventh-<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_consumption" title="List of countries by electricity consumption">largest producer of electricity</a>, after South Korea, and ahead of the United Kingdom.</p>
<p>The state is a leader in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">renewable energy commercialization</a>; it produces the most <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Texas" title="Wind power in Texas">wind power</a> in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrol_185-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrol-185">[183]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wind2_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wind2-188">[186]</a></sup> In 2014, 10.6% of the electricity consumed in Texas came from <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Wind_Farm" title="Roscoe Wind Farm">Roscoe Wind Farm</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roscoe,_Texas" title="Roscoe, Texas">Roscoe, Texas</a>, is one of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">wind farms</a> with a 781.5 <a href="/wiki/Megawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Megawatt">megawatt</a> (MW) capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-RoscoeWind_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoscoeWind-190">[188]</a></sup> The Energy Information Administration states that the state's large agriculture and forestry industries could give Texas an enormous amount <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> for use in biofuels. The state also has the highest <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> potential for development in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Petrol_185-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrol-185">[183]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Technology">Technology</span></h3>
<p>With large universities systems coupled with initiatives like the Texas Enterprise Fund and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Emerging_Technology_Fund" title="Texas Emerging Technology Fund">Texas Emerging Technology Fund</a>, a wide array of different <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high tech</a> industries have developed in Texas. The Austin area is nicknamed the "Silicon Hills" and the north Dallas area the "<a href="/wiki/Silicon_Prairie" title="Silicon Prairie">Silicon Prairie</a>". Texas has the headquarters of many high technology companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, Inc., <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perot_Systems" title="Perot Systems">Perot Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rackspace" title="Rackspace">Rackspace</a> and <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&amp;T">AT&amp;T</a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">National Aeronautics and Space Administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a> (NASA JSC) located in Southeast Houston, sits as the crown jewel of Texas's aeronautics industry. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a> hosts both <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Aeronautics" title="Lockheed Martin Aeronautics">Aeronautics division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Helicopter_Textron" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Helicopter Textron">Bell Helicopter Textron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LM1_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LM1-191">[189]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bell_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bell-192">[190]</a></sup> Lockheed builds the <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcon</a>, the largest Western fighter program, and its successor, the <a href="/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a> in Fort Worth.<sup id="cite_ref-Downside_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downside-193">[191]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Commerce">Commerce</span></h3>
<p>Texas's <a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a> stimulates a strong commercial sector consisting of retail, wholesale, banking and insurance, and construction industries. Examples of Fortune 500 companies not based on Texas traditional industries are <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&amp;T Inc">AT&amp;T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimberly-Clark" title="Kimberly-Clark">Kimberly-Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Blockbuster Inc.">Blockbuster</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._C._Penney" title="J. C. Penney">J. C. Penney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whole_Foods_Market" title="Whole Foods Market">Whole Foods Market</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tenet_Healthcare" title="Tenet Healthcare">Tenet Healthcare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fortune500_2_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fortune500_2-194">[192]</a></sup> Nationally, the Dallas–Fort Worth area, home to the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_Village" title="Highland Park Village">second shopping mall</a> in the United States, has the most shopping malls per capita of any American metropolitan area.<sup id="cite_ref-VisitDallas_Shopping_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VisitDallas_Shopping-195">[193]</a></sup></p>
<p>Mexico, the state's largest trading partner, imports a third of the state's exports because of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement</a> (NAFTA). NAFTA has encouraged the formation of controversial <a href="/wiki/Maquiladoras" class="mw-redirect" title="Maquiladoras">maquiladoras</a> on the Texas/Mexico border.<sup id="cite_ref-economy2_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economy2-196">[194]</a></sup></p>
</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(7)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Demographics">Demographics</span></h2><div class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7">
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Texas" title="Demographics of Texas">Demographics of Texas</a></div>
<table class="toccolours" style="border-spacing: 1px; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; text-align:right"><tr>
</tr><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black">Census</th>
<th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th>
<th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black"></th>
<th style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid black"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_Census" title="1850 United States Census">1850</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">212,592</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">—</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_Census" title="1860 United States Census">1860</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">604,215</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">184.2%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_Census" title="1870 United States Census">1870</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">818,579</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">35.5%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_Census" title="1880 United States Census">1880</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">1,591,749</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">94.5%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_Census" title="1890 United States Census">1890</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">2,235,527</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">40.4%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_Census" title="1900 United States Census">1900</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">3,048,710</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">36.4%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_Census" title="1910 United States Census">1910</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">3,896,542</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">27.8%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_Census" title="1920 United States Census">1920</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">4,663,228</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">19.7%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_Census" title="1930 United States Census">1930</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">5,824,715</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">24.9%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Census" title="1940 United States Census">1940</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">6,414,824</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">10.1%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Census" title="1950 United States Census">1950</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">7,711,194</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">20.2%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_Census" title="1960 United States Census">1960</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">9,579,677</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">24.2%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Census" title="1970 United States Census">1970</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">11,196,730</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">16.9%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Census" title="1980 United States Census">1980</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">14,229,191</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">27.1%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Census" title="1990 United States Census">1990</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">16,986,510</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">19.4%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Census" title="2000 United States Census">2000</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">20,851,820</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">22.8%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" title="2010 United States Census">2010</a></b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">25,145,561</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">20.6%</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><b>Est. 2017</b></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px;">28,304,596</td>
<td style="font-size:85%"></td>
<td style="padding-left:8px; text-align: center;">12.6%</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="border-top:1px solid black; font-size:85%; text-align:center">1910 – 2010 census<sup id="cite_ref-census2010_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2010-197">[195]</a></sup><br>
2016 Estimate<sup id="cite_ref-PopEstUS_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopEstUS-198">[196]</a></sup></td>
</tr></table><div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_population_map2.png" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Texas_population_map2.png/350px-Texas_population_map2.png" width="350" height="266" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="475"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 350px;height: 266px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Texas_population_map2.png/350px-Texas_population_map2.png" data-alt="" data-width="350" data-height="266" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_population_map2.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
Texas population density map</div>
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<p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> estimates that the population of Texas was 27,469,114 on July 1, 2015, a 9.24 percent increase since the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" title="2010 United States Census">2010 United States Census</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PopEstUS_198-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopEstUS-198">[196]</a></sup></p>
<p>As of 2004, the state had 3.5 million foreign-born residents (15.6 percent of the state population), of which an estimated 1.2 million are <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a>. Texas from 2000 to 2006 had the fastest growing illegal immigration rate in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-CausesHealthcare_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CausesHealthcare-199">[197]</a></sup> In 2010, illegal immigrants constituted an estimated 6.0 percent of the population. This was the fifth highest percentage of any state in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a></sup> In 2015, the population of illegal immigrants living in Texas was around 800,000.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a></sup></p>
<p>Texas' <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Valley" title="Rio Grande Valley">Rio Grande Valley</a> has seen significant migration from across the <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Mexico_border" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Mexico border">U.S.-Mexico border</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/2014_American_immigration_crisis" title="2014 American immigration crisis">2014 crisis</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central Americans</a>, including unaccompanied minors traveling alone from <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, reached the state, overwhelming Border Patrol resources for a time. Many sought <a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">asylum</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes-immigration_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-immigration-203">[201]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">U.S. Department of Homeland Security</a> estimated that 1.68 million illegal immigrants lived in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a></sup> While the number of illegal immigrants living in the U.S. has declined since 2009, in Texas there was no change in population between 2009 and 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a></sup></p>
<p>Texas's population density is 90.5 people per square mile (34.9/km<sup>2</sup>) which is slightly higher than the average <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">population density</a> of the U.S. as a whole, at 80.6 people per square mile (31.1/km<sup>2</sup>). In contrast, while Texas and France are similarly sized geographically, the European country has a population density of 301.8 people per square mile (116.5/km<sup>2</sup>).</p>
<p>Two-thirds of all Texans live in a major metropolitan area such as Houston. The Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area is the largest in Texas. While Houston is the largest city in Texas and the fourth largest city in the United States, the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area is larger than that of Houston.</p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</span></h3>
<p>As of the 2015 Texas Population Estimate Program, the population of the state was 27,469,114 <a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">non-Hispanic whites</a> 11,505,371 (41.9%); <a href="/wiki/Black_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Black American">Black Americans</a> 3,171,043 (11.5%); other races 1,793,580 (6.5%); and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanics and Latinos</a> (of any race) 10,999,120 (40.0%).<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_Demographic_Center_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas_Demographic_Center-207">[205]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to the 2010 <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States census">United States census</a>, the racial composition of Texas was the following:<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a></sup></p>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White American</a> 70.4 percent (<a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a> 45.3 percent)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Black_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Black American">Black or African American</a>: 11.8 percent</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a>: 0.7 percent</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a>: 3.8 percent <small>(1.0 percent <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a>, 0.8 percent <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese American">Vietnamese</a>, 0.6 percent <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese</a>, 0.4 percent <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino American">Filipino</a>, 0.3 percent <a href="/wiki/Korean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean American">Korean</a>, 0.1 percent <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese</a>, 0.6 percent other Asian)</small></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander American">Pacific Islander</a>: 0.1 percent</li>
<li>Some other race: 10.5 percent</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a>: 2.7 percent</li>
</ul><p>In addition, 37.6 percent of the population are <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> (of any race) <small>(31.6 percent <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican</a>, 0.9 percent <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran American">Salvadoran</a>, 0.5 percent <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States" title="Puerto Ricans in the United States">Puerto Rican</a>, 0.4 percent <a href="/wiki/Honduran_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Honduran American">Honduran</a>, 0.3 percent <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan American">Guatemalan</a> 0.3 percent <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish American">Spaniard</a>, 0.2 percent <a href="/wiki/Colombian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian American">Colombian</a>, 0.2 percent <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cuban</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a></sup></p>
<p>As of 2011, 69.8% of the population of Texas younger than age 1 were minorities (meaning that they had at least one parent who was not non-Hispanic white).<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a></sup></p>
<table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"><caption><b>Texas racial breakdown of population</b></caption>
<tr><th>Racial composition</th>
<th>1970<sup id="cite_ref-census_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-211">[209]</a></sup></th>
<th>1990<sup id="cite_ref-census_211-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-211">[209]</a></sup></th>
<th>2000<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a></sup></th>
<th>2010<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a></sup></th>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White</a></td>
<td>86.8%</td>
<td>75.2%</td>
<td>71.0%</td>
<td>70.4%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black</a></td>
<td>12.5%</td>
<td>11.9%</td>
<td>11.5%</td>
<td>11.9%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>1.9%</td>
<td>2.7%</td>
<td>3.8%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native</a></td>
<td>0.2%</td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>0.6%</td>
<td>0.7%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Native Hawaiian</a> and<br><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander" title="Pacific Islander">other Pacific Islander</a></td>
<td>–</td>
<td>–</td>
<td>0.1%</td>
<td>0.1%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States Census">Other race</a></td>
<td>0.4%</td>
<td>10.6%</td>
<td>11.7%</td>
<td>10.5%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a></td>
<td>–</td>
<td>–</td>
<td>2.5%</td>
<td>2.7%</td>
</tr></table><div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Comanche_Osage_fight.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Comanche_Osage_fight.jpg/220px-Comanche_Osage_fight.jpg" width="220" height="131" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="362"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Comanche_Osage_fight.jpg/220px-Comanche_Osage_fight.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="131" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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War on the plains. <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> (right) trying to lance Osage warrior. Painting by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, 1834</div>
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<p><a href="/wiki/German_American" class="mw-redirect" title="German American">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish American">Irish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English Americans</a> are the three largest European ancestry groups in Texas. German Americans make up 11.3 percent of the population, and number over 2.7 million members. Irish Americans make up 8.2 percent of the population, and number over 1.9 million members. There are roughly 600,000 <a href="/wiki/French_American" class="mw-redirect" title="French American">French Americans</a> and 472,000 Italian Americans residing in Texas; these two ethnic groups make up 2.5 percent and 2.0 percent of the population respectively. In the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Census" title="1980 United States Census">1980 United States Census</a> the largest ancestry group reported in Texas was <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> with 3,083,323 Texans citing that they were of <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> or mostly <a href="/wiki/English_American" class="mw-redirect" title="English American">English</a> ancestry making them 27 percent of the state at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a></sup> Their ancestry primarily goes back to the original thirteen colonies and thus many of them today identify as "American" in ancestry, though they are of predominately <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British</a> stock.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a></sup> There are nearly 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Czech_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Texan">Czech-Americans</a> living in Texas, the largest number of any state.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a></sup></p>
<p>African Americans are the largest racial minority in Texas. Their proportion of population has declined since the early 20th century, after many left the state in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a>. Blacks of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin make up 11.5 percent of the population; blacks of non-Hispanic origin form 11.3 percent of the populace. African Americans of both Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin number at roughly 2.7 million individuals.</p>
<p>Native Americans are a smaller minority in the state. Native Americans make up 0.5 percent of Texas' population, and number over 118,000 individuals. Native Americans of non-Hispanic origin make up 0.3 percent of the population, and number over 75,000 individuals. <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> made up 0.1 percent of the population, and numbered over 19,400 members. In contrast, only 583 identified as <a href="/wiki/Chippewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chippewa">Chippewa</a>.</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emory-El_Paso.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emory-El_Paso.jpg/220px-Emory-El_Paso.jpg" width="220" height="168" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="535"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Emory-El_Paso.jpg/220px-Emory-El_Paso.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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<a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>, founded by Spanish settlers in 1659</div>
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</div>
<p>Asian Americans are a sizable minority group in Texas. Americans of Asian descent form 3.8 percent of the population, with those of non-Hispanic descent making up 3.7 percent of the populace. They total more than 808,000 individuals. Non-Hispanic Asians number over 795,000. Just over 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian American">Indian Americans</a> make Texas their home. Texas is also home to over 187,000 <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietnamese American">Vietnamese</a> and 136,000 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese</a>. In addition to 92,000 <a href="/wiki/Filipino_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino American">Filipinos</a> and 62,000 <a href="/wiki/Korean_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean American">Koreans</a>, there are 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese American">Japanese Americans</a> living in the state. Lastly, over 111,000 people are of other Asian ancestry groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian American">Cambodian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai American">Thai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong American">Hmong</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sugar_Land,_TX" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar Land, TX">Sugar Land</a>, a city within the Houston metropolitan area, and <a href="/wiki/Plano,_TX" class="mw-redirect" title="Plano, TX">Plano</a>, located within the Dallas metropolitan area, both have high concentrations of ethnic Chinese and Korean residents. The Houston and Dallas areas, and to a lesser extent, the Austin metropolitan area, all contain substantial Vietnamese communities.</p>
<p>Americans with origins from the Pacific are the smallest minority in Texas. According to the survey, only 18,000 Texans are Pacific Islanders; 16,400 are of non-Hispanic descent. There are roughly 5,400 <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a>, 5,300 Guamanians, and 6,400 people from other groups. <a href="/wiki/Samoan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan American">Samoan Americans</a> were scant; only 2,920 people were from this group. The city of <a href="/wiki/Euless" class="mw-redirect" title="Euless">Euless</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a>, contains a sizable population of <a href="/wiki/Tongan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongan American">Tongan Americans</a>, at nearly 900 people, over one percent of the city's population. <a href="/wiki/Killeen,_Texas" title="Killeen, Texas">Killeen</a> has a sufficient population of Samoans and Guamanian, and people of Pacific Islander descent surpass one percent of the city's population.</p>
<p>Multiracial individuals are also a visible minority in Texas. People identifying as multiracial form 1.9 percent of the population, and number over 448,000 people. Almost 80,000 Texans claim African and European heritage, and make up 0.3 percent of the population. People of European and Native American heritage number over 108,800 (close to the number of Native Americans), and make up 0.5 percent of the population. People of European and Asian heritage number over 57,600, and form just 0.2 percent of the population. People of African and Native American heritage were even smaller in number (15,300), and make up just 0.1 percent of the total population.</p>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005007,_Zeichnung,_Deutscher_Einwandererzug_in_Texas.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005007%2C_Zeichnung%2C_Deutscher_Einwandererzug_in_Texas.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005007%2C_Zeichnung%2C_Deutscher_Einwandererzug_in_Texas.jpg" width="220" height="123" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 123px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005007%2C_Zeichnung%2C_Deutscher_Einwandererzug_in_Texas.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_137-005007%2C_Zeichnung%2C_Deutscher_Einwandererzug_in_Texas.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="123" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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German trek on its way to <a href="/wiki/New_Braunfels,_Texas" title="New Braunfels, Texas">New Braunfels</a></div>
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<p>Hispanics and Latinos are the second-largest group in Texas after non-Hispanic <a href="/wiki/European_American" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European Americans</a>. Over 8.5 million people claim Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. This group forms over 37 percent of Texas' population. People of <a href="/wiki/Mexican_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican American">Mexican</a> descent alone number over 7.9 million, and make up 31.6 percent of the population. The vast majority of the Hispanic/Latino population in the state is of Mexican descent, the next two largest groups are Salvadorans and Puerto Ricans. There are over 222,000 <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvadoran American">Salvadorans</a> and over 130,000 <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_the_United_States" title="Puerto Ricans in the United States">Puerto Ricans</a> in Texas. Other groups with large numbers in Texas include <a href="/wiki/Honduran_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Honduran American">Hondurans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Guatemalan American">Guatemalans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan American">Nicaraguans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuban_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban American">Cubans</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a></sup> The Hispanics in Texas are more likely than in some other states (such as California) to identify as white; according to the 2010 U.S. Census, Texas is home to 6,304,207 <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanics" class="mw-redirect" title="White Hispanics">White Hispanics</a> and 2,594,206 Hispanics of "some other race" (usually <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a>).</p>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Praha_texas.jpeg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Praha_texas.jpeg/220px-Praha_texas.jpeg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Praha_texas.jpeg/220px-Praha_texas.jpeg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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Welcome to <a href="/wiki/Praha,_Texas" title="Praha, Texas">Praha, Texas</a>, "Czech Capital of Texas".</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>German descendants inhabit much of central and southeast-central Texas. Over one-third of Texas residents are of Hispanic origin; while many have recently arrived, some <a href="/wiki/Tejanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejanos">Tejanos</a> have ancestors with multi-generational ties to 18th century Texas. In addition to the descendants of the state's former slave population, many African American college graduates have come to the state for work recently in the <a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New Great Migration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-blackmigration_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blackmigration-220">[218]</a></sup> Recently, the Asian population in Texas has grown—primarily in Houston and Dallas. Other communities with a significantly growing Asian American population is in Austin, Corpus Christi, and the Sharyland area next <a href="/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen, Texas</a>. Three federally recognized Native American tribes reside in Texas: the <a href="/wiki/Alabama-Coushatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama-Coushatta">Alabama-Coushatta</a> Tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a> Traditional Tribe, and the <a href="/wiki/Ysleta_Del_Sur_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo">Ysleta Del Sur Pueblo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nativeamericans_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nativeamericans-47">[46]</a></sup></p>
<p>In 2010, 49 percent of all births were Hispanics; 35 percent were non-Hispanic whites; 11.5 percent were non-Hispanic blacks, and 4.3 percent were Asians/Pacific Islanders.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a></sup> Based on Census Bureau data released on February 2011, for the first time in recent history, Texas' white population is below 50 percent (45 percent) and Hispanics grew to 38 percent. Between 2000 and 2010, the total population growth by 20.6 percent, but Hispanics growth by 65 percent, whereas non-Hispanic whites only grew by 4.2 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a></sup> Texas has the fifth highest rate of teenage births in the nation and a plurality of these are to Hispanics.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cities_and_towns">Cities and towns</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Texas" title="List of cities in Texas">List of cities in Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">List of counties in Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_metropolitan_areas" title="List of Texas metropolitan areas">List of Texas metropolitan areas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Texas_by_population" title="List of cities in Texas by population">List of cities in Texas by population</a></div>
<table class="wikitable floatleft" style="text-align:center;"><tr><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Texas_by_population" title="List of cities in Texas by population">Largest city in Texas</a> by year<sup id="cite_ref-Census_Largest_Cities_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_Largest_Cities-224">[222]</a></sup></th>
</tr><tr><th>Year(s)</th>
<th>City</th>
</tr><tr><td>1850–1870</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a><sup id="cite_ref-SATX_TSHA_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SATX_TSHA-225">[223]</a></sup></td>
</tr><tr><td>1870–1890</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Galveston,_Texas" title="Galveston, Texas">Galveston</a><sup id="cite_ref-GTX_TSHA_226-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GTX_TSHA-226">[224]</a></sup></td>
</tr><tr><td>1890–1900</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Census_Largest_Cities_224-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census_Largest_Cities-224">[222]</a></sup></td>
</tr><tr><td>1900–1930</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a><sup id="cite_ref-SATX_TSHA_225-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SATX_TSHA-225">[223]</a></sup></td>
</tr><tr><td>1930–present</td>
<td><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a><sup id="cite_ref-HTX_TSHA_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HTX_TSHA-227">[225]</a></sup></td>
</tr></table><p>The state has three cities with populations exceeding one million: Houston, San Antonio, and Dallas.<sup id="cite_ref-PopEstBigCities_228-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopEstBigCities-228">[226]</a></sup> These three rank among the 10 most populous cities of the United States. As of 2010, six Texas cities had populations greater than 600,000 people. Austin, Fort Worth, and El Paso are among the 20 <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">largest U.S. cities</a>. Texas has four <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_metropolitan_areas" title="List of Texas metropolitan areas">metropolitan areas</a> with populations greater than a million: <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dallas-Fort_Worth_Metroplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Houston" title="Greater Houston">Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greater_San_Antonio" title="Greater San Antonio">San Antonio–New Braunfels</a></span>, and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Austin" title="Greater Austin">Austin–Round Rock–San Marcos</a></span>. The Dallas–Fort Worth and Houston metropolitan areas number about 6.3 million and 5.7 million residents, respectively.</p>
<p>Three <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System" title="Interstate Highway System">interstate highways</a>—<a href="/wiki/Interstate_35_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 35 (Texas)">I-35</a> to the west (Dallas–Fort Worth to San Antonio, with Austin in between), <a href="/wiki/Interstate_45_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 45 (Texas)">I-45</a> to the east (Dallas to Houston), and <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10_(Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstate 10 (Texas)">I-10</a> to the south (San Antonio to Houston) define the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Urban_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Urban Triangle">Texas Urban Triangle</a> region. The region of 60,000 square miles (160,000 km<sup>2</sup>) contains most of the state's largest cities and metropolitan areas as well as 17 million people, nearly 75 percent of Texas's total population.<sup id="cite_ref-urbantriangle_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbantriangle-229">[227]</a></sup> Houston and Dallas have been recognized as beta <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">world cities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-worldcities_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldcities-230">[228]</a></sup> These cities are spread out amongst the state. Texas has <a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Texas" title="List of counties in Texas">254 counties</a>, which is more than any other state by 95 (Georgia).<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a></sup></p>
<p>In contrast to the cities, unincorporated rural settlements known as <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(border_settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonia (border settlement)">colonias</a> often lack basic infrastructure and are marked by poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-Colonias_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colonias-232">[230]</a></sup> The office of the Texas Attorney General stated, in 2011, that Texas had about 2,294 colonias and estimates that about 500,000 lived in the colonias. <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_County,_Texas" title="Hidalgo County, Texas">Hidalgo County</a>, as of 2011, has the largest number of colonias.<sup id="cite_ref-Grinberg_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grinberg-233">[231]</a></sup> Texas has the largest number of people of all states, living in colonias.<sup id="cite_ref-Colonias_232-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colonias-232">[230]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Languages">Languages</span></h3>
<p>The most common <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> spoken by natives throughout Texas is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texan English</a>, which itself is a sub-variety of a broader category of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">Southern American English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole language</a> is spoken in East Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a></sup> In some areas of the state—particularly in the large cities – <a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">Western American English</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_American_English" class="mw-redirect" title="General American English">General American English</a>, have been on the increase. <a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a>—due to a growing Hispanic population—is widespread in South Texas, while <a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> is especially notable in historically minority areas of urban Texas.</p>
<table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left:1em; float:center"><caption><b>Top 10 Non-English Languages Spoken in Texas</b></caption>
<tr><th>Language</th>
<th>Percentage of population<br><small>(as of 2010)</small><sup id="cite_ref-MLA_Data_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLA_Data-238">[236]</a></sup></th>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td>
<td>29.21%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></td>
<td>0.75%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>)</td>
<td>0.56%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></td>
<td>0.33%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></td>
<td>0.29%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td>
<td>0.25%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> (tied)</td>
<td>0.24%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></td>
<td>0.23%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></td>
<td>0.21%</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo languages</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Ibo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba languages">Yoruba</a>)</td>
<td>0.15%</td>
</tr></table><p>As of 2010, 65.8% (14,740,304) of Texas residents age 5 and older spoke only <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> at home, while 29.2% (6,543,702) spoke <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, 0.75 percent (168,886) <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a>) was spoken by 0.56% (122,921) of the population over the age of five.<sup id="cite_ref-MLA_Data_238-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLA_Data-238">[236]</a></sup></p>
<p>Other languages spoken include <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Texas_German" title="Texas German">Texas German</a>) by 0.33% (73,137,) <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> with 0.29% (73,137) speakers, and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Cajun_French" title="Cajun French">Cajun French</a>) was spoken by 0.25% (55,773) of Texans.<sup id="cite_ref-MLA_Data_238-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLA_Data-238">[236]</a></sup> Reportedly, <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a> is the most widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Native_American_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American language">Native American language</a> in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a></sup></p>
<p>In total, 34.2% (7,660,406) of Texas's population aged five and older spoke a language at home other than English.<sup id="cite_ref-MLA_Data_238-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MLA_Data-238">[236]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Religion">Religion</span></h3>
<p>The 2014 Pew Religious Landscape Survey showed the religious makeup of the state was as follows:</p>
<center>
<table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:80%;"><caption style="font-size:100%">Religious affiliation in Texas (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a></sup></caption>
<tr><th>Affiliation</th>
<th colspan="2">% of Texas population</th>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>77</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">77</span>
<div style="width:154px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:darkblue"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>50</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">50</span>
<div style="width:100px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:mediumblue"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestant">Evangelical Protestant</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>31</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">31</span>
<div style="width:62px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:lightblue"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>13</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">13</span>
<div style="width:26px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:lightblue"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:30px;"><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>6</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">6</span>
<div style="width:12px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:lightblue"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>23</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">23</span>
<div style="width:46px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:mediumblue"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>1</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1</span>
<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:mediumblue"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>1</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1</span>
<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:mediumblue"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>0.5</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.5</span>
<div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:mediumblue"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other Christian</td>
<td align="right"><b>1</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1</span>
<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:mediumblue"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>18</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">18</span>
<div style="width:36px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:purple"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Nothing in particular</td>
<td align="right"><b>13</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">13</span>
<div style="width:26px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:#A020F0"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnostic</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>3</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">3</span>
<div style="width:6px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:#A020F0"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheist</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>2</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">2</span>
<div style="width:4px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:#A020F0"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>Non-Christian faiths</td>
<td align="right"><b>4</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">4</span>
<div style="width:8px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:darkgreen"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>1</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1</span>
<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:lightgreen"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>1</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1</span>
<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:lightgreen"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>1</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">1</span>
<div style="width:2px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:lightgreen"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a></td>
<td align="right"><b>0.5</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.5</span>
<div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:lightgreen"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td style="text-align:left; text-indent:15px;">Other Non-Christian faiths</td>
<td align="right"><b>0.5</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.5</span>
<div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:lightgreen"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td>Don't know/refused answer</td>
<td align="right"><b>0.5</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">0.5</span>
<div style="width:1px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:#A020F0"> </div>
</td>
</tr><tr><td><b>Total</b></td>
<td><b>100</b></td>
<td align="left"><span style="display:none;">100</span>
<div style="width:200px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;background:grey"> </div>
</td>
</tr></table></center>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakewood_church.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lakewood_church.jpg/220px-Lakewood_church.jpg" width="220" height="141" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="1300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Lakewood_church.jpg/220px-Lakewood_church.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakewood_church.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>
The <a href="/wiki/Lakewood_Church" title="Lakewood Church">Lakewood Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> is the largest church in the United States.</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>The largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church (4,673,500); the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Convention" title="Southern Baptist Convention">Southern Baptist Convention</a> (3,721,318); the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> with (1,035,168); and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (421,972).<sup id="cite_ref-www.thearda.com_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.thearda.com-241">[239]</a></sup></p>
<p>Known as the buckle of the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>, East Texas is socially conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-abstinence_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abstinence-242">[240]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex</a> is home to three major evangelical seminaries and a host of Bible schools. <a href="/wiki/Lakewood_Church" title="Lakewood Church">Lakewood Church</a> in Houston, boasts the largest attendance in the nation averaging more than 43,000 weekly.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a></sup></p>
<p>Adherents of many other religions reside predominantly in the urban centers of Texas. In 1990, the Islamic population was about 140,000 with more recent figures putting the current number of Muslims between 350,000 and 400,000.<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a></sup> The Jewish population is around 128,000.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a></sup> Around 146,000 adherents of religions such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> live in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a></sup> It is the fifth-largest <a href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>-populated state in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a></sup></p>
</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(8)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Culture">Culture</span></h2><div class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8">
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Texas" title="Culture of Texas">Culture of Texas</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Texas" title="List of people from Texas">List of people from Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Texas symbols">List of Texas symbols</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_San_Antonio_aka_Alamo.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mission_San_Antonio_aka_Alamo.jpg/220px-Mission_San_Antonio_aka_Alamo.jpg" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Mission_San_Antonio_aka_Alamo.jpg/220px-Mission_San_Antonio_aka_Alamo.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Alamo_Mission_in_San_Antonio" title="Alamo Mission in San Antonio">The Alamo</a> is one of the most recognized symbols of Texas.</div>
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<p>Historically, Texas culture comes from a blend of Southern <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">(Dixie)</a>, Western (frontier), and Southwestern <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">(Mexican/Anglo fusion)</a> influences, varying in degrees of such from one intrastate region to another. Texas is placed in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-regdiv_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regdiv-248">[246]</a></sup> A popular food item, the <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_burrito" title="Breakfast burrito">breakfast burrito</a>, draws from all three, having a soft flour tortilla wrapped around bacon and scrambled eggs or other hot, cooked fillings. Adding to Texas's traditional culture, established in the 18th and 19th centuries, immigration has made Texas a <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a> of cultures from around the world.</p>
<p>Texas has made a strong mark on national and international pop culture. The state is strongly associated with the image of the <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboy</a> shown in <a href="/wiki/Westerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerns">westerns</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Country_western_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Country western music">country western music</a>. The state's numerous oil tycoons are also a popular pop culture topic as seen in the hit TV series <a href="/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)" title="Dallas (1978 TV series)"><i>Dallas</i></a>.</p>
<p>The internationally known slogan "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Mess_with_Texas" title="Don't Mess with Texas">Don't Mess with Texas</a>" began as an anti-littering <a href="/wiki/Advertising_campaign" title="Advertising campaign">advertisement</a>. Since the campaign's inception in 1986, the phrase has become "an identity statement, a declaration of Texas swagger".<sup id="cite_ref-DMWTexas_249-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMWTexas-249">[247]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Texas_self-perception">Texas self-perception</span></h3>
<p>"Texas-sized" is an expression that can be used in two ways: to describe something that is about the size of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of Texas,<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a></sup> or to describe something (usually but not always originating from Texas) that is large compared to other objects of its type.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a></sup> Texas was the largest U.S. state, until <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> became a state in 1959. The phrase, "everything is bigger in Texas," has been in regular use since at least 1950;<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a></sup> and was used as early as 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Arts">Arts</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Texas" title="Music of Texas">Music of Texas</a></div>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Tex.JPG" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Big_Tex.JPG/170px-Big_Tex.JPG" width="170" height="255" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Big_Tex.JPG/170px-Big_Tex.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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<a href="/wiki/Big_Tex" title="Big Tex">Big Tex</a> presided over every <a href="/wiki/State_Fair_of_Texas" title="State Fair of Texas">Texas State Fair</a> since 1952 until it was destroyed by fire in 2012</div>
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<p>Houston is one of only five American cities with permanent professional resident companies in all of the major performing arts disciplines: the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Grand_Opera" title="Houston Grand Opera">Houston Grand Opera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Symphony_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston Symphony Orchestra">Houston Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Ballet" title="Houston Ballet">Houston Ballet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Alley_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Alley Theatre">The Alley Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-houstontheater_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-houstontheater-257">[255]</a></sup> Known for the vibrancy of its <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Theater_District" title="Houston Theater District">Houston Theater District</a>—a 17-block area in the heart of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Houston" title="Downtown Houston">Downtown Houston</a>— ranks second in the country in the number of theater seats in a concentrated downtown area, with 12,948 seats for live performances and 1,480 movie seats.<sup id="cite_ref-houstontheater_257-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-houstontheater-257">[255]</a></sup></p>
<p>Founded in 1892, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Art_Museum_of_Fort_Worth" title="Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth">Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth</a>, also called "The Modern", is Texas's oldest art museum. Fort Worth also has the <a href="/wiki/Kimbell_Art_Museum" title="Kimbell Art Museum">Kimbell Art Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amon_Carter_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Amon Carter Museum">Amon Carter Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Cowgirl_Museum_and_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame">National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Will_Rogers_Memorial_Center" title="Will Rogers Memorial Center">Will Rogers Memorial Center</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bass_Performance_Hall" title="Bass Performance Hall">Bass Performance Hall</a> downtown. The <a href="/wiki/Arts_District,_Dallas" title="Arts District, Dallas">Arts District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Dallas" title="Downtown Dallas">Downtown Dallas</a> has arts venues such as the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Museum_of_Art" title="Dallas Museum of Art">Dallas Museum of Art</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Morton_H._Meyerson_Symphony_Center" title="Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center">Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Margot_and_Bill_Winspear_Opera_House" class="mw-redirect" title="The Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House">the Margot and Bill Winspear Opera House</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Trammell_%26_Margaret_Crow_Collection_of_Asian_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Trammell &amp; Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art">the Trammell &amp; Margaret Crow Collection of Asian Art</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nasher_Sculpture_Center" title="Nasher Sculpture Center">Nasher Sculpture Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dallasarts_258-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dallasarts-258">[256]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Deep_Ellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Ellum">Deep Ellum</a> district within Dallas became popular during the 1920s and 1930s as the prime <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> hotspot in the Southern United States. The name Deep Ellum comes from local people pronouncing "Deep Elm" as "Deep Ellum".<sup id="cite_ref-DeepElm_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeepElm-259">[257]</a></sup> Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Blind_Lemon_Jefferson" title="Blind Lemon Jefferson">Blind Lemon Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Johnson_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Johnson (musician)">Robert Johnson</a>, Huddie "<a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Lead Belly</a>" Ledbetter, and <a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a> played in early Deep Ellum clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-DeepElm2_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeepElm2-260">[258]</a></sup></p>
<p>Austin, <i><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Austin">The Live Music Capital of the World</a></i>, boasts "more live music venues per capita than such music hotbeds as Nashville, Memphis, Los Angeles, Las Vegas or New York City."<sup id="cite_ref-livemusic_261-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-livemusic-261">[259]</a></sup> The city's music revolves around the <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a> on <a href="/wiki/6th_Street_(Austin)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Street (Austin)">6th Street</a>; events like the film, music, and <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> festival <a href="/wiki/South_by_Southwest" title="South by Southwest">South by Southwest</a>; the longest-running concert music program on American television, <i><a href="/wiki/Austin_City_Limits" title="Austin City Limits">Austin City Limits</a></i>; and the <a href="/wiki/Austin_City_Limits_Music_Festival" title="Austin City Limits Music Festival">Austin City Limits Music Festival</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Zilker_Park" title="Zilker Park">Zilker Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AustinCL_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AustinCL-262">[260]</a></sup></p>
<p>Since 1980, San Antonio has evolved into "The <a href="/wiki/Tejano_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejano Music">Tejano Music</a> Capital Of The World."<sup id="cite_ref-TTMA_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TTMA-263">[261]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tejano_Music_Awards" title="Tejano Music Awards">Tejano Music Awards</a> have provided a forum to create greater awareness and appreciation for Tejano music and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-TejanoMA_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TejanoMA-264">[262]</a></sup></p>
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</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(9)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span></h2><div class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9">
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Texas" title="Education in Texas">Education in Texas</a></div>
<p>The second <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Republic of Texas">president of the Republic of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirabeau_B._Lamar" title="Mirabeau B. Lamar">Mirabeau B. Lamar</a>, is the <i>Father of Texas Education</i>. During his term, the state set aside three <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> of land in each county for equipping public schools. An additional 50 leagues of land set aside for the support of two universities would later become the basis of the state's <a href="/wiki/Permanent_University_Fund" title="Permanent University Fund">Permanent University Fund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PUF_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PUF-265">[263]</a></sup> Lamar's actions set the foundation for a Texas-wide public school system.<sup id="cite_ref-hen37_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hen37-266">[264]</a></sup></p>
<p>Between 2006 and 2007, Texas spent $7,275 per pupil ranking it below the national average of $9,389. The pupil/teacher ratio was 14.9, below the national average of 15.3. Texas paid instructors $41,744, below the national average of $46,593. The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Education_Agency" title="Texas Education Agency">Texas Education Agency</a> (TEA) administers the state's public school systems. Texas has <a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Texas" title="List of school districts in Texas">over 1,000</a> <a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">school districts</a>- all districts except the <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Municipal_School_District" title="Stafford Municipal School District">Stafford Municipal School District</a> are independent from municipal government and many cross city boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford-267">[265]</a></sup> School districts have the power to <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">tax</a> their residents and to assert <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a> over privately owned property. Due to court-mandated equitable school financing for school districts, the state has a controversial tax redistribution system called the"<a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood_plan" title="Robin Hood plan">Robin Hood plan</a>". This plan transfers property tax revenue from wealthy school districts to poor ones.<sup id="cite_ref-robinhood_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinhood-268">[266]</a></sup> The TEA has no authority over private or <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">home school</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-homeschool_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-homeschool-269">[267]</a></sup></p>
<p>Students in Texas take the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Texas_Assessments_of_Academic_Readiness" title="State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness">State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness</a> (STAAR) in primary and secondary school. STAAR assess students' attainment of <a href="/wiki/Reading_(activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading (activity)">reading</a>, writing, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, science, and <a href="/wiki/Social_studies" title="Social studies">social studies</a> skills required under Texas education standards and the <a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a>. The test replaced the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Assessment_of_Knowledge_and_Skills" title="Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills">Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills</a> (TAKS) test in the 2011–2012 school year.<sup id="cite_ref-TAKS_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAKS-270">[268]</a></sup></p>
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<p>Although unusual in the West, <a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">school corporal punishment</a> is not uncommon in more conservative areas of the state, with 28,569 public school students<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paddle_(spanking)" title="Paddle (spanking)">paddled</a> at least one time, according to government data for the 2011–2012 school year.<sup id="cite_ref-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL-272">[270]</a></sup> The rate of school corporal punishment in Texas is surpassed only by Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas.<sup id="cite_ref-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL_272-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL-272">[270]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Higher_education">Higher education</span></h3>
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<div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building.jpg/220px-The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building.jpg/220px-The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin_-_Littlefield_Fountain_and_Main_Building.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-class="thumbimage"> </span></a>
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<a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a></div>
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<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Texas" title="List of colleges and universities in Texas">List of colleges and universities in Texas</a></div>
<p>The state's two most widely recognized flagship universities are <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&amp;M University">Texas A&amp;M University</a>, ranked as the 52nd<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a></sup> and 69th<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a></sup> best universities in the nation according to the 2014 edition of <a href="/wiki/US_News_and_World_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="US News and World Report">U.S. News &amp; World Report's</a> "Best Colleges", respectively. Some observers<sup id="cite_ref-Tier_One_1_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tier_One_1-275">[273]</a></sup> also include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a> as tier one flagships alongside UT Austin and A&amp;M.<sup id="cite_ref-Tier_One_3_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tier_One_3-276">[274]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tier_One_4_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tier_One_4-277">[275]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Higher_Education_Coordinating_Board" title="Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board">Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board</a> (THECB) ranks the state's public universities into three distinct tiers:<sup id="cite_ref-UT_System_Tier_One_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UT_System_Tier_One-278">[276]</a></sup></p>
<ul><li>National Research Universities (Tier 1)<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a></sup><ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&amp;M University">Texas A&amp;M University</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Emerging Research Universities (Tier 2)<sup id="cite_ref-UT_System_Tier_One_278-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UT_System_Tier_One-278">[276]</a></sup><ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Arlington" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Arlington">The University of Texas at Arlington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_Dallas" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at Dallas">The University of Texas at Dallas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_El_Paso" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at El Paso">The University of Texas at El Paso</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas at San Antonio">The University of Texas at San Antonio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_University_of_North_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of North Texas">The University of North Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Texas_State_University" title="Texas State University">Texas State University</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li>Comprehensive Universities (Tier 3)<sup id="cite_ref-UT_System_Tier_One_278-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UT_System_Tier_One-278">[276]</a></sup><ul><li>All other public universities (25 in total)</li>
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</ul><p>Texas's controversial alternative affirmative action plan, <a href="/wiki/Texas_House_Bill_588" title="Texas House Bill 588">Texas House Bill 588</a>, guarantees Texas students who graduated in the <span class="nowrap">top 10</span> percent of their high school class automatic admission to state-funded universities. The bill encourages demographic diversity while avoiding problems stemming from the <i><a href="/wiki/Hopwood_v._Texas" title="Hopwood v. Texas">Hopwood v. Texas</a></i> (1996) case.</p>
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<a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&amp;M University">Texas A&amp;M University</a></div>
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<p>Thirty-six (36) separate and distinct public universities exist in Texas, of which 32 belong to one of the six state university systems.<sup id="cite_ref-UniSystems_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UniSystems-280">[278]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unisystems2_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unisystems2-281">[279]</a></sup> Discovery of minerals on <a href="/wiki/Permanent_University_Fund" title="Permanent University Fund">Permanent University Fund</a> land, particularly oil, has helped fund the rapid growth of the state's two largest university systems: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_System" title="University of Texas System">University of Texas System</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_System" title="Texas A&amp;M University System">Texas A&amp;M System</a>. The four other university systems: the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston_System" title="University of Houston System">University of Houston System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_System" title="University of North Texas System">University of North Texas System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_University_System" title="Texas State University System">Texas State System</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University_System" title="Texas Tech University System">Texas Tech System</a> are not funded by the Permanent University Fund.</p>
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<a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a></div>
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<p>The Carnegie Foundation classifies three of Texas's universities as Tier One research institutions: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">The University of Texas at Austin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&amp;M University">Texas A&amp;M University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a>. The University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&amp;M University are flagship universities of the state of Texas. Both were established by the Texas Constitution and hold stakes in the Permanent University Fund. The state has been putting effort to expand the number of flagship universities by elevating some of its seven institutions designated as "emerging research universities." The two that are expected to emerge first are the University of Houston and Texas Tech University, likely in that order according to discussions on the House floor of the 82nd Texas Legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-282" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a></sup></p>
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<a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a></div>
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<p>The state is home to various private institutions of higher learning—ranging from liberal arts colleges to a nationally recognized top-tier research university. <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a></span> in Houston is one of the leading teaching and research universities of the United States and is ranked the nation's 17th-best overall university by <i>U.S. News &amp; World Report</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-283" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trinity_University_(Texas)" title="Trinity University (Texas)">Trinity University</a>, a private, primarily undergraduate liberal arts university in San Antonio, has ranked first among universities granting primarily bachelor's and select master's degrees in the Western United States for 20 consecutive years by <i>U.S. News</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-284" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a></sup> Private universities include <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austin_College" title="Austin College">Austin College</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mary_Hardin%E2%80%93Baylor" title="University of Mary Hardin–Baylor">University of Mary Hardin–Baylor</a></span>, and <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_University" title="Southwestern University">Southwestern University</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-privateuni_285-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-privateuni-285">[283]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-southwestern_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southwestern-286">[284]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-austincollege_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-austincollege-287">[285]</a></sup></p>
<p>Universities in Texas host three presidential libraries: <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Presidential_Library" title="George Bush Presidential Library">George Bush Presidential Library</a> at Texas A&amp;M University, the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Library_and_Museum" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum">Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum</a> at The University of Texas at Austin, and the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Presidential Library">George W. Bush Presidential Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Southern_Methodist_University" title="Southern Methodist University">Southern Methodist University</a>.</p>
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</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(10)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Media">Media</span></h2><div class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10">
<table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" width="20" height="14" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" data-alt="[icon]" data-width="20" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x"> </span></a></td>
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<div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section needs expansion</b>. <small>You can help by <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas&amp;action=edit&amp;section=">adding to it</a>.</small> <small><i>(March 2017)</i></small></div>
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</tr></table><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Texas_media" title="Category:Texas media">Category:Texas media</a></div>
</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(11)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Healthcare">Healthcare</span></h2><div class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11">
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Texas" title="List of hospitals in Texas">List of hospitals in Texas</a></div>
<p>Notwithstanding the concentration of elite medical centers located in the state, <a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="The Commonwealth Fund">The Commonwealth Fund</a> ranks the Texas <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare system">healthcare system</a> the third worst in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-insurancenet_288-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insurancenet-288">[286]</a></sup> Texas ranks close to last in access to healthcare, quality of care, avoidable hospital spending, and equity among various groups.<sup id="cite_ref-insurancenet_288-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insurancenet-288">[286]</a></sup> Causes of the state's poor rankings include politics, a high poverty rate, and the highest rate of illegal immigration in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-CausesHealthcare_199-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CausesHealthcare-199">[197]</a></sup> In May 2006, Texas initiated the program "code red" in response to the report that the state had 25.1 percent of the population without health insurance, the largest proportion in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-codered_289-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-codered-289">[287]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Trust_for_America%27s_Health" title="Trust for America's Health">Trust for America's Health</a> ranked Texas 15th highest in adult <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, with 27.2 percent of the state's population <a href="/wiki/Measured" class="mw-redirect" title="Measured">measured</a> as obese.<sup id="cite_ref-healthyamericans_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-healthyamericans-290">[288]</a></sup> The 2008 <a href="/wiki/Men%27s_Health_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Men's Health (magazine)">Men's Health</a> obesity survey ranked four Texas cities among the top 25 fattest cities in America; Houston ranked 6th, Dallas 7th, El Paso 8th, and <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington</a> 14th.<sup id="cite_ref-obese2_291-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obese2-291">[289]</a></sup> Texas had only one city, Austin, ranked 21st, in the top 25 among the "fittest cities" in America.<sup id="cite_ref-obese2_291-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obese2-291">[289]</a></sup> The same survey has evaluated the state's obesity initiatives favorably with a "B+".<sup id="cite_ref-obese2_291-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obese2-291">[289]</a></sup> The state is ranked forty-second in the percentage of residents who engage in regular exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292">[290]</a></sup></p>
<p>Texas has the <a href="/wiki/Maternal_Healthcare_System_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal Healthcare System in Texas">highest maternal mortality rate</a> in the developed world, and the rate by which Texas women died from pregnancy related complications doubled from 2010 to 2014, to 23.8 per 100,000. A rate unmatched in any other U.S. state or economically developed country.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Medical_research">Medical research</span></h3>
<p>Many elite research medical centers are located in Texas. The state has nine <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Texas#Health_science" title="List of colleges and universities in Texas">medical schools</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MedicalSchools_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedicalSchools-294">[292]</a></sup> three dental schools,<sup id="cite_ref-dentalschool_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dentalschool-295">[293]</a></sup> and two <a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">optometry</a> schools.<sup id="cite_ref-optometry_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-optometry-296">[294]</a></sup> Texas has two <a href="/wiki/Biosafety_Level_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosafety Level 4">Biosafety Level 4</a> (BSL-4) laboratories: one at <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Texas_Medical_Branch" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Texas Medical Branch">The University of Texas Medical Branch</a> (UTMB) in Galveston,<sup id="cite_ref-biosafety4_297-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biosafety4-297">[295]</a></sup> and the other at the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Foundation_for_Biomedical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research">Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research</a> in San Antonio—the first privately owned BSL-4 lab in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-biosafety4_2_298-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biosafety4_2-298">[296]</a></sup></p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/Texas_Medical_Center" title="Texas Medical Center">Texas Medical Center</a> in Houston, holds the world's largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions, with 47 member institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-TexasMC_299-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TexasMC-299">[297]</a></sup> Texas Medical Center performs the most heart transplants in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-HeartTransplants_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeartTransplants-300">[298]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_M._D._Anderson_Cancer_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center">University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center</a> in Houston is a highly regarded academic institution that centers around cancer patient care, research, education and prevention.<sup id="cite_ref-MDAnderson_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDAnderson-301">[299]</a></sup></p>
<p>San Antonio's <a href="/wiki/South_Texas_Medical_Center" title="South Texas Medical Center">South Texas Medical Center</a> facilities rank sixth in clinical medicine research impact in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-UTSAFactsheet_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTSAFactsheet-302">[300]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/UTHSCSA" class="mw-redirect" title="UTHSCSA">University of Texas Health Science Center</a> is another highly ranked research and educational institution in San Antonio.<sup id="cite_ref-DentalSchool_303-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DentalSchool-303">[301]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tmedicialcenter2_304-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tmedicialcenter2-304">[302]</a></sup></p>
<p>Both the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center" title="University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center">University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center</a> call Dallas home. The Southwestern Medical Center ranks "among the top academic medical centers in the world".<sup id="cite_ref-UTSWAboutUs_305-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTSWAboutUs-305">[303]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas Southwestern Medical School">institution's medical school</a> employs the most medical school <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-UTSWAboutUs_305-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTSWAboutUs-305">[303]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UTSWFactsheet_306-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTSWFactsheet-306">[304]</a></sup></p>
</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(12)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Transportation">Transportation</span></h2><div class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12">
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Texas" title="Transportation in Texas">Transportation in Texas</a></div>
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The <a href="/wiki/High_Five_Interchange" title="High Five Interchange">High Five Interchange</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a> is a five level interchange.</div>
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<p>Texans have historically had difficulties traversing Texas due to the state's large size and rough terrain. Texas has compensated by building both America's largest highway and railway systems in length. The <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory authority">regulatory authority</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation" title="Texas Department of Transportation">Texas Department of Transportation</a> (TxDOT) maintains the state's immense highway system, regulates aviation,<sup id="cite_ref-texdotaviation_307-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texdotaviation-307">[305]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Public_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Public transportation">public transportation</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-texdottransport_308-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-texdottransport-308">[306]</a></sup></p>
<p>Located centrally in North America, the state is an important <a href="/wiki/Transportation_hub" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation hub">transportation hub</a>. From the Dallas/Fort Worth area, trucks can reach 93 percent of the nation's population within 48 hours, and 37 percent within 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-JDFTransport_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JDFTransport-309">[307]</a></sup> Texas has 33 <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">foreign trade zones</a> (FTZ), the most in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-FTZ1_310-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTZ1-310">[308]</a></sup> In 2004, a combined total of $298 billion of goods passed though Texas FTZs.<sup id="cite_ref-FTZ1_310-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTZ1-310">[308]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Highways">Highways</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Texas_state_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas state highways">Texas state highways</a></div>
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"Welcome to Texas" road sign</div>
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<p>The first Texas freeway was the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Freeway">Gulf Freeway</a> opened in 1948 in Houston.<sup id="cite_ref-txfwy_311-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-txfwy-311">[309]</a></sup> As of 2005, 79,535 miles (127,999 km) of public highway crisscrossed Texas (up from 71,000 miles (114,263 km) in 1984).<sup id="cite_ref-highwaymiles_312-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-highwaymiles-312">[310]</a></sup> To fund recent growth in the state highways, Texas has 17 toll roads (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Toll_Roads_in_the_United_States#Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Toll Roads in the United States">list</a>) with several additional <a href="/wiki/Tollway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tollway">tollways</a> proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-tollways2_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tollways2-313">[311]</a></sup> In central Texas, the southern section of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_130" title="Texas State Highway 130">State Highway 130</a> toll road has a speed limit of 85 miles per hour (137 km/h), the highest in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-abcnews-130open_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abcnews-130open-314">[312]</a></sup> All federal and state highways in Texas are paved.</p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Airports">Airports</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Texas" title="List of airports in Texas">List of airports in Texas</a></div>
<p>Texas has 730 airports, second-most of any state in the nation. Largest in Texas by size and passengers served, <a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport</a> (DFW) is the second-largest by area in the United States, and fourth in the world with 18,076 acres (73.15 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-DFWAir_315-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFWAir-315">[313]</a></sup> In traffic, DFW is the busiest in the state, the fourth busiest in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-GreatPlacesAvi_316-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreatPlacesAvi-316">[314]</a></sup> and sixth worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-DFWAir2_317-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DFWAir2-317">[315]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Group" title="American Airlines Group">American Airlines Group</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Eagle_Airlines" class="mw-redirect" title="American Eagle Airlines">American Eagle</a>, the world's largest airline in total passengers-miles transported and passenger fleet size,<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a></sup> uses DFW as its largest and main <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">hub</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a>, headquartered in Dallas, has its operations at <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field" title="Dallas Love Field">Dallas Love Field</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SW1_319-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW1-319">[317]</a></sup> It ranks as the largest airline in the United States by number of passengers carried domestically per year and the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_largest_airlines#Scheduled_domestic_passengers_carried" title="World's largest airlines">largest airline in the world</a> by number of passengers carried.<sup id="cite_ref-IATA_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IATA-320">[318]</a></sup></p>
<p>Texas's second-largest air facility is Houston's <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a> (IAH). It served as the largest hub for the former <a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a>, which was based in Houston; it serves as the largest hub for <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, the world's third-largest airline, by passenger-miles flown.<sup id="cite_ref-321" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-322" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a></sup> IAH offers service to the most Mexican destinations of any U.S. airport.<sup id="cite_ref-GBAir1_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBAir1-323">[321]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GBAir2_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBAir2-324">[322]</a></sup> The next five largest airports in the state all serve over 3 million passengers annually; they include <a href="/wiki/Austin-Bergstrom_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin-Bergstrom International Airport">Austin-Bergstrom International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_P._Hobby_Airport" title="William P. Hobby Airport">William P. Hobby Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_International_Airport" title="San Antonio International Airport">San Antonio International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Love_Field" title="Dallas Love Field">Dallas Love Field</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Paso_International_Airport" title="El Paso International Airport">El Paso International Airport</a>. The smallest airport in the state to be designated an international airport is <a href="/wiki/Del_Rio_International_Airport" title="Del Rio International Airport">Del Rio International Airport</a>.</p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ports">Ports</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_the_United_States" title="List of ports in the United States">List of ports in the United States</a></div>
<p>Around 1,150 <a href="/wiki/Seaports" class="mw-redirect" title="Seaports">seaports</a> dot Texas's coast with over 1,000 miles (1,600 km) of <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">channels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ports1_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ports1-325">[323]</a></sup> Ports employ nearly one-million people and handle an average of 317 million <a href="/wiki/Metric_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tons">metric tons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-portbenefits_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-portbenefits-326">[324]</a></sup> Texas ports connect with the rest of the U.S. Atlantic seaboard with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Gulf Intracoastal Waterway">Gulf</a> section of the <a href="/wiki/Intracoastal_Waterway" title="Intracoastal Waterway">Intracoastal Waterway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ports1_325-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ports1-325">[323]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Houston" title="Port of Houston">Port of Houston</a> today is the busiest port in the United States in foreign tonnage, second in overall tonnage, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_world%27s_busiest_ports_by_cargo_tonnage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of world's busiest ports by cargo tonnage">tenth</a> worldwide in tonnage.<sup id="cite_ref-porthouston_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-porthouston-327">[325]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a> spans 530 feet (160 m) wide by 45 feet (14 m) deep by 50 miles (80 km) long.<sup id="cite_ref-HGnav_328-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGnav-328">[326]</a></sup></p>
<h3 class="in-block"><span class="mw-headline" id="Railroads">Railroads</span></h3>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_railroads" title="List of Texas railroads">List of Texas railroads</a></div>
<p>Part of the state's <a href="/wiki/Cowboy#Texas_tradition" title="Cowboy">tradition</a> of cowboys is derived from the massive <a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">cattle drives</a> which its ranchers organized in the nineteenth century to <a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">drive</a> livestock to railroads and markets in Kansas, for shipment to the East. Towns along the way, such as <a href="/wiki/Baxter_Springs,_Kansas" title="Baxter Springs, Kansas">Baxter Springs</a>, the first cow town in Kansas, developed to handle the seasonal workers and tens of thousands of head of cattle being driven.</p>
<p>The first railroad to operate in Texas was the <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bayou,_Brazos_and_Colorado_Railway" title="Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway">Buffalo Bayou, Brazos and Colorado Railway</a>, opening in August 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-329" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a></sup> The first railroad to enter Texas from the north, completed in 1872, was the <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas%E2%80%93Texas_Railroad" title="Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad">Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a></sup> With increasing railroad access, the ranchers did not have to take their livestock up to the Midwest, and shipped beef out from Texas. This caused a decline in the economies of the cow towns.</p>
<p>Since 1911, Texas has led the nation in length of railroad miles within the state. Texas railway length peaked in 1932 at 17,078 miles (27,484 km), but declined to 14,006 miles (22,540 km) by 2000. While the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_of_Texas" title="Railroad Commission of Texas">Railroad Commission of Texas</a> originally regulated state railroads, in 2005 the state reassigned these duties to TxDOT.<sup id="cite_ref-RRCMove_331-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRCMove-331">[329]</a></sup></p>
<p>Both Dallas and Houston feature <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> systems. <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Dallas Area Rapid Transit">Dallas Area Rapid Transit</a> (DART) built the first light rail system in the Southwest United States, completed in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-DARTLightRail_332-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DARTLightRail-332">[330]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Railway_Express" title="Trinity Railway Express">Trinity Railway Express</a> (TRE) <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter rail</a> service, which connects Fort Worth and Dallas, is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_Transportation_Authority" title="Fort Worth Transportation Authority">Fort Worth Transportation Authority</a> (the T) and DART.<sup id="cite_ref-TRE_333-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRE-333">[331]</a></sup> In the Austin area, <a href="/wiki/Capital_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority">Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority</a> operates a commuter rail service known as <a href="/wiki/Capital_MetroRail" title="Capital MetroRail">Capital MetroRail</a> to the northwestern suburbs. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transit_Authority_of_Harris_County,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas">Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County, Texas</a> (METRO) operates light rail lines in the Houston area.</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Amtrak" title="Amtrak">Amtrak</a> provides Texas with limited intercity passenger rail service. Three scheduled routes serve the state: the daily <i><a href="/wiki/Texas_Eagle" title="Texas Eagle">Texas Eagle</a></i> <span class="nowrap">(Chicago–San Antonio)</span>; the tri-weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a></i> <span class="nowrap">(New Orleans–Los Angeles)</span>, with stops in Texas; and the daily <i><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Flyer" title="Heartland Flyer">Heartland Flyer</a></i> <span class="nowrap">(Fort Worth–Oklahoma City)</span>.</p>
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<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:20110123_DFW_terminal_D.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/20110123_DFW_terminal_D.jpg/371px-20110123_DFW_terminal_D.jpg" width="248" height="120" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1771"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 248px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/20110123_DFW_terminal_D.jpg/371px-20110123_DFW_terminal_D.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="248" data-height="120"> </span></a></div>
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<p>Terminal D at <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Fort Worth International Airport">DFW Airport</a> in Dallas.</p>
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<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_terminal_E.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bush_terminal_E.jpg/240px-Bush_terminal_E.jpg" width="160" height="120" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bush_terminal_E.jpg/240px-Bush_terminal_E.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="160" data-height="120"> </span></a></div>
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<p>Terminal E at <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">George Bush Intercontinental Airport</a> in Houston.</p>
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<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Houston_Ship_Channel.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Houston_Ship_Channel.jpg/275px-Houston_Ship_Channel.jpg" width="184" height="120" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1378"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 184px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Houston_Ship_Channel.jpg/275px-Houston_Ship_Channel.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="184" data-height="120"> </span></a></div>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Houston" title="Port of Houston">Port of Houston</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Ship_Channel" title="Houston Ship Channel">Houston Ship Channel</a></p>
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<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg/342px-METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg" width="228" height="120" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="674"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 228px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg/342px-METRO_Light_Rail3.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="228" data-height="120"> </span></a></div>
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<p><a href="/wiki/METRORail" title="METRORail">METRORail</a> in Houston</p>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Area_Rapid_Transit" title="Dallas Area Rapid Transit">DART</a> Rail in Dallas</p>
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<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Austin_Metrorail.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Austin_Metrorail.jpg/300px-Austin_Metrorail.jpg" width="200" height="120" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Austin_Metrorail.jpg/300px-Austin_Metrorail.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="120"> </span></a></div>
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<p><a href="/wiki/Capital_MetroRail" title="Capital MetroRail">Capital MetroRail</a> in Austin</p>
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</ul></div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(13)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Sports">Sports</span></h2><div class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13">
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Texas" title="Sports in Texas">Sports in Texas</a></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_sports_teams" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Texas sports teams">List of Texas sports teams</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_University_Interscholastic_League_events" title="List of University Interscholastic League events">List of University Interscholastic League events</a></div>
<p>While <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a> has long been considered "king" in the state, Texans today enjoy a wide variety of sports.<sup id="cite_ref-FBKing_334-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBKing-334">[332]</a></sup></p>
<p>Texans can cheer for a plethora of professional sports teams. Within the <a href="/wiki/Major_North_American_professional_sports_leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Major North American professional sports leagues">"Big Four" professional leagues</a>, Texas has two <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> teams (the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Texans" title="Houston Texans">Houston Texans</a>), two <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> teams (the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Astros" title="Houston Astros">Houston Astros</a>), three <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> teams (the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Rockets" title="Houston Rockets">Houston Rockets</a>, the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs" title="San Antonio Spurs">San Antonio Spurs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Mavericks" title="Dallas Mavericks">Dallas Mavericks</a>), and one National Hockey League team (the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Stars" title="Dallas Stars">Dallas Stars</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Dallas_%E2%80%93_Fort_Worth_Metroplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex">Dallas – Fort Worth Metroplex</a> is one of only <a href="/wiki/U.S._cities_with_teams_from_four_major_league_sports" title="U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports">twelve American metropolitan areas that hosts sports teams from all the "Big Four" professional leagues</a>. Outside of the "Big Four" leagues, Texas also has two <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association" title="Women's National Basketball Association">WNBA</a> teams (the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Wings" title="Dallas Wings">Dallas Wings</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Silver_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio Silver Stars">San Antonio Stars</a>) and two <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> teams (the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Dynamo" title="Houston Dynamo">Houston Dynamo</a> and <a href="/wiki/FC_Dallas" title="FC Dallas">FC Dallas</a>).</p>
<p><a href="/wiki/College_athletics" title="College athletics">Collegiate athletics</a> have deep significance in Texas culture, especially <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a>. The state has ten <a href="/wiki/Division_I-FBS" class="mw-redirect" title="Division I-FBS">Division I-FBS</a> schools, the most in the nation. Four of the state's universities, the <a href="/wiki/Baylor_Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="Baylor Bears">Baylor Bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Longhorns" title="Texas Longhorns">Texas Longhorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/TCU_Horned_Frogs" title="TCU Horned Frogs">TCU Horned Frogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders" title="Texas Tech Red Raiders">Texas Tech Red Raiders</a>, compete in the <a href="/wiki/Big_12_Conference" title="Big 12 Conference">Big 12 Conference</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_Aggies" title="Texas A&amp;M Aggies">Texas A&amp;M Aggies</a> left the Big 12 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Conference" title="Southeastern Conference">Southeastern Conference</a> in 2012, which led the Big 12 to invite TCU to join; TCU was previously in the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference" title="Mountain West Conference">Mountain West Conference</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Houston_Cougars" title="Houston Cougars">Houston Cougars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/SMU_Mustangs" title="SMU Mustangs">SMU Mustangs</a> compete in the <a href="/wiki/American_Athletic_Conference" title="American Athletic Conference">American Athletic Conference</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Bobcats" title="Texas State Bobcats">Texas State Bobcats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Texas%E2%80%93Arlington_Mavericks" title="Texas–Arlington Mavericks">UT Arlington Mavericks</a> compete in the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference" title="Sun Belt Conference">Sun Belt Conference</a>. Four of the state's schools claim at least one national championship in football: the Texas Longhorns, the Texas A&amp;M Aggies, the TCU Horned Frogs, and the SMU Mustangs.</p>
<p>According to a survey of Division I-A coaches the <a href="/wiki/College_rivalry" title="College rivalry">rivalry</a> between the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a> and the University of Texas at Austin, the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Shootout" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Shootout">Red River Shootout</a>, ranks the third best in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-RRShootout_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RRShootout-335">[333]</a></sup> The TCU Horned Frogs and SMU Mustangs also share a rivalry and compete annually in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_the_Iron_Skillet" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle for the Iron Skillet">Battle for the Iron Skillet</a>. A fierce rivalry, the <a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_Showdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Lone Star Showdown">Lone Star Showdown</a>, also exists between the state's two largest universities, Texas A&amp;M University and the University of Texas at Austin. The athletics portion of the Lone Star Showdown rivalry has been put on hold after the Texas A&amp;M Aggies joined the Southeastern Conference.</p>
<p>The <a href="/wiki/University_Interscholastic_League" title="University Interscholastic League">University Interscholastic League</a> (UIL) organizes most primary and secondary school competitions. Events organized by UIL include contests in athletics (the most popular being <a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">high school football</a>) as well as artistic and academic subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-UIL_336-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UIL-336">[334]</a></sup></p>
<p>Texans also enjoy the <a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">rodeo</a>. The world's first rodeo was hosted in <a href="/wiki/Pecos,_Texas" title="Pecos, Texas">Pecos, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a></sup> The annual <a href="/wiki/Houston_Livestock_Show_and_Rodeo" title="Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo">Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo</a> is the largest rodeo in the world. It begins with trail rides that originate from several points throughout the state that convene at <a href="/wiki/Reliant_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliant Park">Reliant Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HoustonRodeo_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoustonRodeo-338">[336]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Exposition_and_Livestock_Show" title="Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show">Southwestern Exposition and Livestock Show</a> in Fort Worth is the oldest continuously running rodeo incorporating many of the state's most historic traditions into its annual events. Dallas hosts the <a href="/wiki/State_Fair_of_Texas" title="State Fair of Texas">State Fair of Texas</a> each year at <a href="/wiki/Fair_Park" title="Fair Park">Fair Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-statefair_339-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statefair-339">[337]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="/wiki/Texas_Motor_Speedway" title="Texas Motor Speedway">Texas Motor Speedway</a> hosts annual <a href="/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="NASCAR Cup Series">NASCAR Cup Series</a> and <a href="/wiki/IndyCar_Series" title="IndyCar Series">IndyCar Series</a> auto races since 1997. Since 2012, Austin's <a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_the_Americas" title="Circuit of the Americas">Circuit of the Americas</a> plays host to a round of the <a href="/wiki/Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> World Championship<sup id="cite_ref-f1_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f1-340">[338]</a></sup> —the first at a permanent road circuit in the United States since the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Grand_Prix" title="1980 United States Grand Prix">1980 Grand Prix</a> at <a href="/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International" title="Watkins Glen International">Watkins Glen International</a>—, as well as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing" title="Grand Prix motorcycle racing">Grand Prix motorcycle racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIA_World_Endurance_Championship" title="FIA World Endurance Championship">FIA World Endurance Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_SportsCar_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="United SportsCar Championship">United SportsCar Championship</a> races.</p>
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<p><a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Stadium" title="AT&amp;T Stadium">AT&amp;T Stadium</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a></p>
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<p>Playoff game between the <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Spurs" title="San Antonio Spurs">San Antonio Spurs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Lakers" title="Los Angeles Lakers">Los Angeles Lakers</a> in 2007</p>
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<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rangers_Ballpark_in_Arlington.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rangers_Ballpark_in_Arlington.jpg/225px-Rangers_Ballpark_in_Arlington.jpg" width="150" height="120" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rangers_Ballpark_in_Arlington.jpg/225px-Rangers_Ballpark_in_Arlington.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="150" data-height="120"> </span></a></div>
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<p>The <a href="/wiki/Ballpark_in_Arlington" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballpark in Arlington">Ballpark in Arlington</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)" title="Texas Rangers (baseball)">Texas Rangers</a></p>
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<div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:BBVA_Compass_Stadium_Inaugural_Goal_Celebration.jpg" class="image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/BBVA_Compass_Stadium_Inaugural_Goal_Celebration.jpg/240px-BBVA_Compass_Stadium_Inaugural_Goal_Celebration.jpg" width="160" height="120" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/BBVA_Compass_Stadium_Inaugural_Goal_Celebration.jpg/240px-BBVA_Compass_Stadium_Inaugural_Goal_Celebration.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="160" data-height="120"> </span></a></div>
</div>
<div class="gallerytext">
<p><a href="/wiki/BBVA_Compass_Stadium" title="BBVA Compass Stadium">BBVA Compass Stadium</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Dynamo" title="Houston Dynamo">Houston Dynamo</a></p>
</div>
</div>
</li>
</ul></div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(14)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><div class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14">
<div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px">
<ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" width="32" height="21" class="noviewer thumbborder" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/32px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/48px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/64px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-class="noviewer thumbborder"> </span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Texas" title="Portal:Texas">Texas portal</a></span></li>
</ul></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Texas-related_articles" title="Index of Texas-related articles">Index of Texas-related articles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Texas" title="Outline of Texas">Outline of Texas</a> – organized list of topics about Texas</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Texas" title="Legal status of Texas">Legal status of Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">Texas secession movements</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Texas" title="LGBT rights in Texas">LGBT rights in Texas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_installations_in_Texas" title="List of military installations in Texas">List of military installations in Texas</a></li>
</ul></div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(15)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2><div class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15">
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap">
<ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, as used by the large <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prairie,_Texas" title="Grand Prairie, Texas">Grand Prairie</a>–based national and international amusement park operator <a href="/wiki/Six_Flags" title="Six Flags">Six Flags</a></span></li>
</ol></div>
</div>
<div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;">
<div class="mw-references-wrap">
<ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-Elector-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elector_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elector_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elector_157-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Did not run and was not a candidate, but received one electoral vote by a <a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">faithless elector</a>.</span></li>
</ol></div>
</div>
</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(16)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16">
<div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 20em; -webkit-column-width: 20em; column-width: 20em; list-style-type: decimal;">
<ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mla.org/map_data_results&amp;state_id=48&amp;mode=state_tops&amp;ll=all"><i>Texas — Languages</i></a>. MLA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Texas+%E2%80%94+Languages&amp;rft.pub=MLA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mla.org%2Fmap_data_results%26state_id%3D48%26mode%3Dstate_tops%26ll%3Dall&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-facts-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-facts_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-facts_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-facts_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6E1UMQPQg?url=http://www.texasalmanac.com/topics/facts-profile"><i>Facts</i></a> (2008–2009 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Texas_Almanac" title="Texas Almanac">Texas Almanac</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasalmanac.com/facts/">the original</a> on January 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Facts&amp;rft.edition=2008%E2%80%932009&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Almanac&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasalmanac.com%2Ffacts%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-environment-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-environment_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080317214833/http://www.texasalmanac.com/environment/"><i>Environment</i></a> (2008–2009 ed.). Texas Almanac. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasalmanac.com/environment/">the original</a> on March 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Environment&amp;rft.edition=2008%E2%80%932009&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Almanac&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasalmanac.com%2Fenvironment%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-PopHousingEst-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PopHousingEst_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest.html">"Population and Housing Unit Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. June 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Population+and+Housing+Unit+Estimates&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&amp;rft.date=2017-06-22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fpopest.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0">"Median Annual Household Income"</a>. <i>The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Henry+J.+Kaiser+Family+Foundation&amp;rft.atitle=Median+Annual+Household+Income&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkff.org%2Fother%2Fstate-indicator%2Fmedian-annual-income%2F%3FcurrentTimeframe%3D0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=CD0994">"El Capitan"</a>. <i>NGS data sheet</i>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Geodetic_Survey" title="U.S. National Geodetic Survey">U.S. National Geodetic Survey</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=NGS+data+sheet&amp;rft.atitle=El+Capitan&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngs.noaa.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fds_mark.prl%3FPidBox%3DCD0994&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-USGS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USGS_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html">"Elevations and Distances in the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html">the original</a> on July 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Elevations+and+Distances+in+the+United+States&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fegsc.usgs.gov%2Fisb%2Fpubs%2Fbooklets%2Felvadist%2Felvadist.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NAVD88-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAVD88_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elevation adjusted to <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">North American Vertical Datum of 1988</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netstate.com/states/intro/tx_intro.htm">"Introduction to Texas"</a>. Netstate.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Texas&amp;rft.pub=Netstate.com&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.netstate.com%2Fstates%2Fintro%2Ftx_intro.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hanson-Harding, Alexandra (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUemv3wa0O8C&amp;pg=PP1"><i>Texas</i></a>. Children's Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-516-22322-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-516-22322-3">978-0-516-22322-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Texas&amp;rft.pub=Children%27s+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-516-22322-3&amp;rft.aulast=Hanson-Harding&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexandra&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUemv3wa0O8C%26pg%3DPP1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sansom, Andrew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LEHH7ovVVDgC&amp;pg=PA25"><i>Water in Texas: An Introduction</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71809-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71809-8">978-0-292-71809-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Water+in+Texas%3A+An+Introduction&amp;rft.pages=25&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-292-71809-8&amp;rft.aulast=Sansom&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLEHH7ovVVDgC%26pg%3DPA25&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Dingus, Anne (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9hESAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PP1"><i>The dictionary of Texas misinformation</i></a>. Texas Monthly Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87719-089-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87719-089-9">978-0-87719-089-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+dictionary+of+Texas+misinformation&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Monthly+Press&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87719-089-9&amp;rft.aulast=Dingus&amp;rft.aufirst=Anne&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9hESAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPP1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legisworks.org/sal/9/stats/STATUTE-9-Pg108a.pdf">"Resolutions"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Twenty-ninth Congress</i>. 1845.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Twenty-ninth+Congress&amp;rft.atitle=Resolutions&amp;rft.date=1845&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegisworks.org%2Fsal%2F9%2Fstats%2FSTATUTE-9-Pg108a.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ramos, Mary G.; Reavis, Dick J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgCE8AHvYUQC&amp;pg=PA125"><i>Texas</i></a>. Fodor's Travel Publications. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-676-90502-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-676-90502-1">978-0-676-90502-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Texas&amp;rft.pages=125&amp;rft.pub=Fodor%27s+Travel+Publications&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-676-90502-1&amp;rft.aulast=Ramos&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary+G.&amp;rft.au=Reavis%2C+Dick+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgCE8AHvYUQC%26pg%3DPA125&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Hackett, Robert (June 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2015/06/15/states-most-fortune-500-companies/">"States with the most Fortune 500 companies"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. Time Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Fortune&amp;rft.atitle=States+with+the+most+Fortune+500+companies&amp;rft.date=2015-06-15&amp;rft.aulast=Hackett&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2015%2F06%2F15%2Fstates-most-fortune-500-companies%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TribesofTexas-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TribesofTexas_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TribesofTexas_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Fry, Phillip L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pft04">"Handbook of Texas Online, s.v. "Texas, origin of name<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Texas+Online%2C+s.v.+%22Texas%2C+origin+of+name%22&amp;rft.aulast=Fry&amp;rft.aufirst=Phillip+L.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fpft04&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-TexasWeather-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TexasWeather_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/yzw01">Weather</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i> Accessed July 22, 2008</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-deadhurr-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deadhurr_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deadhurr_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Blake, Eric S.; Rappaport, Edward N.; Landsea, Christopher W. (April 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/NWS-TPC-5.pdf">"The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones From 1851 to 2006"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. National Weather Service: National Hurricane Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Deadliest%2C+Costliest%2C+and+Most+Intense+United+States+Tropical+Cyclones+From+1851+to+2006&amp;rft.pub=National+Weather+Service%3A+National+Hurricane+Center&amp;rft.date=2007-04-15&amp;rft.aulast=Blake&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&amp;rft.au=Rappaport%2C+Edward+N.&amp;rft.au=Landsea%2C+Christopher+W.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhc.noaa.gov%2Fpdf%2FNWS-TPC-5.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-198billion-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198billion_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report">Michael Hicks and Mark Burton (September 8, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.cberdata.org/reports/HurricaneHarvey2017.pdf">Hurricane Harvey: Preliminary Estimates of Commercial and Public Sector Damages on the Houston Metropolitan Area</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Report). Ball State University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=report&amp;rft.btitle=Hurricane+Harvey%3A+Preliminary+Estimates+of+Commercial+and+Public+Sector+Damages+on+the+Houston+Metropolitan+Area&amp;rft.pub=Ball+State+University&amp;rft.date=2017-09-08&amp;rft.au=Michael+Hicks+and+Mark+Burton&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.cberdata.org%2Freports%2FHurricaneHarvey2017.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-GH1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GH1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Borenstein, Seth (June 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2007-06-04-state-emissions_N.htm">"Blame Coal: Texas Leads in Overall Emissions"</a>. <i>USA Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+Today&amp;rft.atitle=Blame+Coal%3A+Texas+Leads+in+Overall+Emissions&amp;rft.date=2007-06-04&amp;rft.au=Borenstein%2C+Seth&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fnews%2F2007-06-04-state-emissions_N.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-GH2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GH2_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GH2_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GH2_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919052620/http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/texassouthwest/stories/060307dnnatemissions.3c1df3a.html">"Texas No. 1 producer of greenhouse gases"</a>. The Dallas Morning News. Associated Press. June 3, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/texassouthwest/stories/060307dnnatemissions.3c1df3a.html">the original</a> on September 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Texas+No.+1+producer+of+greenhouse+gases&amp;rft.date=2007-06-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fsharedcontent%2Fdws%2Fnews%2Ftexassouthwest%2Fstories%2F060307dnnatemissions.3c1df3a.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-GH3-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GH3_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/01/16/tech/main3720823.shtml?source=RSSattr=SciTech_3720823">"Texas Is No. 1 Carbon Polluter In U.S"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. Associated Press. January 16, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBS+News&amp;rft.atitle=Texas+Is+No.+1+Carbon+Polluter+In+U.S.&amp;rft.date=2008-01-16&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2008%2F01%2F16%2Ftech%2Fmain3720823.shtml%3Fsource%3DRSSattr%3DSciTech_3720823&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rawstory.com/rs/2011/11/10/living-and-coughing-downwind-of-texas-smoke-stacks/">"Living, and coughing, downwind of Texas smoke stacks"</a>. November 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Living%2C+and+coughing%2C+downwind+of+Texas+smoke+stacks&amp;rft.date=2011-11-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rawstory.com%2Frs%2F2011%2F11%2F10%2Fliving-and-coughing-downwind-of-texas-smoke-stacks%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Richardson-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson (2005), p. 9.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson (2005), pp 10–16</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-nativeamericans-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nativeamericans_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nativeamericans_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/bzi04">Native Americans</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, p 1</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-etymology-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymology_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Texas">"Texas"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Texas&amp;rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DTexas&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-WChafe-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WChafe_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace Chafe, p.c.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, p 10</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rupert N. Richardson, Adrian Anderson, Cary D. Wintz &amp; Ernest Wallace, <i>Texas: the Lone Star State</i>, 9th edition, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 0131835505, pp.10–16</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chipman243-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman243_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 243.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-weber34-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber34_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 34.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CVaca-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CVaca_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fca06">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SpanishT-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SpanishT_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/nps01">Spanish Texas</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-070/summary/index.asp">The Journey of Alvar Nuńez Cabeza de Vaca</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005010422/http://www.americanjourneys.org/aj-070/summary/index.asp">Archived</a> October 5, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>."</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davidson, James West. <i>After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection</i> Volume 1. Mc Graw Hill, New York 2010, Chapter 1, p. 7</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winship, G.P., translator and editor, The Journey of Coronado, 1540–1542, New York: A.S. Barnes &amp; Company, 1904, pp. 210–211</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-weber149-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber149_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 149.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chipman83-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman83_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 83.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chipman89-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman89_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 89.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-weber155-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber155_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 155.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chipman111and2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman111and2_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), pp. 111–112.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-weber160-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber160_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 160.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-weber163-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber163_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 163.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolton, H.E., 1915, <i>Texas in the Middle 18th Century</i>, Berkeley: University of California Press, facing p. 382.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chipman205-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman205_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 205.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-weber193-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber193_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 193.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-weber189-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber189_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 189.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-weddle163-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weddle163_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 163.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-weddle164-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weddle164_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weddle (1995), p. 164.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chipman200-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman200_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 200.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chipman202-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chipman202_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chipman (1992), p. 202.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-weber291to9-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber291to9_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), pp. 291–299.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-davis46-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davis46_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis (2006), p. 46.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-weber300-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weber300_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weber (1992), p. 300.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-manchaca162-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manchaca162_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manchaca (2001), p. 162.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-manchaca164-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manchaca164_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manchaca (2001), p. 164.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-manchaca198-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-manchaca198_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-manchaca198_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manchaca (2001), p. 198.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manchaca (2001), p. 199.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-edmondson75-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edmondson75_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmondson (2000), p. 75.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-manchaca201and172-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-manchaca201and172_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manchaca (2001), pp. 172, 201.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.publishinghau5.com/The-History-of-Texas-page-9.php">http://www.publishinghau5.com/The-History-of-Texas-page-9.php</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-edmondson78-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edmondson78_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmondson (2000), p. 78.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-davis77-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davis77_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis (2006), p. 77.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-davis85-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davis85_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis (2006), p. 85.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-davis86to89-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davis86to89_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis (2006), pp. 86–9.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-davis92-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davis92_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis (2006), p. 92.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-huson4-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-huson4_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huson (1974), p. 4.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-hardin12-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardin12_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardin (1994), p. 12.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-barr64-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barr64_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barr (1990), p. 64.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-winders72-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winders72_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winders (2004), p. 72.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-winders90and92-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-winders90and92_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winders (2004), pp. 90, 92.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-hardin109-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardin109_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardin (1994), p. 109.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-hardin102-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hardin102_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardin (1994), p. 102.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Handbook-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Roell, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qec01"><i>Battle of Coleto</i></a>. Handbook of Texas.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Battle+of+Coleto&amp;rft.pub=Handbook+of+Texas&amp;rft.aulast=Roell&amp;rft.aufirst=Craig&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fqec01&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-todish68-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-todish68_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-todish68_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Todish <i>et al.</i> (1998), p. 68.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-roberts144-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-roberts144_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts and Olson (2001), p. 144.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-todish69-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-todish69_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todish <i>et al.</i> (1998), p. 69.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-todish70-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-todish70_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todish <i>et al.</i> (1998), p. 70.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-archivewar-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-archivewar_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tsl.state.tx.us/treasures/republic/archwar/archwar.html">"The Archives War"</a>. <i>Texas Treasures- The Republic</i>. The Texas State Library and Archives Commission. November 2, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Texas+Treasures-+The+Republic&amp;rft.atitle=The+Archives+War&amp;rft.date=2005-11-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tsl.state.tx.us%2Ftreasures%2Frepublic%2Farchwar%2Farchwar.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Calvert-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Calvert_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Calvert, R.; De Léon, A.; Cantrell, G. (2002). <i>The History of Texas</i>. Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+of+Texas&amp;rft.place=Wheeling%2C+Illinois&amp;rft.pub=Harlan+Davidson&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.aulast=Calvert&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=De+L%C3%A9on%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Cantrell%2C+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Bruce Winders, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcc9EciebFYC&amp;printsec=frontcover"><i>Crisis in the Southwest: The United States, Mexico, and the Struggle over Texas</i></a> (Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2002), p. 41.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buescher, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachinghistory.org/history-content/ask-a-historian/23927">"Senatorial Division"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teachinghistory.org/">Teachinghistory.org</a>, accessed August 21, 2011.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TAnnexation-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TAnnexation_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mga02">Annexation</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Mwar-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mwar_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mwar_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qdm02">Mexican War</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CCulture-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCulture_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Britton, Karen Gerhardt; Elliott, Fred C.; Miller, E. A. (June 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/afc03">"Cotton Culture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a></i> (online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Cotton+Culture&amp;rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Texas&amp;rft.edition=online&amp;rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&amp;rft.date=2010-06-12&amp;rft.aulast=Britton&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen+Gerhardt&amp;rft.au=Elliott%2C+Fred+C.&amp;rft.au=Miller%2C+E.+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fafc03&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2010/12/10/opinion/20101210_Disunion_SlaveryMap.html">Susan Schulte, "Visualizing Slavery": "A Map of Slavery Interactive Feature"</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, December 10, 2010</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HTO-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTO_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pkaan">W. Marvin Dulaney, "African Americans"</a>, <i>Handbook of Texas Online</i>, accessed February 22, 2014</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SecessionConvention-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SecessionConvention_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mjs01">Secession Convention</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SamHoustonHB-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SamHoustonHB_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fho73">Sam Houston</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i> Accessed January 14, 2009</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CivilwarHB-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CivilwarHB_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CivilwarHB_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CivilwarHB_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qdc02">Civil War</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i> Accessed January 14, 2009</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FederalWriter-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FederalWriter_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Federal Writers' Project (December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=zUI26u0B_VEC&amp;pg=PA206&amp;lpg=PA206&amp;dq=texas+back+door+confederacy"><i>Texas, A Guide to the Lone Star State: Brownsville</i></a>. Native American Books Distributor. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-403-02192-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-403-02192-8">0-403-02192-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Texas%2C+A+Guide+to+the+Lone+Star+State%3A+Brownsville&amp;rft.pages=206&amp;rft.pub=Native+American+Books+Distributor&amp;rft.date=1997-12&amp;rft.isbn=0-403-02192-8&amp;rft.au=Federal+Writers%27+Project&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DzUI26u0B_VEC%26pg%3DPA206%26lpg%3DPA206%26dq%3Dtexas%2Bback%2Bdoor%2Bconfederacy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BattlePR-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BattlePR_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qfp01">Battle of Palmito Ranch</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BarriersVoting-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BarriersVoting_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080402060131/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/html/vce/0503.html">"Historical Barriers to Voting"</a>. <i>Texas Politics</i>. University of Texas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/6_5_3.html">the original</a> on April 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Texas+Politics&amp;rft.atitle=Historical+Barriers+to+Voting&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu%2F6_5_3.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Juneteenth-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Juneteenth_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/lkj01">Juneteenth</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-readmission-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-readmission_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson, Andrew</a> (August 20, 1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bartleby.com/43/42.html"><i>Proclamation Declaring the Insurrection at an End</i></a>. American Historical Documents. President of the United States<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Proclamation+Declaring+the+Insurrection+at+an+End&amp;rft.series=American+Historical+Documents&amp;rft.pub=President+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.date=1866-08-20&amp;rft.aulast=Johnson&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F43%2F42.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-restoration-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-restoration_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mzr01">Restoration</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Spindletop-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spindletop_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/dos03">Spindletop Oilfield</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Oil_Gas-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oil_Gas_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/doogz">Oil and Gas Industry</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-yale-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yale_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yale_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/791091">"Nixon v. Condon. Disfranchisement of the Negro in Texas"</a>, <i>The Yale Law Journal</i>, Vol. 41, No. 8, June 1932, p. 1212, accessed March 21, 2008</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/6_5_3.html"><i>Texas Politics: Historical Barriers to Voting</i></a>, accessed April 11, 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080402060131/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/html/vce/0503.html">Archived</a> April 2, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">ALWYN, BARR, (June 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/was01">"SOCIALIST PARTY"</a>. <i>www.tshaonline.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.tshaonline.org&amp;rft.atitle=SOCIALIST+PARTY&amp;rft.date=2010-06-15&amp;rft.aulast=ALWYN&amp;rft.aufirst=BARR%2C&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fwas01&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TX&amp;GreatMigration-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TX&amp;GreatMigration_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/pkaan">African Americans</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i>.  Retrieved April 27, 2008.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cal Jillson (2011). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQFZCrbc9mIC&amp;pg=&amp;dq&amp;hl=en#v=onepage&amp;q=&amp;f=false">Texas Politics: Governing the Lone Star State</a></i>". Taylor &amp; Francis. p.11. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-89060-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-89060-8">0-415-89060-8</a></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Ward Lee, James; et al. (1991). <i>Texas Goes to War: 1941</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Texas+Goes+to+War%3A+1941&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.aulast=Ward+Lee&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fairchild, Louis; Charlton, Thomas L. (1993). <i>They Called It the War Effort: Oral Histories from World War II Orange, Texas</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=They+Called+It+the+War+Effort%3A+Oral+Histories+from+World+War+II+Orange%2C+Texas&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.aulast=Fairchild&amp;rft.aufirst=Louis&amp;rft.au=Charlton%2C+Thomas+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-Blanton-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blanton_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Blanton, Carlos Kevin (2005). "The Campus and the Capitol: John B. Connally and the Struggle over Texas Higher Education Policy, 1950–1970". <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>108</b> (4): 468–497. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-478X">0038-478X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Southwestern+Historical+Quarterly&amp;rft.atitle=The+Campus+and+the+Capitol%3A+John+B.+Connally+and+the+Struggle+over+Texas+Higher+Education+Policy%2C+1950%E2%80%931970&amp;rft.volume=108&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=468-497&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.issn=0038-478X&amp;rft.aulast=Blanton&amp;rft.aufirst=Carlos+Kevin&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rivers, William L.; Greenberg, B. (1977). <i>Kennedy Assassination and the American Public: Social Communication in Crisis</i>. p. 187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kennedy+Assassination+and+the+American+Public%3A+Social+Communication+in+Crisis&amp;rft.pages=187&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.aulast=Rivers&amp;rft.aufirst=William+L.&amp;rft.au=Greenberg%2C+B.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TSHAsince-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TSHAsince_132-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Calvert, Robert A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/npt02">"Texas Since World War II"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Texas+Since+World+War+II&amp;rft.pub=Texas+State+Historical+Association&amp;rft.aulast=Calvert&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fnpt02&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-BillofRights-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BillofRights_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206142915/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/7_4_2.html">"Bill of Rights (Article 1)"</a>. <i>Texas Politics</i>. University of Texas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/7_4_2.html">the original</a> on February 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Texas+Politics&amp;rft.atitle=Bill+of+Rights+%28Article+1%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu%2F7_4_2.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-Legislature_Members-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Legislature_Members_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302003227/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/2_2_4.html">"Membership"</a>. <i>Texas Politics</i>. University of Texas. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/2_2_4.html">the original</a> on March 2, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Texas+Politics&amp;rft.atitle=Membership&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu%2F2_2_4.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Special_Sessions-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Special_Sessions_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302003217/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/2_2_2.html">"Special Sessions"</a>. <i>Texas Politics</i>. University of Texas. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/2_2_2.html">the original</a> on March 2, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Texas+Politics&amp;rft.atitle=Special+Sessions&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftexaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu%2F2_2_2.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Judiciary-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Judiciary_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/msf01">Judiciary</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TexasRangers-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TexasRangers_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/met04">Texas Rangers</a> from the <i><a href="/wiki/Handbook_of_Texas" title="Handbook of Texas">Handbook of Texas</a> Online</i>. Retrieved January 14, 2009.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leip, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/compare.php?year=2008&amp;fips=48&amp;f=1&amp;off=0&amp;elect=0&amp;type=state">"Presidential General Election Results Comparison – New York"</a>. US Election Atlas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Presidential+General+Election+Results+Comparison+%E2%80%93+New+York&amp;rft.pub=US+Election+Atlas&amp;rft.au=Leip%2C+David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuselectionatlas.org%2FRESULTS%2Fcompare.php%3Fyear%3D2008%26fips%3D48%26f%3D1%26off%3D0%26elect%3D0%26type%3Dstate&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-MOTTU-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MOTTU_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205173917/http://www.depts.ttu.edu/museumttu/A-A.%20Teacher%27s%20Manual.pdf"><i>African-American Pioneers of Texas: From the Old West to the New Frontiers (Teacher's Manual)</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Museum of Texas Tech University: Education Division. p. 25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.depts.ttu.edu/museumttu/a-a.%20teacher's%20manual.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on February 5, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=African-American+Pioneers+of+Texas%3A+From+the+Old+West+to+the+New+Frontiers+%28Teacher%27s+Manual%29&amp;rft.pages=25&amp;rft.pub=Museum+of+Texas+Tech+University%3A+Education+Division&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.depts.ttu.edu%2Fmuseumttu%2Fa-a.%2520teacher%27s%2520manual.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-PoliticalPartiesTSHA-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PoliticalPartiesTSHA_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PoliticalPartiesTSHA_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/wap02">"Political Parties"</a>. <i>Handbook of Texas Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Political+Parties&amp;rft.pub=%27%27Handbook+of+Texas+Online%27%27&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fwap02&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SouthWon-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SouthWon_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Risen, Clay (March 5, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2006/03/05/how_the_south_was_won/">"How the South was won"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&amp;rft.atitle=How+the+South+was+won&amp;rft.date=2006-03-05&amp;rft.aulast=Risen&amp;rft.aufirst=Clay&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fglobe%2Fideas%2Farticles%2F2006%2F03%2F05%2Fhow_the_south_was_won%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HistoryTXvoters-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryTXvoters_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistoryTXvoters_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newschannel10.com/story/33661247/history-of-texas-voters">"History of Texas Voters"</a>. <i>newschannel10.com</i>. November 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=History+of+Texas+Voters&amp;rft.pub=%27%27newschannel10.com%27%27&amp;rft.date=2016-11-08&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newschannel10.com%2Fstory%2F33661247%2Fhistory-of-texas-voters&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-PBSredstate-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PBSredstate_144-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PBSredstate_144-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/architect/texas/realignment.html">"How Texas Became a "Red" State – Frontline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. April 12, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=How+Texas+Became+a+%22Red%22+State+%E2%80%93+Frontline&amp;rft.pub=PBS&amp;rft.date=2005-04-12&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Ffrontline%2Fshows%2Farchitect%2Ftexas%2Frealignment.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-NYTGerry-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTGerry_145-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTGerry_145-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/01/opinion/01wed2.html">"The Texas Gerrymander"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. March 1, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=The+Texas+Gerrymander&amp;rft.date=2006-03-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F03%2F01%2Fopinion%2F01wed2.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Tex11-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tex11_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ridder, Knight (July 29, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allbusiness.com/government/elections-politics-politics-political-parties/10366221-1.html">"11 Texas Senate Democrats Take Cue from House, Bolt to Avoid Redistricting"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&amp;rft.atitle=11+Texas+Senate+Democrats+Take+Cue+from+House%2C+Bolt+to+Avoid+Redistricting&amp;rft.date=2003-07-29&amp;rft.aulast=Ridder&amp;rft.aufirst=Knight&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allbusiness.com%2Fgovernment%2Felections-politics-politics-political-parties%2F10366221-1.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since January 2011">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Second to California</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Scott, Walter (May 2, 2010). "Personality Parade". Parade Magazine. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Personality+Parade&amp;rft.pages=2&amp;rft.date=2010-05-02&amp;rft.aulast=Scott&amp;rft.aufirst=Walter&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TaxFound-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TaxFound_171-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TaxFound_171-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TaxFound_171-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TaxFound_171-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxfoundation.org/research/topic/60.html">"Texas"</a>. <i>Research Areas</i>. The Tax Foundation. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Research+Areas&amp;rft.atitle=Texas&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxfoundation.org%2Fresearch%2Ftopic%2F60.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-incometax-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-incometax_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003052903/http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/ind_inc.html">"State Individual Income Taxes"</a>. Federation of Tax Administrators. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taxadmin.org/fta/rate/ind_inc.html">the original</a> on October 3, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=State+Individual+Income+Taxes&amp;rft.pub=Federation+of+Tax+Administrators&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taxadmin.org%2Ffta%2Frate%2Find_inc.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alltaxtips.com/why-does-texas-taxus-have-the-highest-property-taxes-and-3rd-highest-sales-tax/">"Why does Texas (Taxus) have the highest property taxes and 3rd highest sales tax?"</a>. Alltaxtips.com. May 9, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Why+does+Texas+%28Taxus%29+have+the+highest+property+taxes+and+3rd+highest+sales+tax%3F&amp;rft.pub=Alltaxtips.com&amp;rft.date=2011-05-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falltaxtips.com%2Fwhy-does-texas-taxus-have-the-highest-property-taxes-and-3rd-highest-sales-tax%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.window.state.tx.us/taxinfo/sales/faq_collect.html">"FAQ: Texas Sales Tax"</a>. Window.state.tx.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=FAQ%3A+Texas+Sales+Tax&amp;rft.pub=Window.state.tx.us&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.window.state.tx.us%2Ftaxinfo%2Fsales%2Ffaq_collect.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/us/winners-and-losers-in-texas.html?_r=0">"Lines Blur as Texas Gives Industries a Bonanza"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. December 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Lines+Blur+as+Texas+Gives+Industries+a+Bonanza&amp;rft.date=2012-12-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F03%2Fus%2Fwinners-and-losers-in-texas.html%3F_r%3D0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/12/01/us/government-incentives.html#TX">"UNITED STATES OF SUBSIDIES, Texas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. December 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=UNITED+STATES+OF+SUBSIDIES%2C+Texas&amp;rft.date=2012-12-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2012%2F12%2F01%2Fus%2Fgovernment-incentives.html%23TX&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-netstateecon-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-netstateecon_177-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-netstateecon_177-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-netstateecon_177-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-netstateecon_177-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netstate.com/economy/tx_economy.htm">"The Texas Economy"</a>. netstate.com. June 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Texas+Economy&amp;rft.pub=netstate.com&amp;rft.date=2007-06-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netstate.com%2Feconomy%2Ftx_economy.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-EMMA2013-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EMMA2013_178-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMMA2013_178-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Municipal_Market_Access" title="Electronic Municipal Market Access">Electronic Municipal Market Access</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emma.msrb.org/EA509022-EA396584-.pdf">"Appendix A"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>The State of Texas</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Securities_Rulemaking_Board" title="Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board">Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board</a> (MSRB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+State+of+Texas&amp;rft.atitle=Appendix+A&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.au=Electronic+Municipal+Market+Access&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femma.msrb.org%2FEA509022-EA396584-.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-TexasReuters-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TexasReuters_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Marsh, Wendell (August 5, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/05/us-weather-idUSTRE7745CG20110805">"No relief in sight for Texas heat and drought"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=No+relief+in+sight+for+Texas+heat+and+drought&amp;rft.date=2011-08-05&amp;rft.aulast=Marsh&amp;rft.aufirst=Wendell&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2F2011%2F08%2F05%2Fus-weather-idUSTRE7745CG20110805&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/state/print.cfm?sid=TX">"Texas State Energy Profile: Electricity"</a>. U.S. Energy Information Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Texas produces more electricity than any other state, generating almost twice as much as the next largest generating state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Texas+State+Energy+Profile%3A+Electricity&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Fstate%2Fprint.cfm%3Fsid%3DTX&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/topic/0?agg=1,0,2&amp;fuel=g&amp;geo=vvvvvvvvvvvvo&amp;sec=o3g&amp;linechart=ELEC.GEN.ALL-NEW-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-MAT-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-ENC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-WNC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-SAT-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-ESC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-MTN-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-WSC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-PCN-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-PCC-99.A&amp;columnchart=ELEC.GEN.ALL-NEW-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-MAT-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-ENC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-WNC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-SAT-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-ESC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-MTN-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-WSC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-PCN-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-PCC-99.A&amp;map=ELEC.GEN.ALL-US-99.A&amp;freq=A&amp;ctype=linechart&amp;ltype=pin&amp;rtype=s&amp;maptype=0&amp;rse=0&amp;pin=">"Electricity Data Browser: Net generation from electricity plants for all fuels, annual"</a>. U.S. Energy Information Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Electricity+Data+Browser%3A+Net+generation+from+electricity+plants+for+all+fuels%2C+annual&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Felectricity%2Fdata%2Fbrowser%2F%23%2Ftopic%2F0%3Fagg%3D1%2C0%2C2%26fuel%3Dg%26geo%3Dvvvvvvvvvvvvo%26sec%3Do3g%26linechart%3DELEC.GEN.ALL-NEW-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-MAT-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-ENC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-WNC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-SAT-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-ESC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-MTN-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-WSC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-PCN-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-PCC-99.A%26columnchart%3DELEC.GEN.ALL-NEW-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-MAT-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-ENC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-WNC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-SAT-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-ESC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-MTN-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-WSC-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-PCN-99.A~ELEC.GEN.ALL-PCC-99.A%26map%3DELEC.GEN.ALL-US-99.A%26freq%3DA%26ctype%3Dlinechart%26ltype%3Dpin%26rtype%3Ds%26maptype%3D0%26rse%3D0%26pin%3D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-wind2-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wind2_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Souder, Elizabeth (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/latestnews/stories/011808dnbuswindpower.30c78959.html">"Texas leads nation in wind power capacity"</a>. <i>The Dallas Morning News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Dallas+Morning+News&amp;rft.atitle=Texas+leads+nation+in+wind+power+capacity&amp;rft.date=2008-01&amp;rft.aulast=Souder&amp;rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fsharedcontent%2Fdws%2Fdn%2Flatestnews%2Fstories%2F011808dnbuswindpower.30c78959.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/stacy-clark/hold-onto-your-bonnets-br_b_7596854.html">Hold Onto Your Bonnets! Breezes and Sunshine to Power Georgetown, TX</a>. Huffington Post, retrieved 22. June 2015.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-RoscoeWind-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoscoeWind_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">O'Grady, Eileen (October 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN3023624320091001">"E.ON completes world's largest wind farm in Texas"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Reuters&amp;rft.atitle=E.ON+completes+world%27s+largest+wind+farm+in+Texas&amp;rft.date=2009-10-01&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Grady&amp;rft.aufirst=Eileen&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidUSN3023624320091001&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-LM1-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LM1_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422122219/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aeronautics/about/Locations.html">"Locations"</a>. Lockheed Martin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lockheedmartin.com/aeronautics/about/Locations.html">the original</a> on April 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Locations&amp;rft.pub=Lockheed+Martin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lockheedmartin.com%2Faeronautics%2Fabout%2FLocations.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Bell-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bellhelicopter.com/en/company/">"About Bell Helicopter"</a>. Bell Helicopter<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=About+Bell+Helicopter&amp;rft.pub=Bell+Helicopter&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bellhelicopter.com%2Fen%2Fcompany%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Downside-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Downside_193-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Rosenwald, Michael S. (December 17, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/16/AR2007121601522.html">"Downside of Dominance?"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=Downside+of+Dominance%3F&amp;rft.date=2007-12-17&amp;rft.aulast=Rosenwald&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2007%2F12%2F16%2FAR2007121601522.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-fortune500_2-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fortune500_2_194-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2007/states/TX.html">"Texas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune Magazine</a>. April 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Texas&amp;rft.date=2007-04-30&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Ffortune500%2F2007%2Fstates%2FTX.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-VisitDallas_Shopping-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VisitDallas_Shopping_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitdallas.com/things-to-do/shopping/index.html">"Dallas Shopping"</a>. Dallas Convention &amp; Visitors Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dallas+Shopping&amp;rft.pub=Dallas+Convention+%26+Visitors+Bureau&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitdallas.com%2Fthings-to-do%2Fshopping%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-economy2-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-economy2_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430110703/http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/9_3_3.html">"Recent Economic Transformations"</a>. <i>Texas Politics</i>. University of Texas. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/9_3_3.html">the original</a> on April 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Texas+Politics&amp;rft.atitle=Recent+Economic+Transformations&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftexaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu%2F9_3_3.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-census2010-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2010_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Resident Population Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019160532/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php">"Resident Population Data – 2010 Census"</a>. 2010.census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php">the original</a> on October 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Resident+Population+Data+%E2%80%93+2010+Census&amp;rft.pub=2010.census.gov&amp;rft.au=Resident+Population+Data&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2010.census.gov%2F2010census%2Fdata%2Fapportionment-pop-text.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-PopEstUS-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PopEstUS_198-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PopEstUS_198-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151223235718/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv">"Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States, Regions, States, and Puerto Rico: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a>. December 23, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/popest/data/state/totals/2015/tables/NST-EST2015-01.csv">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CSV)</span> on December 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Table+1.+Annual+Estimates+of+the+Resident+Population+for+the+United+States%2C+Regions%2C+States%2C+and+Puerto+Rico%3A+April+1%2C+2010+to+July+1%2C+2015&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&amp;rft.date=2015-12-23&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopest%2Fdata%2Fstate%2Ftotals%2F2015%2Ftables%2FNST-EST2015-01.csv&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CausesHealthcare-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CausesHealthcare_199-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CausesHealthcare_199-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Roberson, Jason (December 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://povertynewsblog.blogspot.co.uk/2007/12/politics-poverty-immigration-entangle.html">"Politics, poverty, immigration entangle Texas health care"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Dallas+Morning+News&amp;rft.atitle=Politics%2C+poverty%2C+immigration+entangle+Texas+health+care&amp;rft.date=2007-12-04&amp;rft.aulast=Roberson&amp;rft.aufirst=Jason&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpovertynewsblog.blogspot.co.uk%2F2007%2F12%2Fpolitics-poverty-immigration-entangle.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Slevin, Peter (April 30, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/29/AR2010042904970.html?sid=ST2010042905051">"New Arizona law puts police in 'tenuous' spot"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. Washington, DC. pp. A4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=New+Arizona+law+puts+police+in+%27tenuous%27+spot&amp;rft.pages=A4&amp;rft.date=2010-04-30&amp;rft.aulast=Slevin&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F29%2FAR2010042904970.html%3Fsid%3DST2010042905051&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">behind Nevada, Arizona, California, and New Jersey</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jones, Susan (February 23, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/susan-jones/texas-governor-jan-1-we-have-had-more-20000-people-come-across-border">"Texas Governor: Since Jan. 1, 'We Have Had More Than 20,000 People Come Across the Border<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>CNSnews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNSnews.com&amp;rft.atitle=Texas+Governor%3A+Since+Jan.+1%2C+%27We+Have+Had+More+Than+20%2C000+People+Come+Across+the+Border%27&amp;rft.date=2015-02-23&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.aufirst=Susan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnsnews.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Fsusan-jones%2Ftexas-governor-jan-1-we-have-had-more-20000-people-come-across-border&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><br><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/face-the-nation-transcripts/">"Face the Nation Transcripts February 22, 2015: Johnson, Abbott, McCain"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. February 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBS+News&amp;rft.atitle=Face+the+Nation+Transcripts+February+22%2C+2015%3A+Johnson%2C+Abbott%2C+McCain&amp;rft.date=2015-02-22&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fface-the-nation-transcripts%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-latimes-immigration-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latimes-immigration_203-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">HENNESSY-FISKE, MOLLY; CARCAMO, CINDY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-texas-border-chaos-20140614-story.html#page=1">"In Texas' Rio Grande Valley, a seemingly endless surge of immigrants"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft.atitle=In+Texas%27+Rio+Grande+Valley%2C+a+seemingly+endless+surge+of+immigrants&amp;rft.aulast=HENNESSY-FISKE&amp;rft.aufirst=MOLLY&amp;rft.au=CARCAMO%2C+CINDY&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnation%2Fla-na-texas-border-chaos-20140614-story.html%23page%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nick Miroff and Joshua Partlow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/central-american-migrants-overwhelm-border-patrol-station-in-texas/2014/06/12/7359534e-2e1b-4a6b-b010-f622f1cac3f0_story.html">Central American migrants overwhelm Border Patrol station in Texas</a>, <i>Washington Post</i> (June 12, 2014).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeff Salamon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasmonthly.com/politics/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-illegal-immigration-but-didnt-know-who-to-ask/">Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Illegal Immigration (But Didn’t Know Who to Ask)</a>, <i>Texas Monthly</i> (November 2010).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jens Manuel Krogstad, Jeffrey S. Passel and D’Vera Cohn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/27/5-facts-about-illegal-immigration-in-the-u-s/">Fact Tank - Our Lives in Numbers: 5 facts about illegal immigration in the U.S.</a>, Pew Research Center (April 27, 2017).</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Texas_Demographic_Center-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Texas_Demographic_Center_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demographics.texas.gov/Resources/TPEPP/Estimates/2015/2015_ASRE_Estimate_alldata.pdf"><i>Estimates of the Population by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity for July 1, 2015 for State of Texas. Texas Demographic Center, U.S. Bureau of the Census State Data Center Program</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, July 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Estimates+of+the+Population+by+Age%2C+Sex%2C+and+Race%2FEthnicity+for+July+1%2C+2015+for+State+of+Texas.+Texas+Demographic+Center%2C+U.S.+Bureau+of+the+Census+State+Data+Center+Program&amp;rft.date=2015-07-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemographics.texas.gov%2FResources%2FTPEPP%2FEstimates%2F2015%2F2015_ASRE_Estimate_alldata.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1">"American FactFinder – Results"</a>. <i>census.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=census.gov&amp;rft.atitle=American+FactFinder+%E2%80%93+Results&amp;rft.au=Data+Access+and+Dissemination+Systems+%28DADS%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder2.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DDEC_10_DP_DPDP1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_113_QTP10&amp;prodType=table">"US Census Bureau: Table QT-P10 Hispanic or Latino by Type: 2010"</a>. Factfinder2.census.gov. October 5, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=US+Census+Bureau%3A+Table+QT-P10+Hispanic+or+Latino+by+Type%3A+2010&amp;rft.pub=Factfinder2.census.gov&amp;rft.date=2010-10-05&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder2.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DDEC_10_113_QTP10%26prodType%3Dtable&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Exner, Rich (June 3, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html">"Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer" title="The Plain Dealer">The Plain Dealer</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&amp;rft.atitle=Americans+under+age+1+now+mostly+minorities%2C+but+not+in+Ohio%3A+Statistical+Snapshot&amp;rft.date=2012-06-03&amp;rft.aulast=Exner&amp;rft.aufirst=Rich&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fdatacentral%2Findex.ssf%2F2012%2F06%2Famericas_under_age_1_populatio.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-census-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_211-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_211-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html">"Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States"</a>. Census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html">the original</a> on July 25, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+Census+Statistics+on+Population+Totals+By+Race%2C+1790+to+1990%2C+and+By+Hispanic+Origin%2C+1970+to+1990%2C+For+The+United+States%2C+Regions%2C+Divisions%2C+and+States&amp;rft.pub=Census.gov&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0056%2Ftwps0056.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusviewer.com/city/TX">Population of Texas: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since August 2014">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">2010 Census Data. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/2010census/data/">"2010 Census Data"</a>. Census.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=2010+Census+Data&amp;rft.pub=Census.gov&amp;rft.au=2010+Census+Data&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2F2010census%2Fdata%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf">"Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 – Table 3"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Ancestry+of+the+Population+by+State%3A+1980+%E2%80%93+Table+3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fcensusdata%2Ffiles%2Fpc80-s1-10%2Ftab03.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Lieberson, Stanley &amp; Waters, Mary C. (1986). "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites". <i>Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i>. <b>487</b> (79): 82–86. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//doi.org/10.1177%2F0002716286487001004">10.1177/0002716286487001004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Ethnic+Groups+in+Flux%3A+The+Changing+Ethnic+Responses+of+American+Whites&amp;rft.volume=487&amp;rft.issue=79&amp;rft.pages=82-86&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002716286487001004&amp;rft.aulast=Lieberson&amp;rft.aufirst=Stanley&amp;rft.au=Waters%2C+Mary+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">Fischer, David Hackett</a> (1989). <i><a href="/wiki/Albion%27s_Seed:_Four_British_Folkways_in_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America">Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 633–639. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503794-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-503794-4">0-19-503794-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Albion%27s+Seed%3A+Four+British+Folkways+in+America&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pages=633-639&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-503794-4&amp;rft.aulast=Fischer&amp;rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304193742/http://www.usefoundation.org/userdata/file/Research/Languages/czech.pdf">"Czech language"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._English_(organization)" title="U.S. English (organization)">U.S. English</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usefoundation.org/userdata/file/Research/Languages/czech.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on March 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Czech+language&amp;rft.pub=U.S.+English&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usefoundation.org%2Fuserdata%2Ffile%2FResearch%2FLanguages%2Fczech.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=04000US48&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-redoLog=false&amp;-_sse=on">"Texas – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2006–2008"</a>. Factfinder.census.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Texas+%E2%80%93+ACS+Demographic+and+Housing+Estimates%3A+2006%E2%80%932008&amp;rft.pub=Factfinder.census.gov&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FADPTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-geo_id%3D04000US48%26-qr_name%3DACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR5%26-ds_name%3DACS_2008_3YR_G00_%26-_lang%3Den%26-redoLog%3Dfalse%26-_sse%3Don&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=04000US48&amp;-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&amp;-ds_name=&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-redoLog=false">"Texas – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2006–2008"</a>. Factfinder.census.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Texas+%E2%80%93+Selected+Social+Characteristics+in+the+United+States%3A+2006%E2%80%932008&amp;rft.pub=Factfinder.census.gov&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fservlet%2FADPTable%3F_bm%3Dy%26-geo_id%3D04000US48%26-qr_name%3DACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2%26-ds_name%3D%26-_lang%3Den%26-redoLog%3Dfalse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-blackmigration-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blackmigration_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/urban/pubs/20040524_Frey.pdf">William H. Frey, "The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000", May 2004, The Brookings Institution, p.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080428042235/http://www.brookings.edu/urban/pubs/20040524_Frey.pdf">Archived</a> April 28, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.. Retrieved March 19, 2008.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statesman.com/news/local/hispanics-make-up-nearly-half-of-all-texas-1977207.html">Hispanics make up nearly half of all Texas births in 2010, U.S. says</a>". Statesman.com. November 17, 2011</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Jervis, Rick (February 23, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2011-02-17-texas-census_N.htm?csp=34news">"Majority of Texas' population growth is Hispanic"</a>. Usatoday.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Majority+of+Texas%27+population+growth+is+Hispanic&amp;rft.date=2011-02-23&amp;rft.aulast=Jervis&amp;rft.aufirst=Rick&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fcensus%2F2011-02-17-texas-census_N.htm%3Fcsp%3D34news&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hhs.gov/ash/oah/adolescent-health-topics/reproductive-health/states/tx.html">"Texas Adolescent Reproductive Health Facts"</a>. Hhs.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Texas+Adolescent+Reproductive+Health+Facts&amp;rft.pub=Hhs.gov&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hhs.gov%2Fash%2Foah%2Fadolescent-health-topics%2Freproductive-health%2Fstates%2Ftx.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Census_Largest_Cities-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Census_Largest_Cities_224-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Census_Largest_Cities_224-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab01.txt">100 Largest Cities by Decade</a>". United States Census. Retrieved December 10, 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SATX_TSHA-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SATX_TSHA_225-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SATX_TSHA_225-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hds02">San Antonio, TX</a>". TSHA. Retrieved December 10, 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-GTX_TSHA-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GTX_TSHA_226-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hdg01">Galveston, TX</a>". TSHA. Retrieved December 10, 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-HTX_TSHA-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HTX_TSHA_227-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hdh03">Houston, TX</a>". TSHA. Retrieved December 10, 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-PopEstBigCities-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PopEstBigCities_228-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/popest/cities/tables/SUB-EST2006%E2%80%9301.csv">"Table 1: Annual Estimates of the Population for Incorporated Places Over 100,000, Ranked by July 1, 2006 Population: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2006"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a>)</span>. <i>2005 Population Estimates</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, Population Division. June 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=2005+Population+Estimates&amp;rft.atitle=Table+1%3A+Annual+Estimates+of+the+Population+for+Incorporated+Places+Over+100%2C000%2C+Ranked+by+July+1%2C+2006+Population%3A+April+1%2C+2000+to+July+1%2C+2006&amp;rft.date=2008-06-10&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopest%2Fcities%2Ftables%2FSUB-EST2006%E2%80%9301.csv&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since September 2010">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-urbantriangle-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urbantriangle_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Neuman, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705231054/https://swutc.tamu.edu/projectdescriptions/167166.htm">"The Texas Urban Triangle: Framework for Future Growth"</a>. Southwest Region University Transportation Center (SWUTC). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://swutc.tamu.edu/projectdescriptions/167166.htm">the original</a> on July 5, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Texas+Urban+Triangle%3A+Framework+for+Future+Growth&amp;rft.pub=Southwest+Region+University+Transportation+Center+%28SWUTC%29&amp;rft.aulast=Neuman&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fswutc.tamu.edu%2Fprojectdescriptions%2F167166.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-worldcities-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worldcities_230-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html">"GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2008"</a>. <i>Globalization and World Cities Research Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Globalization+and+World+Cities+Research+Network&amp;rft.atitle=GaWC+%E2%80%93+The+World+According+to+GaWC+2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fgawc%2Fworld2008t.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hellmann, Paul T. (February 14, 2006). "Georgia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=REtEXQNWq6MC&amp;pg=PA215"><i>Historical Gazetteer of the United States</i></a>. Routledge<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 16,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Georgia&amp;rft.btitle=Historical+Gazetteer+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=2006-02-14&amp;rft.aulast=Hellmann&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+T.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DREtEXQNWq6MC%26pg%3DPA215&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Colonias-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colonias_232-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colonias_232-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Office of Community Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081009044415/http://www.sos.state.tx.us/border/colonias/faqs.shtml">"Colonias FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions)"</a>. Texas Secretary of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.state.tx.us/border/colonias/faqs.shtml">the original</a> on October 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Colonias+FAQ%27s+%28Frequently+Asked+Questions%29&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Secretary+of+State&amp;rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Dallas+Office+of+Community+Affairs&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.state.tx.us%2Fborder%2Fcolonias%2Ffaqs.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Grinberg-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grinberg_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grinberg, Emmanuella. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/07/05/texas.colonias/index.html?hpt=hp_c1">Impoverished border town grows from shacks into community</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. July 8, 2011. Retrieved on July 9, 2011.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brinkhoff, Thomas (February 19, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/USA-Texas.html">"Texas (USA): State, Major Cities, Towns &amp; Places"</a>. City Population<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Texas+%28USA%29%3A+State%2C+Major+Cities%2C+Towns+%26+Places&amp;rft.pub=City+Population&amp;rft.date=2011-02-19&amp;rft.aulast=Brinkhoff&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FUSA-Texas.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/texan/">"Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Texan"</a>. PBS. November 29, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Do+You+Speak+American+.+Sea+to+Shining+Sea+.+American+Varieties+.+Texan&amp;rft.pub=PBS&amp;rft.date=2003-11-29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fspeak%2Fseatosea%2Famericanvarieties%2Ftexan%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/texan/drawl/">"Do You Speak American . Sea to Shining Sea . American Varieties . Texan . Drawl"</a>. PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Do+You+Speak+American+.+Sea+to+Shining+Sea+.+American+Varieties+.+Texan+.+Drawl&amp;rft.pub=PBS&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fspeak%2Fseatosea%2Famericanvarieties%2Ftexan%2Fdrawl%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirstin Squint, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/viewArticle/375/813">A Linguistic and Cultural Comparison of Haitian Creole and Louisiana Creole</a>, postcolonial.org, Accessed March 11, 2014</span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Storey, John Woodrow; Kelley; Mary L. (2008). <i>Twentieth-century Texas: a social and cultural history</i>. University of North Texas Press. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Twentieth-century+Texas%3A+a+social+and+cultural+history&amp;rft.pages=145&amp;rft.pub=University+of+North+Texas+Press&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Storey%2C+John+Woodrow&amp;rft.au=Kelley&amp;rft.au=Mary+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindsey, William D.; Silk, Mark: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NjdrZ4m_BK8C">Religion and public life in the southern crossroads: showdown states</a></i>, Altamira Press, 2004, pg. 48</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/04/arts/design/dallas-museum-lands-a-rich-trove-of-islamic-art.html">"Dallas Museum Lands a Rich Trove of Islamic Art"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. February 4, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Dallas+Museum+Lands+a+Rich+Trove+of+Islamic+Art&amp;rft.date=2014-02-04&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F04%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fdallas-museum-lands-a-rich-trove-of-islamic-art.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-regdiv-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-regdiv_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf">"Census Regions and Divisions of the United States"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Census+Regions+and+Divisions+of+the+United+States&amp;rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fpdfs%2Fmaps-data%2Fmaps%2Freference%2Fus_regdiv.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DMWTexas-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DMWTexas_249-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Fernandez, Manny (September 14, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/15/us/not-to-be-um-trifled-with-texas-guards-its-slogans.html?_r=0">"Not to Be, Um, Trifled With, Texas Guards Its Slogans"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Not+to+Be%2C+Um%2C+Trifled+With%2C+Texas+Guards+Its+Slogans&amp;rft.date=2013-09-14&amp;rft.aulast=Fernandez&amp;rft.aufirst=Manny&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F09%2F15%2Fus%2Fnot-to-be-um-trifled-with-texas-guards-its-slogans.html%3F_r%3D0&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010010315/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/americas/08/20/hurricane.dean/index.html">"Texas-sized Hurricane Dean spins toward Yucatan"</a>. <i>CNN.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/americas/08/20/hurricane.dean/index.html">the original</a> on October 10, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CNN.com&amp;rft.atitle=Texas-sized+Hurricane+Dean+spins+toward+Yucatan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2007%2FWORLD%2Famericas%2F08%2F20%2Fhurricane.dean%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203221345/http://feeds.arstechnica.com/~r/arstechnica/BAaf/~3/174124811/20071023-texas-sized-garbage-patch-threatens-pacific-marine-sanctuary.html">"Floating, Texas-sized garbage patch threatens Pacific marine sanctuary"</a>. <i>ars technica</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feeds.arstechnica.com/~r/arstechnica/BAaf/~3/174124811/20071023-texas-sized-garbage-patch-threatens-pacific-marine-sanctuary.html">the original</a> on December 3, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ars+technica&amp;rft.atitle=Floating%2C+Texas-sized+garbage+patch+threatens+Pacific+marine+sanctuary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffeeds.arstechnica.com%2F~r%2Farstechnica%2FBAaf%2F~3%2F174124811%2F20071023-texas-sized-garbage-patch-threatens-pacific-marine-sanctuary.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/Vote2008/Story?id=4371384&amp;page=1">"Dems in Texas-sized showdown"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=ABC+News&amp;rft.atitle=Dems+in+Texas-sized+showdown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2FVote2008%2FStory%3Fid%3D4371384%26page%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbn.com/CBNnews/338668.aspx">"A Texas-Sized Battle: Evolution vs. ID"</a>. <i>CBNnews.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=CBNnews.com&amp;rft.atitle=A+Texas-Sized+Battle%3A+Evolution+vs.+ID&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbn.com%2FCBNnews%2F338668.aspx&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Popik, Barry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/texas/entry/everythings_bigger_in_texas/">"Everything's Bigger in Texas"</a>. <i>The Big Apple online etymological dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Big+Apple+online+etymological+dictionary&amp;rft.atitle=Everything%27s+Bigger+in+Texas&amp;rft.aulast=Popik&amp;rft.aufirst=Barry&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrypopik.com%2Findex.php%2Ftexas%2Fentry%2Feverythings_bigger_in_texas%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brown, Peter Jensen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esnpc.blogspot.com/2014/06/everything-is-bigger-in-texas-from-new.html">"Everything is Bigger in Texas – from New York City?"</a>. <i>Early Sports 'n' Pop-Culture History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Early+Sports+%27n%27+Pop-Culture+History&amp;rft.atitle=Everything+is+Bigger+in+Texas+%E2%80%93+from+New+York+City%3F&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+Jensen&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesnpc.blogspot.com%2F2014%2F06%2Feverything-is-bigger-in-texas-from-new.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-Dallasarts-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dallasarts_258-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitdallas.com/things-to-do/arts/index.html">"Dallas Arts District"</a>. Dallas Convention &amp; Visitors Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Dallas+Arts+District&amp;rft.pub=Dallas+Convention+%26+Visitors+Bureau&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitdallas.com%2Fthings-to-do%2Farts%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-TTMA-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TTMA_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310113748/http://www.tejanomusicawards.com/about.html">"About The Texas Talent Musicians Association (TTMA)"</a>. Texas Talent Musicians Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tejanomusicawards.com/about.html">the original</a> on March 10, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=About+The+Texas+Talent+Musicians+Association+%28TTMA%29&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Talent+Musicians+Association&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tejanomusicawards.com%2Fabout.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TejanoMA-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TejanoMA_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tejanomusicawards.com/">"Tejano Music Awards"</a>. Texas Talent Musicians Association. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Tejano+Music+Awards&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Talent+Musicians+Association&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tejanomusicawards.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-PUF-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PUF_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Smyrl, Vivian Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/khp02">"Permanent University Fund"</a>. TSHA Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Permanent+University+Fund&amp;rft.pub=TSHA+Online&amp;rft.aulast=Smyrl&amp;rft.aufirst=Vivian+Elizabeth&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fkhp02&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-hen37-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hen37_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hendrickson (1995), p. 37.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Stafford-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_267-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pressrelease"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpa.state.tx.us/news/30916stafford.html">"Comptroller Strayhorn to Review Stafford Municipal School District"</a> (Press release). Texas Comptroller Carole Keeton Strayhorn. September 16, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Comptroller+Strayhorn+to+Review+Stafford+Municipal+School+District&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Comptroller+Carole+Keeton+Strayhorn&amp;rft.date=2003-09-16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpa.state.tx.us%2Fnews%2F30916stafford.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-robinhood-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-robinhood_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Saghaye-Biria, Hakimeh (April 22, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511051857/http://soc.hfac.uh.edu/artman/publish/article_137.shtml">"Robin Hood Plan is Working"</a>. World Internet News Cooperative. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soc.hfac.uh.edu/artman/publish/article_137.shtml">the original</a> on May 11, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Robin+Hood+Plan+is+Working&amp;rft.pub=World+Internet+News+Cooperative&amp;rft.date=2001-04-22&amp;rft.aulast=Saghaye-Biria&amp;rft.aufirst=Hakimeh&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoc.hfac.uh.edu%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2Farticle_137.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-homeschool-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-homeschool_269-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613083329/http://www.tea.state.tx.us/home.school/homeltr.html">"Home School Information Letter"</a>. Texas Education Agency. November 1, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tea.state.tx.us/home.school/homeltr.html">the original</a> on June 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Home+School+Information+Letter&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Education+Agency&amp;rft.date=2007-11-01&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tea.state.tx.us%2Fhome.school%2Fhomeltr.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-TAKS-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TAKS_270-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Texas Education Agency (October 22, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120064701/http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/admin/eoc/index.html">"End-of-Course (EOC) Assessments: Implementation"</a>. <i>Assessment Division</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tea.state.tx.us/student.assessment/admin/eoc/index.html">the original</a> on November 20, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Assessment+Division&amp;rft.atitle=End-of-Course+%28EOC%29+Assessments%3A+Implementation&amp;rft.date=2007-10-22&amp;rft.au=Texas+Education+Agency&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tea.state.tx.us%2Fstudent.assessment%2Fadmin%2Feoc%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Please note this figure refers to only the number of students paddled, regardless of whether a student was spanked multiple times in a year, and does not refer to the number of instances of corporal punishment, which would be substantially higher.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL_272-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CORPUN_US_SCHOOL_272-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Farrell, Colin (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corpun.com/counuss.htm">"Corporal punishment in US schools"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Corporal_Punishment_Research&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="World Corporal Punishment Research (page does not exist)">World Corporal Punishment Research</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Corporal+punishment+in+US+schools&amp;rft.pub=%27%27World+Corporal+Punishment+Research%27%27&amp;rft.date=2016-02&amp;rft.aulast=Farrell&amp;rft.aufirst=Colin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorpun.com%2Fcounuss.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-texas-austin-3658">University of Texas—Austin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908040718/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/university-of-texas-austin-3658">Archived</a> September 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". U.S. News &amp; World Report. Retrieved November 17, 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/texas-am-university-college-station-10366">Texas A&amp;M University—College Station</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908040651/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/texas-am-university-college-station-10366">Archived</a> September 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". U.S. News &amp; World Report. Retrieved November 17, 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Tier_One_1-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tier_One_1_275-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/7386162.html">"UH takes big step up to Tier One status"</a>. <i>Houston Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&amp;rft.atitle=UH+takes+big+step+up+to+Tier+One+status&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chron.com%2Fdisp%2Fstory.mpl%2Fmetropolitan%2F7386162.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Tier_One_3-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tier_One_3_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bonnin, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uh.edu/news-events/stories/2011articles/Jan2011/011811CarnegieTierOne.php">"Carnegie Foundation Gives University of Houston its Highest Classification for Research Success, Elevating UH to Tier One Status"</a>. University of Houston<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Carnegie+Foundation+Gives+University+of+Houston+its+Highest+Classification+for+Research+Success%2C+Elevating+UH+to+Tier+One+Status&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Houston&amp;rft.au=Bonnin%2C+Richard&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uh.edu%2Fnews-events%2Fstories%2F2011articles%2FJan2011%2F011811CarnegieTierOne.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Tier_One_4-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tier_One_4_277-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2012/mar/26/hance-chief-of-growth-fundraising-for-tech/">Texas Tech University has quietly emerged as top-tier institution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209205948/http://www.gosanangelo.com/news/2012/mar/26/hance-chief-of-growth-fundraising-for-tech/">Archived</a> February 9, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". San Angelo Standard-Times. Retrieved November 17, 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-UT_System_Tier_One-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UT_System_Tier_One_278-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UT_System_Tier_One_278-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UT_System_Tier_One_278-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utsystem.edu/tierone/tierone.htm">Tier One/Prop. 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130916002505/http://www.utsystem.edu/tierone/tierone.htm">Archived</a> September 16, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.". The University of Texas System. Retrieved November 17, 2013.</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texastribune.org/2012/05/25/tech-and-uh-qualify-tier-one-prize-money/">Tech and U. of Houston Qualify for Tier-One Prize Money</a>". Texas Tribune. Retrieved November 17, 2013.</span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-UTSWFactsheet-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UTSWFactsheet_306-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413194108/http://www8.utsouthwestern.edu/vgn/images/portal/cit_56417/43/32/2800592006_Fact_Sheet.pdf">"UT Southwestern Fact Sheet"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.utsouthwestern.edu/vgn/images/portal/cit_56417/43/32/2800592006_Fact_Sheet.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on April 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=UT+Southwestern+Fact+Sheet&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Southwestern+Medical+Center&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww8.utsouthwestern.edu%2Fvgn%2Fimages%2Fportal%2Fcit_56417%2F43%2F32%2F2800592006_Fact_Sheet.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-texdotaviation-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-texdotaviation_307-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.txdot.gov/business/aviation/default.htm">"Aviation Division"</a>. Texas Department of Transportation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Aviation+Division&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Department+of+Transportation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.txdot.gov%2Fbusiness%2Faviation%2Fdefault.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-texdottransport-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-texdottransport_308-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501171426/http://www.dot.state.tx.us/services/public_transportation/default.htm">"Transportation Division"</a>. Texas Department of Transportation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dot.state.tx.us/services/public_transportation/default.htm">the original</a> on May 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Transportation+Division&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Department+of+Transportation&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dot.state.tx.us%2Fservices%2Fpublic_transportation%2Fdefault.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-JDFTransport-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JDFTransport_309-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081028193024/http://jdfdistribution.com/pdf/dallas-for-distribution.pdf?doc=dfd.pdf">"5 Reasons To Choose the Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex As A Distribution Hub"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. JDF Distribution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jdfdistribution.com/pdf/dallas-for-distribution.pdf?doc=dfd.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on October 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=5+Reasons+To+Choose+the+Dallas%2FFort+Worth+Metroplex+As+A+Distribution+Hub&amp;rft.pub=JDF+Distribution&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjdfdistribution.com%2Fpdf%2Fdallas-for-distribution.pdf%3Fdoc%3Ddfd.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-FTZ1-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FTZ1_310-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FTZ1_310-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214163035/http://www.texasone.us/site/DocServer/Texas_FTZs_Document_2007.pdf?docID=2221">"Texas and General Foreign Trade Zones Information"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Office of the Governor of Texas. August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasone.us/site/DocServer/Texas_FTZs_Document_2007.pdf?docID=2221">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> on February 14, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Texas+and+General+Foreign+Trade+Zones+Information&amp;rft.pub=Office+of+the+Governor+of+Texas&amp;rft.date=2007-08&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasone.us%2Fsite%2FDocServer%2FTexas_FTZs_Document_2007.pdf%3FdocID%3D2221&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-txfwy-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-txfwy_311-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasfreeway.com/Houston/photos/45s/i45s.shtml">"Interstate 45 South, the Gulf Freeway"</a>. TexasFreeway.com. May 28, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Interstate+45+South%2C+the+Gulf+Freeway&amp;rft.pub=TexasFreeway.com&amp;rft.date=2001-05-28&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasfreeway.com%2FHouston%2Fphotos%2F45s%2Fi45s.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-highwaymiles-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-highwaymiles_312-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaroads.com/texas/">"LoneStarRoads – Highways of Texas"</a>. AARoads. February 9, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=LoneStarRoads+%E2%80%93+Highways+of+Texas&amp;rft.pub=AARoads&amp;rft.date=2008-02-09&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaroads.com%2Ftexas%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-tollways2-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tollways2_313-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113051058/http://www.ibtta.org/Information/content.cfm?ItemNumber=2530">"Global List of Toll Facilities – United States"</a>. International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtta.org/Information/content.cfm?ItemNumber=2530">the original</a> on January 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Global+List+of+Toll+Facilities+%E2%80%93+United+States&amp;rft.pub=International+Bridge%2C+Tunnel+and+Turnpike+Association&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtta.org%2FInformation%2Fcontent.cfm%3FItemNumber%3D2530&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-abcnews-130open-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abcnews-130open_314-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Owens, Owens; Sunseri, Gina (October 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/US/speeding-texas-85-mph-highway-opens/story?id=17549839">"Speeding Through Texas: Going 85 MPH on the Nation's Fastest Highway"</a>. ABCNews.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Speeding+Through+Texas%3A+Going+85+MPH+on+the+Nation%27s+Fastest+Highway&amp;rft.date=2012-10-24&amp;rft.aulast=Owens&amp;rft.aufirst=Owens&amp;rft.au=Sunseri%2C+Gina&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fspeeding-texas-85-mph-highway-opens%2Fstory%3Fid%3D17549839&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DFWAir-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DFWAir_315-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080912234631/http://www.dfwairport.com/visitor/index.php?ctnid=24254">"Facts about DFW"</a>. <i>Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfwairport.com/visitor/index.php?ctnid=24254">the original</a> on September 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 14,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Dallas%2FFort+Worth+International+Airport&amp;rft.atitle=Facts+about+DFW&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfwairport.com%2Fvisitor%2Findex.php%3Fctnid%3D24254&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-GreatPlacesAvi-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GreatPlacesAvi_316-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jennifer LeClaire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716012226/http://www.sb-d.com/archivesite/www.sb-d.com/issues/spring2007/features/10GreatPlacesForAviationAndAerospace.html">"10 Great Places for Aviation and Aerospace"</a>. <i>Southern Business and Development</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sb-d.com/archivesite/www.sb-d.com/issues/spring2007/features/10GreatPlacesForAviationAndAerospace.html">the original</a> on July 16, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Southern+Business+and+Development&amp;rft.atitle=10+Great+Places+for+Aviation+and+Aerospace&amp;rft.au=Jennifer+LeClaire&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sb-d.com%2Farchivesite%2Fwww.sb-d.com%2Fissues%2Fspring2007%2Ffeatures%2F10GreatPlacesForAviationAndAerospace.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-DFWAir2-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DFWAir2_317-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630002132/http://destinations.usatoday.com/dallas/">"Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport"</a>. <i>USAToday</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://destinations.usatoday.com/dallas/">the original</a> on June 30, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=USAToday&amp;rft.atitle=Dallas-Fort+Worth+International+Airport&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdestinations.usatoday.com%2Fdallas%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Investor Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=117098&amp;p=irol-newsArticle&amp;ID=1921786&amp;highlight==">"American Airlines | Investor Relations | News Release"</a>. Phx.corporate-ir.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=American+Airlines+%26%23124%3B+Investor+Relations+%26%23124%3B+News+Release&amp;rft.pub=Phx.corporate-ir.net&amp;rft.au=Investor+Relations&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphx.corporate-ir.net%2Fphoenix.zhtml%3Fc%3D117098%26p%3Dirol-newsArticle%26ID%3D1921786%26highlight%3D%3D&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SW1-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SW1_319-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southwest.com/about_swa/airborne.html">"We Weren't Just Airborne Yesterday"</a>. Southwest Airlines. May 2, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=We+Weren%27t+Just+Airborne+Yesterday&amp;rft.pub=Southwest+Airlines&amp;rft.date=2007-05-02&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southwest.com%2Fabout_swa%2Fairborne.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-IATA-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IATA_320-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">International Air Transport Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928064050/http://www.iata.org/pressroom/wats/wats_passengers_carried.htm">"Scheduled Passengers Carried"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iata.org/pressroom/wats/wats_passengers_carried.htm">the original</a> on September 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Scheduled+Passengers+Carried&amp;rft.au=International+Air+Transport+Association&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iata.org%2Fpressroom%2Fwats%2Fwats_passengers_carried.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on the industry-standard measure of revenue passenger-kilometers/miles flown.</span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-ports1-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ports1_325-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ports1_325-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasports.org/">"About Texas Ports"</a>. Texas Ports Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=About+Texas+Ports&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Ports+Association&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasports.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-portbenefits-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-portbenefits_326-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasports.org/benefits/">"Benefits of Texas Ports"</a>. Texas Ports Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Benefits+of+Texas+Ports&amp;rft.pub=Texas+Ports+Association&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasports.org%2Fbenefits%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-DARTLightRail-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DARTLightRail_332-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Myerson, Allen R. (June 14, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919043630/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01EFD81739F937A25755C0A960958260">"Dallas Opening Southwest's First Rail Transit"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01EFD81739F937A25755C0A960958260">the original</a> on September 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft.atitle=Dallas+Opening+Southwest%27s+First+Rail+Transit&amp;rft.date=1996-06-14&amp;rft.aulast=Myerson&amp;rft.aufirst=Allen+R.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D01EFD81739F937A25755C0A960958260&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-FBKing-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FBKing_334-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Brady, Erik (April 4, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2003-04-03-texas-double_x.htm">"Football still king, but hoops teams in Texas grab attention"</a>. <i>USA TODAY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=USA+TODAY&amp;rft.atitle=Football+still+king%2C+but+hoops+teams+in+Texas+grab+attention&amp;rft.date=2003-04-04&amp;rft.aulast=Brady&amp;rft.aufirst=Erik&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fsports%2Fcollege%2F2003-04-03-texas-double_x.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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<li id="cite_note-UIL-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UIL_336-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uil.utexas.edu/">"University Interscholastic League"</a>. University of Texas at Austin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=University+Interscholastic+League&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uil.utexas.edu%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.thc.state.tx.us/viewform.asp?atlas_num=5389005909&amp;site_name=World's+First+Rodeo&amp;class=5000">"View Atlas Data"</a>. Atlas.thc.state.tx.us<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=View+Atlas+Data&amp;rft.pub=Atlas.thc.state.tx.us&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatlas.thc.state.tx.us%2Fviewform.asp%3Fatlas_num%3D5389005909%26site_name%3DWorld%27s%2BFirst%2BRodeo%26class%3D5000&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li>
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</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(17)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2><div class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17">
<div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
<ul><li><cite class="citation book">Chipman, Donald E. (1992). <i>Spanish Texas, 1519–1821</i>. Austin, Texas: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77659-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-77659-4">0-292-77659-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Spanish+Texas%2C+1519%E2%80%931821&amp;rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=0-292-77659-4&amp;rft.aulast=Chipman&amp;rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Davis, William C. (2006). <i>Lone Star Rising</i>. College Station, TX: Texas A&amp;M University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-532-5">978-1-58544-532-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lone+Star+Rising&amp;rft.place=College+Station%2C+TX&amp;rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-58544-532-5&amp;rft.aulast=Davis&amp;rft.aufirst=William+C.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> originally published 2004 by New York: Free Press</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Edmondson, J.R. (2000). <i>The Alamo Story-From History to Current Conflicts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Plano,_Texas" title="Plano, Texas">Plano, Texas</a>: Republic of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55622-678-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55622-678-0">1-55622-678-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Alamo+Story-From+History+to+Current+Conflicts&amp;rft.place=Plano%2C+Texas&amp;rft.pub=Republic+of+Texas+Press&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.isbn=1-55622-678-0&amp;rft.aulast=Edmondson&amp;rft.aufirst=J.R.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li>Fehrenbach, T.R. (1968) Lone Star: A History of Texas and The Texans.</li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr. (1995). <i>The Chief of Executives of Texas: From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally, Jr</i>. College Station, Texas: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&amp;M University Press">Texas A&amp;M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-641-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-641-9">0-89096-641-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chief+of+Executives+of+Texas%3A+From+Stephen+F.+Austin+to+John+B.+Connally%2C+Jr.&amp;rft.place=College+Station%2C+Texas&amp;rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=0-89096-641-9&amp;rft.aulast=Hendrickson&amp;rft.aufirst=Kenneth+E.%2C+Jr.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Hardin" title="Stephen L. Hardin">Hardin, Stephen L.</a> (1994). <i>Texian Iliad</i>. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-73086-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-73086-1">0-292-73086-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Texian+Iliad&amp;rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=0-292-73086-1&amp;rft.aulast=Hardin&amp;rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Huson, Hobart (1974). <i>Captain Phillip Dimmitt's Commandancy of Goliad, 1835–1836: An Episode of the Mexican Federalist War in Texas, Usually Referred to as the Texian Revolution</i>. Austin, Texas: Von Boeckmann-Jones Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Captain+Phillip+Dimmitt%27s+Commandancy+of+Goliad%2C+1835%E2%80%931836%3A+An+Episode+of+the+Mexican+Federalist+War+in+Texas%2C+Usually+Referred+to+as+the+Texian+Revolution&amp;rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&amp;rft.pub=Von+Boeckmann-Jones+Co.&amp;rft.date=1974&amp;rft.aulast=Huson&amp;rft.aufirst=Hobart&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Lack, Paul D. (1992). <i>The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History 1835–1836</i>. College Station, TX: Texas A&amp;M University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-497-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-497-1">0-89096-497-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Texas+Revolutionary+Experience%3A+A+Political+and+Social+History+1835%E2%80%931836&amp;rft.place=College+Station%2C+TX&amp;rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=0-89096-497-1&amp;rft.aulast=Lack&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+D.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Manchaca, Martha (2001). <i>Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans</i>. The Joe R. and Teresa Lozano Long Series in Latin American and Latino Art and Culture. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-75253-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-75253-9">0-292-75253-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Recovering+History%2C+Constructing+Race%3A+The+Indian%2C+Black%2C+and+White+Roots+of+Mexican+Americans&amp;rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&amp;rft.series=The+Joe+R.+and+Teresa+Lozano+Long+Series+in+Latin+American+and+Latino+Art+and+Culture&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-292-75253-9&amp;rft.aulast=Manchaca&amp;rft.aufirst=Martha&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). <i>Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution</i>. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57168-152-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57168-152-2">978-1-57168-152-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Alamo+Sourcebook%2C+1836%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+the+Battle+of+the+Alamo+and+the+Texas+Revolution&amp;rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&amp;rft.pub=Eakin+Press&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-57168-152-2&amp;rft.aulast=Todish&amp;rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&amp;rft.au=Todish%2C+Terry&amp;rft.au=Spring%2C+Ted&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">report of President's Commission on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jfk-assassination.de/warren/index.php"><i>The Warren Commission Report</i></a>. Warren Commission Hearings. <b>IV</b>. National Archives. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-08257-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-08257-6">0-312-08257-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Warren+Commission+Report&amp;rft.series=Warren+Commission+Hearings&amp;rft.pub=National+Archives&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=0-312-08257-6&amp;rft.au=report+of+President%27s+Commission+on+the+assassination+of+President+John+F.+Kennedy.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfk-assassination.de%2Fwarren%2Findex.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Weber, David J. (1992). <i>The Spanish Frontier in North America</i>. Yale Western Americana Series. New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-05198-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-05198-0">0-300-05198-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Frontier+in+North+America&amp;rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&amp;rft.series=Yale+Western+Americana+Series&amp;rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.isbn=0-300-05198-0&amp;rft.aulast=Weber&amp;rft.aufirst=David+J.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Weddle, Robert S. (1995). <i>Changing Tides: Twilight and Dawn in the Spanish Sea, 1763–1803</i>. Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students Number 58. College Station, Texas: <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Press" title="Texas A&amp;M University Press">Texas A&amp;M University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89096-661-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-89096-661-3">0-89096-661-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Changing+Tides%3A+Twilight+and+Dawn+in+the+Spanish+Sea%2C+1763%E2%80%931803&amp;rft.place=College+Station%2C+Texas&amp;rft.series=Centennial+Series+of+the+Association+of+Former+Students+Number+58&amp;rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=0-89096-661-3&amp;rft.aulast=Weddle&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
<li><cite class="citation book">Winders, Richard Bruce (2004). <i>Sacrificed at the Alamo: Tragedy and Triumph in the Texas Revolution</i>. Military History of Texas Series: Number Three. Abilene, TX: State House Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-880510-80-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-880510-80-4">1-880510-80-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Sacrificed+at+the+Alamo%3A+Tragedy+and+Triumph+in+the+Texas+Revolution&amp;rft.place=Abilene%2C+TX&amp;rft.series=Military+History+of+Texas+Series%3A+Number+Three&amp;rft.pub=State+House+Press&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=1-880510-80-4&amp;rft.aulast=Winders&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard+Bruce&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATexas" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li>
</ul></div>
</div><h2 class="in-block section-heading" onclick="javascript:mfTempOpenSection(18)"><div class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-element indicator"></div><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><div class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18">
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<li style="min-height: 31px;"><span style="display: inline-block; width: 31px; line-height: 31px; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" width="27" height="24" style="vertical-align: middle" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/27px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/41px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/54px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x"> </span></span><span style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 4px; width: 182px; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Texas" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Texas">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li>
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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curlie.org/Regional/North_America/United_States/Texas">Texas</a> at Curlie (based on <a href="/wiki/DMOZ" title="DMOZ">DMOZ</a>)</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestoryoftexas.com/">The Texas State History Museum</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/">The Handbook of Texas Online</a>—Published by the <i>Texas State Historical Association</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/explore/collections/TR/browse/"><i>Texas Register</i></a>, hosted by the <i>University of North Texas Libraries</i></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/tx/">South and West Texas: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texasheritagesociety/">Texas Heritage Society</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li>
<li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" width="16" height="16" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x"> </span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/114690">Texas</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.lib.uh.edu/">View historical photographs at the University of Houston Digital Library.</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121024013411/http://www.library.okstate.edu/okmaps/">Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory</a></li>
</ul><p><b>State government</b></p>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasonline.com/portal/tol">The State of Texas</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikis.ala.org/godort/index.php/Texas">Texas State Databases</a>—Annotated list of searchable databases produced by Texas state agencies and compiled by the <i>Government Documents Roundtable of the American Library Association</i>.</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu/">Texas Politics</a>. An online textbook from the College of Liberal Arts, The University of Texas.</li>
</ul><p><b>U.S. Government</b></p>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=TX">Energy Profile for Texas- Economic, environmental, and energy data</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=TX">USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Texas</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=48&amp;StateName=Texas#.U856MfldVu0">Texas State Facts from USDA</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/tx/">South and West Texas, a National Park Service <i>Discover Our Shared Heritage</i> Travel Itinerary</a></li>
</ul><p><br></p>
<table class="wikitable succession-box" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;"><tr style="text-align:center;"><td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<br><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></span></td>
<td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by date of statehood">List of U.S. states by date of statehood</a></b><br>
Admitted on December 29, 1845 (28th)</td>
<td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<br><span style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></span></td>
</tr></table>
<p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Texas&amp;params=31_N_100_W_region:US-TX_type:adm1st_scale:10000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°N</span> <span class="longitude">100°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">﻿ / ﻿</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31°N 100°W</span><span style="display:none">﻿ / <span class="geo">31; -100</span></span></span></a></span></span></span></p>





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