<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html itemtype="http://schema.org/NewsArticle" itemscope>
  <head>
    <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<link rel="icon" href="/img/favicon.ico" type="image/ico" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/img/apple-touch-icon.png" />

<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/screenbundle.css?v=2" type="text/css" media="screen" />


<link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/print.css" type="text/css" media="print" />


    
  <!-- Web Preview -->
  <!--
  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/preview/web-preview.css" />
  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/preview/swfobject.js"></script>
  <script type="text/javascript" src="/messages.js?locale=en"></script>
  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/preview/web-preview.js"></script>
  <script type="text/javascript" src="/js/flash/extMouseWheel.js"></script>
  -->
  <link itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" content="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/09/02/harv-s02.html" />
  <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/09/02/harv-s02.html" />
  <meta property="og:type" content="article" />
  <meta property="og:title" content="The incalculable human health consequences of Hurricane Harvey" />
  <meta property="og:description" content="The flooding in Houston, the acknowledged petrochemical capital of the world, has unleashed a toxic soup of chemicals, carcinogens and bacteria, posing a grave threat to human life." />
  
    
      <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.wsws.org/asset/c46c05a3-690d-4814-8839-391a9d769c61/image.jpg" />
      <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.wsws.org/asset/c46c05a3-690d-4814-8839-391a9d769c61/image.jpg" />
    
  
  <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/09/02/harv-s02.html" />

  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/smallscreen.css?v=2" type="text/css" media="screen" />

    
    <title>The incalculable human health consequences of Hurricane Harvey - World Socialist Web Site</title>
    <meta name="id" content="676b4f1c-1565-4cbc-a275-11c748d16f6D"/>
    <meta name="language" content="en"/>
    <meta name="date" content="2017-09-02"/>
    <meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2017-09-02T05:00:00Z"/>
    <meta name="keywords" content="petrochemical flood, Harris County, Houston, “chemical coast, ” carcinogen, raw sewage, ExxonMobile, Shell, Dow Chemical, brain cancers, leukemia, kidney poison, liver poison. E coli, Salmonella, West Nile virus, mosquito, Superfund sites"/>
    <meta name="ranking" content="20"/>
    <meta name="overline" content="Fetid floodwaters in the “chemical coast” carry toxins and disease"/>
    <meta itemprop="headline" name="headline" content="The incalculable human health consequences of Hurricane Harvey"/>
    
    <meta itemprop="description" name="description" content="The flooding in Houston, the acknowledged petrochemical capital of the world, has unleashed a toxic soup of chemicals, carcinogens and bacteria, posing a grave threat to human life."/>
    <meta itemprop="author" name="author" content="Gary Joad"/>
    
    <meta name="category" content="floods"/>
    <meta name="category" content="heal-us"/>
    <meta name="category" content="united-states"/>
    


  </head>
  
    <body>
  
    
      <div id="topbar" class="clearfix">
  <div id="options">
    <ul class="sitenavi">
	    <li class="noborder"><a class="active" href="/">WSWS</a></li>
	    
        
        <li><a href="/en/special/icfi.html">ICFI</a></li>
        
	      <li><a href="http://www.mehring.com/">Mehring Books</a></li>
	    
	  </ul>
	  <ul class="sitetools">
	    
        <li class="noborder">
	        <a href="/en/special/mobile.html">Mobile</a>
	      </li>
    	  <li>
    	    <a href="/en/special/rssfeeds.html">RSS Feeds</a>
    	  </li>
    	  <li>
    	    <a href="/en/special/podcast.html">Podcast</a>
    	  </li>
        <li>
    	    <a href="/en/special/newsletter.html">Newsletter</a>
    	  </li>
      
	    
	      <li class="language">
  	      <select id="language" name="language">
  	      	<option value="">Select a language</option>
              
                <option value="/af/">Afrikaans</option>
              
                <option value="/ar/">&gt;العربية</option>
              
                <option value="/de/cz/">Čeština</option>
              
                <option value="/de/">Deutsch</option>
              
                <option value="/el/">Ελληνικά</option>
              
                <option value="/en/">English</option>
              
                <option value="/es/">Español</option>
              
                <option value="/fa/">فارسی</option>
              
                <option value="/fr/">Français</option>
              
                <option value="/id/">Bahasa Indonesia</option>
              
                <option value="/it/">Italiano</option>
              
                <option value="/no/">Norsk</option>
              
                <option value="/pl/">Polski</option>
              
                <option value="/pt/">Português</option>
              
                <option value="/ro/">Română</option>
              
                <option value="/ru/">Русский</option>
              
                <option value="/sh/">Srpskohrvatski</option>
              
                <option value="/sinhala/">Sinhalese</option>
              
                <option value="/tamil/">தமிழ்</option>
              
                <option value="/tr/">Türkçe</option>
              
                <option value="/ur/">اُردُو‎</option>
              
                <option value="/zh/index.shtml">中文</option>
              
  	      </select>
        </li>
      
	  </ul>
  </div>
</div>

    
	  <div id="header" class="clearfix">
	    
        <div id="title" itemprop="publisher" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemscope>
  <a href="/"><img itemprop="logo" src="/img/title.png" width="450" height="35" border="0" style="margin-bottom:5px;" /></a>
  <h1 itemprop="name">World Socialist Web Site</h1>
  
  <a href="/" style="padding-left:20px;"><img src="/img/logo.png" width="190" height="40" border="0" /></a>
  <span>wsws.org</span>
  <h2>Published by the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI)</h2>
</div>

      
	    
  <!-- locale is: en -->
<form id="search" name="search" action="/en/search.html" method="get">
  <input type="hidden" value="" name="sectionId" />
  <input type="hidden" value="100" name="maxResults" />
  <input type="text" class="text" value="Search the WSWS" name="phrase" maxlength="100" onFocus="focusSearchField(this, 'Search the WSWS');" onblur="blurSearchField(this, 'Search the WSWS');"/>&nbsp;
  <input type="submit" name="submit" class="send" value="Search" />
  <a href="/en/search.html">Click here for advanced search »</a>
</form>


    </div>
	  
      
        
  <div id="navigation" class="clearfix">
  <ul>
    <li><a href="/en/" accesskey="1">Home</a></li>
    <li><a href="/en/topics/site_area/perspectives/index.html">Perspectives</a></li>
    <li>
      <a href="/en/topics/site_area/news/index.html">World News</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/region/namerica/index.html">North America</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/region/americas/index.html">South and Central America</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/continent/europe/index.html">Europe</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/region/mideast/index.html">Middle East</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/continent/africa/index.html">Africa</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/continent/asia/index.html">Asia</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/region/aus/index.html">Australia and South Pacific</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="/en/topics/site_area/world/index.html">World Economy</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/economyCategory/European_Economy/index.html">European Economy</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/economyCategory/econ-us/index.html">US Economy</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/economyCategory/eco-ineq/index.html">Global Inequality</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="/en/topics/site_area/arts/index.html">Arts Review</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/artsCategory/films/index.html">Film Reviews</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/special/films/arts-reviews.html">All Film Reviews in Alphabetical Order</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/artsCategory/ffests/index.html">Film Festivals</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/artsCategory/intviews/index.html">Interviews with Directors and Artists</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/artsCategory/book/index.html">Book Reviews</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/artsCategory/exhibits/index.html">Art & Photographic Exhibitions</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/artsCategory/music/index.html">Music Reviews</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/artsCategory/theatre/index.html">Theater and Dance</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/artsCategory/essays/index.html">Art & Socialism – Lectures & Essays</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="/en/topics/site_area/history/index.html">History</a>
        <ul>
          <li><a href="/en/topics/historyCategory/twih/index.html">This Week in History</a></li>
          <li><a href="/en/topics/historyCategory/h-trotsky/index.html">Leon Trotsky</a></li>
          <li><a href="/en/topics/historySubCategory/h-russia/index.html">Russia & the former Soviet Union</a></li>
          <li><a href="/en/topics/historyCategory/h-fascm/index.html">Fascism & the Holocaust</a></li>
          <li><a href="/en/topics/historyCategory/iss-98/index.html">Marxism and the Fundamental Problems of the 20th Century</a></li>
          <li><a href="/en/topics/historySubCategory/h-uslab/index.html">US History</a></li>
        </ul>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="/en/topics/site_area/science/index.html">Science</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/scienceCategory/sc-evol/index.html">Human Genetics & Evolution</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/scienceCategory/sc-net/index.html">The Internet</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/scienceCategory/sc-astro/index.html">Space Research & Astronomy</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/scienceCategory/sc-clim/index.html">Climate Change</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="/en/topics/site_area/philos/index.html">Philosophy</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/philosophyCategory/enlightment/index.html">The Enlightenment</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/philosophyCategory/exist/index.html">Existentialism and Post-modernism</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/philosophyCategory/eco-reli/index.html">Religion</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a href="/en/topics/site_area/workers/index.html">Workers Struggles</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/workersCategory/na-auto/index.html">Auto Workers Issues</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/workersCategory/Nationalism-union_bureaucracy/index.html">Nationalism and the union bureaucracy</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/workersCategory/roundup/index.html">Workers Struggles Around the World</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/workersCategory/wrk-can/index.html">Workers Issues in Canada</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/workersCategory/workers-namerica/index.html">Workers Issues in the US</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/workersCategory/wrk-europe/index.html">European Workers Issues</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/topics/workersCategory/aust/index.html">Workers Issues in Australia & the Pacific</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="/en/IML/archive.html">ICFI/Marxist Library</a></li>
    <li><a href="/en/special/anniversary/index.html">Chronology</a></li>
    <li><a href="/en/articles/" accesskey="1">Full Archive</a></li>
  </ul>
</div>



      
    

    
  <!-- locale is: en -->
  <div id="page" class="clearfix">
    <div id="content">
      <h3 class="nomargin">&nbsp;</h3>
      
        <div id="tools" class="clearfix">
  <ul class="tools">
    <li class="noborder"><a class="print" href="/en/articles/2017/09/02/harv-s02.html?view=print" target="_blank">Print</a></li>
    
      <li><a class="leaflet" href="http://intsse.com/wswspdf/en/articles/2017/09/02/harv-s02.pdf" target="_blank">Leaflet</a></li>
    
    
      <li><a class="feedback" href="/en/special/contact.html?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2017%2F09%2F02%2Fharv-s02.html&amp;t=The%20incalculable%20human%20health%20consequences%20of%20Hurricane%20Harvey">Feedback</a></li>
    
    <li>
      <a class="share" href="#">Share »</a>
      <ul>
        <li class="noborder"><a class="share-facebook" rel="nofollow" href="http://facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2017%2F09%2F02%2Fharv-s02.html&amp;t=The%20incalculable%20human%20health%20consequences%20of%20Hurricane%20Harvey" target="_blank">Facebook</a></li>
        <li><a class="share-twitter" rel="nofollow" href="http://twitter.com/share?original_referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2017%2F09%2F02%2Fharv-s02.html&amp;text=The%20incalculable%20human%20health%20consequences%20of%20Hurricane%20Harvey&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2017%2F09%2F02%2Fharv-s02.html" target="_blank">Twitter</a></li>
        <li><a class="share-digg" rel="nofollow" href="http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&amp;bodytext=&amp;tags=&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2017%2F09%2F02%2Fharv-s02.html&amp;title=The%20incalculable%20human%20health%20consequences%20of%20Hurricane%20Harvey" target="_blank">Digg</a></li>
        <li><a class="share-reddit" rel="nofollow" href="http://reddit.com/submit?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2017%2F09%2F02%2Fharv-s02.html&amp;title=The%20incalculable%20human%20health%20consequences%20of%20Hurricane%20Harvey" target="_blank">Reddit</a></li>
        <li><a class="share-delicious" rel="nofollow" href="http://delicious.com/post?v=2&amp;notes=&amp;tags=&amp;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2017%2F09%2F02%2Fharv-s02.html&amp;title=The%20incalculable%20human%20health%20consequences%20of%20Hurricane%20Harvey" target="_blank">Delicious</a></li>
        <li><a class="share-stumble" rel="nofollow" href="http://stumbleupon.com/submit?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2017%2F09%2F02%2Fharv-s02.html&amp;title=The%20incalculable%20human%20health%20consequences%20of%20Hurricane%20Harvey" target="_blank">StumbleUpon</a></li>
        <li><a class="share-blogger" rel="nofollow" href="http://blogger.com/blog_this.pyra?t&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2017%2F09%2F02%2Fharv-s02.html&amp;n=The%20incalculable%20human%20health%20consequences%20of%20Hurricane%20Harvey" target="_blank">Blogger</a></li>
        
          <li><a class="share-email" rel="nofollow" href="/en/special/sendlink.html?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsws.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2017%2F09%2F02%2Fharv-s02.html&amp;t=The%20incalculable%20human%20health%20consequences%20of%20Hurricane%20Harvey">E-Mail</a></li>
        
      </ul>
    </li>
  </ul>
</div>

      
      
  
  <h4>Fetid floodwaters in the “chemical coast” carry toxins and disease</h4>

<h2>The incalculable human health consequences of Hurricane Harvey</h2>

<h5>
  
    By
    Gary Joad
    <br />
  
  
    2 September 2017
  
</h5>



<div class="imageFull" style="width:480px; oveflow:hidden;"><img src="/asset/c46c05a3-690d-4814-8839-391a9d769c6B/image.jpg?rendition=image480" srcset="/asset/c46c05a3-690d-4814-8839-391a9d769c6B/image.jpg?rendition=image960 2x" width="480" style="width:480px;" /><span>Credit: Air National Guard photo by Staff Sgt. Daniel J. Martinez</span></div>
<p>The human health consequences from Hurricane and Tropical Storm Harvey will be long lasting and all but incalculable. Houston, Texas and the surrounding Gulf communities comprise the acknowledged petrochemical capital of the world. The Texas, Louisiana and Mississippi Gulf Coasts are commonly referred to as the “chemical coast,” where almost half of all the refining of gasoline and natural gas in the US is done.</p>
<p>Houston proper, 30 miles from the coastline, is situated in Harris County, and is also home to at least 12 Superfund sites, the most of any county in the state. These are sites designated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as polluted locations requiring a long-term response to clean up hazardous material contamination.</p>
<p>“The number one thing we’re concerned with in a flood is chemicals,” Renee Funk of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) told Reuters. Funk was recommending what has been unfeasible for most of the flooded area residents since the onset of the catastrophic storm: to bathe immediately after flood water contact. The EPA was recommending that people avoid skin contact with chemical containing water altogether.</p>
<p>But for those trapped by and wading through the fetid floodwaters, such recommendations are all but impossible to heed. Dr. Richard Bradley, chief of Emergency Medicine and Disaster Medicine at McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center in Houston, told <em>Time</em>, “Flood water mixes with everything below it. If it covers a field with pesticides, it picks up the pesticides. It can also carry animal waste from fields and forests.”</p>
<h4>Petrochemical plants and Superfund sites</h4>
<p>There is also the risk of raw sewage and industrial compounds and solvents being mobilized from treatment plants, petrochemical facilities, and Superfund sites and moved into neighborhoods by the surging flood currents. These pollutants are then deposited in yards, school grounds, ball fields and parks citywide, wherever the flooding occurred. Extremely toxic compounds will then be left in sediment residues to poison the city residents for decades to come.</p>
<p>Dr. Bradley also noted that “the bacterial count in the floodwater is extremely high” and that therefore “the chance of getting a skin infection is really quite serious.” <em>E. coli</em> and <em>Salmonella</em> bacteria from sewage treatment facilities can infect minor skin wounds and cause severe systemic illness. Health authorities also point out that keeping immunization up to date is key to preventing complications from exposure to foul floodwaters.</p>
<p>When the floodwaters recede, countless stagnant ponds will foster a mosquito bloom. <em>Aedes aegypti</em> mosquitos carry and transmit Zika, chikungunya, dengue and yellow fever. Cases of West Nile Virus encephalopathy, an inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, doubled the year after Katrina in Louisiana and Mississippi. Crowded shelters for flood victims are also breeding grounds for outbreaks of diarrheal illnesses that are very difficult to contain.</p>
<p>The hundreds of thousands of flooded homes will also put people at high risk for respiratory illnesses associated with the growth of molds on interior surfaces. After Katrina, 46 percent of the homes inspected by the CDC had hazardous levels of mold.</p>
<p>Wes Highfield, a Texas A&amp;M University at Galveston scientist, told the <em>Washington Post</em> this week that he became alarmed at the flooding near the Brio Refining toxic Superfund site in south Houston, which drains into the watershed where he lives in Friendswood. He drove to the site during the storm and found neighborhood kids swimming in the residue ponds where Brio dumped ethylbenzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons and other deadly compounds before the EPA had them removed.</p>
<p>Other Superfund sites include the low-lying San Jacinto River Waste Pits, which the Army Corps of Engineers in a report last year designated as subject to flooding with storm surges inland from Galveston Bay, as well as the Many Diversified Interests site near central Houston, the Crystal Chemical Company site southwest of Houston, the Patrick Bayou site near the Houston Ship Channel, and the Jones Road Plume dry cleaning waste site.</p>
<p>The Superfund sites are known to contain compounds that are dangerous to inhale and touch, including perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, chlorinated hydrocarbons and an array of toxic substances that are known carcinogens, as well as kidney, liver, reproductive, and developmental poisons.</p>
<h4>Toxic air pollutants</h4>
<p>At least 11 refineries and chemical plants shut down due to Hurricane Harvey. During a shutdown, the plants often vent much greater amounts of toxic air pollutants, known in the industry as “spikes.” Since they report that such practices are undertaken to prevent plant explosions during shutdowns, they are exempted from pollution fines. Air quality monitors in Houston were shut off during Harvey, with the ludicrous explanation by city officials that they were expensive to replace.</p>
<p>Neighborhoods in Houston’s East End, near the petrochemical plants, have been exposed to high levels of air pollution for years. Residents have reported smells that are “unbearable.” Daniel Cohan, an associate professor of engineering at Rice University with a specialty in air pollution, says the low-income neighborhoods of the East End have “more exposure to air toxics than almost anywhere in the country.”</p>
<p>Juan Parras, director of the environmental justice group called TEJAS, told Democracy Now, “We know that we have elevated levels of cancers all along these areas. There have been many reports to show increased rates of childhood leukemia if you live within two miles of the Houston Ship Channel, for example.” TEJAS told <em>The New Republic</em> that during a shutdown for flooding, if East End people cannot evacuate, “they literally get gassed by these chemicals.”</p>
<p>In filings with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ), ExxonMobil reported a shutdown of two refineries due to the heavy rains, including its facility in Baytown. During shutdown, it released double the allowed amount of volatile organic compounds.</p>
<p>Shell shut down its plant at Deer Park and released its share of deadly cocktails of benzene, toluene, and xylene. Dow Chemical in Freeport, Texas poured out benzene, hexane and toluene well over what is permitted by TCEQ. Equistar Chemicals in Channelview lost power during the storm and released a series of toxins not even listed on its polluting permit.</p>
<p>BASF’s Agro division in Beaumont, Texas reported that its toxic wastewater reservoirs were overflowing into the environment without any ability to stop the dangerous pollution until the cessation of the heavy rains, if then.</p>
<p>In May of 2013, a study titled “The Toxic Flood” was published by Food and Water Watch of Washington, DC and the Political Economy Research Institute at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Investigators concluded in an examination of the US EPA’s Toxic Release Program (TRP) documents and figures from 2009 that American corporations dumped over 200 million pounds of carcinogens, neurotoxins, reproductive and developmental poisons in US waterways.</p>
<h4>Hospital evacuations</h4>
<p>As a result of the flooding from Harvey, some 27 hospitals in Houston and the coastal area closed. Another 25 facilities reported problems functioning due to storm damage. Over 1,500 hospitalized patients were evacuated upstate to San Antonio and other communities. St. Luke’s Health hospital in Houston evacuated inpatients by airboat, after floodwater breached its power plant.</p>
<p>Memorial Hermann Sugar Land hospital evacuated all its patients after the Brazos River flooded the surrounding area. Cypress Creek flooded the neighborhood of Vintage Hospital in northwest Houston, and all inpatients were removed by airboat to higher ground hospitals. Victoria, Texas hospitals were all evacuated by large patient transport buses that each had 20 beds aboard.</p>
<p>The elderly and the mentally ill are most at risk of disease and infection from the floodwaters and the shortages of medicines and treatment facilities. A 2009 study showed that 60 percent of the deaths in Hurricane Katrina were of those who were 65 years and older. People of all ages are threatened with post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of the trauma of losing everything they have in the floods.</p>
<p>As people attempt to return to their waterlogged homes, those without adequate financial resources will be forced to live in unsanitary conditions, with their health endangered by mold, bacteria and other toxins left in the ruins of their homes.</p>


  





  <div class="campaign" style="margin:20px 0 0 0;">
    <a href="https://www.wsws.org/donate/?pk_campaign=appeal&pk_kwd=article" style="display:block; margin-bottom:15px;" target="_blank"><img src="/en/media/photos/legacy/frontpage/201802appeal490.png" width="490" style="width:490px; float:none; margin:0;"></a>
<!-- <a href="https://www.wsws.org/endcensorship/" style="display:block; margin-bottom:15px;" target="_blank"><img src="/en/media/photos/legacy/frontpage/201801webinar490.jpg" width="490" style="width:490px; float:none; margin:0;"></a> -->
<style>
  #content .campaign > .censorship {
    background: #d8f0f8;
    padding: 30px;
  }
  #content .campaign > .censorship > h3,
  #content .campaign > .censorship > h4,
  #content .campaign > .censorship > p {
    font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
  }
  #content .campaign > .censorship > h3 {
    font-size: 22px;
    font-weight: bold;
    color: #000;
    background: none;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
  }
  #content .campaign > .censorship > h4 {
    font-size: 18px;
    font-weight: bold;
    color: #000;
    margin: 4px 0 0 0;
  }
  #content .campaign > .censorship > p {
	font-size: 17px;
    margin: 20px 0 0 0;
  }
  #content .campaign > .censorship > ul {
    margin: 20px 0 0 0;
    list-style-type: none;
  }
  #content .campaign > .censorship > ul > li {
    display: inline-block;
    width: 24%;
  }
  #content .campaign > .censorship > ul > li > a {
    color: #000;
  }
  #content .campaign > .censorship > ul > li > a:hover {
    color: #cc0000;
  }
  #content .campaign > .censorship > ul > li > a > span {
    display: inline-block;
    vertical-align: middle;
  }
  #content .campaign > .censorship > ul > li > a > .circle {
    width: 24px;
    height: 24px;
    background: #000;
    border-radius: 24px;
    padding: 0;
    margin: 0 5px 0 0;
  }
  #content .campaign > .censorship > ul > li > a > .circle > .icon {
    position: relative;
    top: 4px;
    left: 4px;
  }
</style>
<div class="censorship">
  <h3>Fight Google's censorship!</h3>
  <p>Google is blocking the <em>World Socialist Web Site</em> from search results.</p>
  <p>To fight this blacklisting:</p>
  <h4>Share this article with friends and coworkers</h4>
  <ul>
    <li>
      <a class="facebook" href="https://facebook.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">
        <span class="circle">
  	    <svg class="icon" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1343 12v264h-157q-86 0-116 36t-30 108v189h293l-39 296h-254v759h-306v-759h-255v-296h255v-218q0-186 104-288.5t277-102.5q147 0 228 12z" fill="#fff"/></svg>
  	  </span>
  	  <span>Facebook</span>
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a class="twitter" href="https://twitter.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">
        <span class="circle">
          <svg class="icon" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1684 408q-67 98-162 167 1 14 1 42 0 130-38 259.5t-115.5 248.5-184.5 210.5-258 146-323 54.5q-271 0-496-145 35 4 78 4 225 0 401-138-105-2-188-64.5t-114-159.5q33 5 61 5 43 0 85-11-112-23-185.5-111.5t-73.5-205.5v-4q68 38 146 41-66-44-105-115t-39-154q0-88 44-163 121 149 294.5 238.5t371.5 99.5q-8-38-8-74 0-134 94.5-228.5t228.5-94.5q140 0 236 102 109-21 205-78-37 115-142 178 93-10 186-50z" fill="#fff"/></svg>
        </span>
        <span>Twitter</span>
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a class="email" href="" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">
        <span class="circle">
          <svg class="icon" style="top:6px; left:6px;" width="12" height="12" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1792 710v794q0 66-47 113t-113 47h-1472q-66 0-113-47t-47-113v-794q44 49 101 87 362 246 497 345 57 42 92.5 65.5t94.5 48 110 24.5h2q51 0 110-24.5t94.5-48 92.5-65.5q170-123 498-345 57-39 100-87zm0-294q0 79-49 151t-122 123q-376 261-468 325-10 7-42.5 30.5t-54 38-52 32.5-57.5 27-50 9h-2q-23 0-50-9t-57.5-27-52-32.5-54-38-42.5-30.5q-91-64-262-182.5t-205-142.5q-62-42-117-115.5t-55-136.5q0-78 41.5-130t118.5-52h1472q65 0 112.5 47t47.5 113z" fill="#fff"/></svg>
        </span>
        <span>E-Mail</span>
      </a>
    </li>
    <li>
      <a class="reddit" href="https://reddit.com/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">
        <span class="circle">
          <svg class="icon" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M1792 846q0 58-29.5 105.5t-79.5 72.5q12 46 12 96 0 155-106.5 287t-290.5 208.5-400 76.5-399.5-76.5-290-208.5-106.5-287q0-47 11-94-51-25-82-73.5t-31-106.5q0-82 58-140.5t141-58.5q85 0 145 63 218-152 515-162l116-521q3-13 15-21t26-5l369 81q18-37 54-59.5t79-22.5q62 0 106 43.5t44 105.5-44 106-106 44-105.5-43.5-43.5-105.5l-334-74-104 472q300 9 519 160 58-61 143-61 83 0 141 58.5t58 140.5zm-1374 199q0 62 43.5 106t105.5 44 106-44 44-106-44-105.5-106-43.5q-61 0-105 44t-44 105zm810 355q11-11 11-26t-11-26q-10-10-25-10t-26 10q-41 42-121 62t-160 20-160-20-121-62q-11-10-26-10t-25 10q-11 10-11 25.5t11 26.5q43 43 118.5 68t122.5 29.5 91 4.5 91-4.5 122.5-29.5 118.5-68zm-3-205q62 0 105.5-44t43.5-106q0-61-44-105t-105-44q-62 0-106 43.5t-44 105.5 44 106 106 44z" fill="#fff"/></svg>
        </span>
        <span>Reddit</span>
      </a>
    </li>
  </ul>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">
  function callCampaignFunctions() {
    if ($('#article-tools').length > 0) {
      $('#article-tools').remove();
    }
    $('#content > .campaign > .censorship > ul > li > a.facebook').attr('href',function(){
      var url = $(this).attr('href');
      url += 'sharer.php?u='+encodeURIComponent(location.href);
      url += '&amp;t='+encodeURIComponent(document.title);
      return url;
    });
    $('#content > .campaign > .censorship > ul > li > a.twitter').attr('href',function(){
      var url = $(this).attr('href');
      url += 'home?status='+encodeURIComponent(document.title)
      url += ': '+encodeURIComponent(location.href);
      return url;
  	});
    $('#content > .campaign > .censorship > ul > li > a.reddit').attr('href',function(){
      var url = $(this).attr('href');
      url += 'submit?url='+encodeURIComponent(location.href);
      url += '&amp;title='+encodeURIComponent(document.title);
      return url;
    });
    $('#content > .campaign > .censorship > ul > li > a.email').attr('href',function(){
      var sendlink = '';
      if ($('#tools').length > 0) {
	    sendlink = $('#tools > ul > li > ul > li > a.share-email').attr('href');
	    return sendlink;
      }
    });
  };
</script>
  </div>



      
  
  
  
  <p>&nbsp;</p>

  
  <div id="commenting-rules">
    <p style="font-size:1.2em; text-align: right;"><a href="/en/special/commenting.html">Commenting Discussion Rules »</a></p>
  </div>
  <div id="disqus_thread"></div>
  <script type="text/javascript">
	var disqus_config = function () {
		this.language = 'en';
	};
	var disqus_shortname = 'wsws';
	var disqus_identifier = '676b4f1c-1565-4cbc-a275-11c748d16f6D';
	var disqus_title = 'The incalculable human health consequences of Hurricane Harvey';
	var disqus_url = 'http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/09/02/harv-s02.html';
	(function() {
		var dsq = document.createElement('script'); dsq.type = 'text/javascript'; dsq.async = true;
		dsq.src = '//' + disqus_shortname + '.disqus.com/embed.js';
		(document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0] || document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0]).appendChild(dsq);
	})();
  </script>
  <noscript>Please enable JavaScript to view the <a href="http://disqus.com/?ref_noscript">comments powered by Disqus.</a></noscript>
  <!-- <a href="http://disqus.com" class="dsq-brlink">blog comments powered by <span class="logo-disqus">Disqus</span></a> -->
  



      
    </div>
    <div id="sidebar">
      <div class="column">
        
  <div class="infobox">
  <h3>New Today</h3>
  
    <ul>
      
      <li>
        <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/15/meto-f14.html">#MeToo campaign turns on French Environment Minister Nicolas Hulot</a>
      </li>
      
      <li>
        <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/15/park-f15.html">Seventeen killed in mass shooting at Florida high school</a>
      </li>
      
      <li>
        <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/15/pers-f15.html">Neo-McCarthyite hysteria at US Senate Intelligence Committee hearing</a>
      </li>
      
      <li>
        <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/15/immi-f15.html">Democrats back punitive immigration plan as Senate vote looms</a>
      </li>
      
      <li>
        <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/15/kore-f15.html">Thousands to be sacked at GM factory in South Korea</a>
      </li>
      
    </ul>
  
  <p style="text-align:right;"><a href="/en/">more articles &raquo;</a></p>
</div>


        
        
  
  
    <div class="infobox">
      <h3>More flood disasters</h3>
      <ul>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2017/12/28/rico-d28.html">Months after hurricane, Puerto Rican workers face worsening jobs crisis</a>
          </li>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2017/12/28/ptmz-d28.html">Typhoon ravages southern Philippines</a>
          </li>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2017/12/19/puer-d19.html">Puerto Rico governor orders review of official hurricane death toll</a>
          </li>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2017/12/18/cagu-d18.html">Hurricane Maria exposes the conditions of life for the working class in Caguas, Puerto Rico</a>
          </li>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2017/12/08/rico-d08.html">Puerto Rican unions propose to partner with the Wall Street’s financial control board</a>
          </li>
        
      </ul>
      <p style="text-align:right;"><a href="/en/topics/environmentCategory/floods/">more articles &raquo;</a></p>
    </div>
  

  
    <div class="infobox">
      <h3>US Health Issues</h3>
      <ul>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/13/infl-f13.html">Texas woman, 38, falls victim to US flu epidemic and exorbitant drug costs</a>
          </li>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/12/medi-f12.html">Studies connect Medicaid work requirements to poor health</a>
          </li>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/09/pers-f09.html">Falling US life expectancy: The product of a deliberate ruling class policy</a>
          </li>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/06/infl-f06.html">US flu epidemic rages on, with more deaths and record hospitalizations</a>
          </li>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/01/infl-f01.html">America is unprepared for the next deadly influenza outbreak</a>
          </li>
        
      </ul>
      <p style="text-align:right;"><a href="/en/topics/healthCategory/heal-us/">more articles &raquo;</a></p>
    </div>
  

  
    <div class="infobox">
      <h3>United States</h3>
      <ul>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/15/park-f15.html">Seventeen killed in mass shooting at Florida high school</a>
          </li>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/15/pers-f15.html">Neo-McCarthyite hysteria at US Senate Intelligence Committee hearing</a>
          </li>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/15/immi-f15.html">Democrats back punitive immigration plan as Senate vote looms</a>
          </li>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/15/cons-f15.html">As profits soar, US construction workers see increase in death and injury on the job</a>
          </li>
        
          <li>
            <a href="/en/articles/2018/02/14/syri-f14.html">Multiple reports confirm US killed Russians in Syrian oilfield airstrikes</a>
          </li>
        
      </ul>
      <p style="text-align:right;"><a href="/en/topics/country/united-states/">more articles &raquo;</a></p>
    </div>
  



      </div>
      <div class="column">
        
          
  
    <!--
<style type="text/css">
  #sidebar.width23 .hide-on-front {
    display: none !important;
  }
</style>
<div class="infobox">
  <a href="https://www.wsws.org/donate/?pk_campaign=appeal&pk_kwd=sidebar" target="_blank">
    <img src="/en/media/photos/legacy/sidebar/201712appeal198.png?v=2" style="width:198px;" border="0">
  </a>
</div>
-->
  

  
    <div class="special">
  <h3>Get Involved!</h3>
  <ul>
    <li><a href="http://www.wsws.org/en/special/sepjoin.html" target="_blank">Join the SEP</a></li>
        <li><a href="http://iysse.com/" target="_blank">Join the IYSSE</a></li>
        <li><a href="/en/special/icfi.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink-about">About the ICFI</a></li>
    <li><a href="/en/special/donate.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink-donate">Donate to the WSWS</a></li>
  </ul>
</div>
<div class="infobox">
  <a href="/en/special/sepjoin.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=imagelink-sepjoin">
    <img src="/en/media/photos/legacy/sidebar/sepjoin198.png?v=2" style="width:198px;" border="0">
  </a>
</div>
  

  
    <div id="social-networking-links" class="special">
  <h3 style="background-color:#3B5998;">Follow the WSWS</h3>
  <ul>
    <li><a style="background-image:url('/en/media/photos/legacy/social_networking_iconpack/facebook_16.png');" href="http://www.facebook.com/wsws.org">Facebook</a></li>
    <li><a style="background-image:url('/en/media/photos/legacy/social_networking_iconpack/twitter_16.png')" href="http://twitter.com/WSWS_Updates">Twitter</a></li>
    <li><a style="background-image:url('/en/media/photos/legacy/social_networking_iconpack/youtube_16.png');" href="http://www.youtube.com/SEPupload">Youtube</a></li>
    <li><a style="background-image:url('/en/media/photos/legacy/social_networking_iconpack/rss_16.png')" href="/rss/en.xml">RSS Feed</a></li>
    <li><a style="background-image:url('/en/media/photos/legacy/social_networking_iconpack/podcast_16.png')" href="/en/special/podcast.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink-podcast">Daily Podcast</a></li>
    <li><a style="background-image:url('/en/media/photos/legacy/social_networking_iconpack/wsws_16.png')" href="/en/special/newsletter.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink-newsletter">WSWS Newsletter</a></li>
  </ul> 
</div>
  

  
    <div class="infobox">
      <h3>Recent Perspectives</h3>
      <ul>
        
          
            <li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/15/pers-f15.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=perspectives">Neo-McCarthyite hysteria at US Senate Intelligence Committee hearing (15/02/2018)</a></li>
          
        
          
            <li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/14/pers-f14.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=perspectives">Twenty years of the <em>World Socialist Web Site</em>: 1998–2018 (14/02/2018)</a></li>
          
        
          
            <li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/13/pers-f13.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=perspectives">2018 Winter Olympics held in Korea under shadow of war (13/02/2018)</a></li>
          
        
          
            <li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/12/pers-f12.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=perspectives">US to expand military deployments as war danger builds in Asia (12/02/2018)</a></li>
          
        
          
            <li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/10/pers-f10.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=perspectives">Democrats and Republicans pass budget to prepare US for war (10/02/2018)</a></li>
          
        
      </ul>
    </div>
  

  
    <div class="infobox">
      <h3>Most Read Over the Past 7 Days</h3>
      <ol style="padding-left:20px;">
        
          
            <li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/12/coby-f12.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=mostread" style="padding:5px; background-image:none;">The parents of Jacoby Hennings demand to know why their son died (12/02/2018)</a></li>
          
        
          
            <li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/12/west-f12.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=mostread" style="padding:5px; background-image:none;">West Virginia teachers authorize statewide strike (12/02/2018)</a></li>
          
        
          
            <li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/10/syri-f10.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=mostread" style="padding:5px; background-image:none;">Russians reported killed in US strikes in Syria (10/02/2018)</a></li>
          
        
          
            <li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/10/pers-f10.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=mostread" style="padding:5px; background-image:none;">Democrats and Republicans pass budget to prepare US for war (10/02/2018)</a></li>
          
        
          
            <li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/12/ilyd-f12.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=mostread" style="padding:5px; background-image:none;">Louis C.K.’s <em>I Love You, Daddy</em>: The tragic fate of a significant American film (12/02/2018)</a></li>
          
        
          
        
          
        
          
        
          
        
          
        
          
        
          
        
          
        
          
        
          
        
          
        
      </ol>
    </div>
  

  
    <div class="infobox">
  <h3>The Editor recommends</h3>
  <ul>
<li><a href="en/articles/2018/01/03/pers-j03.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">The bicentenary of Marx’s birth, socialism and the resurgence of the international class struggle (03/01/2018)</a></li>
<li><a href="/en/articles/2017/12/30/pers-d30.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">Final reflections on the centennial year of the October Revolution
 (30/12/2017)</a></li>
<li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/10/germ-f10.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">Reject German coalition pact! Make public all secret agreements! 
 (10/02/2018)</a></li>
<li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/07/pers-f07.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">UAW contracts must be declared null and void (07/02/2018)</a></li>
<li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/01/pers-f01.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">Trump’s State of Delusion
 (01/02/2018)</a></li>
<li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/03/stri-f03.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">Half a million metalworkers participate in strikes in Germany (03/02/2018)</a></li>
<li><a href="/en/articles/2018/01/27/pers-j27.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">The “fractured world”: Plutocrats convene in Davos amid war and great-power conflict (27/01/2018)</a></li>
<li><a href="/en/articles/2018/01/30/pers-j30.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">The Economist: Humanity teeters on the brink of world war (30/01/2018)</a></li>
<li><a href="/en/articles/2018/02/01/mars-f01.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">Marshall and #MeToo: A 77-year-old civil rights fight exposes the reactionary character of the sexual misconduct witch-hunt (01/02/2018)</a></li>
<li><a href="/en/articles/2018/01/31/cens-j31.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">“Scoundrel Time” returns: The neo-Puritan #MeToo censors and their predecessors (31/01/2018)</a></li>
</div>
  

  
    <div class="infobox">
  <a href="/en/special/1917/lectures.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=imagelink-lectures" style="display:block; overflow:hidden; height:158px;">
    <img src="/en/media/photos/legacy/sidebar/lectures1917-sidebar.jpg?v=2" style="width:198px;" border="0">
  </a>
  <ul style="background:#f4f4f4; padding:10px 10px 5px 10px; margin-top:2px;">
    <li style="border-top:none; padding:0 0 5px 0;">
        14 October 2017<br /><a style="display:inline; font-weight:bold; color:#222; background:none; padding:0;" href="/en/special/1917/lecture06.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink-lectures">Lenin’s <em>The State and Revolution</em></a><br /><em>Barry Grey</em>
    </li>
    <li style="padding:5px 0;">
        21 October 2017<br /><a style="display:inline; font-weight:bold; color:#222; background:none; padding:0;" href="/en/special/1917/lecture07.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink-lectures">On the Eve of Revolution: The Bolshevik Party, Factory Committees, and the Mass Movement of the Working Class</a><br /><em>Tom Carter</em>
    </li>
    <li style="padding:5px 0;">
        28 October 2017<br /><a style="display:inline; font-weight:bold; color:#222; background:none; padding:0;" href="/en/special/1917/lecture08.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink-lectures">Lessons of October: The Political Crisis within the Bolshevik Party on the Eve of the Seizure of Power</a><br /><em>Chris Marsden</em>
    </li>
    <li style="padding:5px 0;">
        11 November 2017<br /><a style="display:inline; font-weight:bold; color:#222; background:none; padding:0;" href="/en/special/1917/lecture09.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink-lectures">The Place of the October Revolution in World History and Contemporary Politics</a><br /><em>David North</em>
    </li>
  </ul>
  <ul style="background:#f4f4f4; padding:10px 10px 5px 10px; margin-top:2px;">
    <li style="border-top:none; padding:0 0 5px 0;">
      <a style="display:inline; font-weight:bold; color:#222; background:none; padding:0;" href="/en/articles/2017/01/03/pers-j03.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink-lectures">Socialism and the centenary of the Russian Revolution: 1917-2017</a>
    </li>
    <li style="padding:5px 0;">
      <a style="display:inline; font-weight:bold; color:#222; background:none; padding:0;" href="/en/articles/2017/03/13/nort-m13.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink-lectures">Why Study the Russian Revolution: A lecture by David North</a>
    </li>
    <li style="padding:5px 0;">
      <a style="display:inline; font-weight:bold; color:#222; background:none; padding:0;" href="/en/special/1917/lectures-spring.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink-lectures">All lectures in the first series</a>
    </li>
  </ul>
  <!--
  <a href="/en/special/1917/lectures.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink-lectures" style="display:block; color:#222; text-align:center; background:#f4f4f4; padding:10px; margin-top:2px;">
    <p style="font-size:12px; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.05em; margin:10px 0 0 0;">Fifth lecture:</p>
    <p style="font-size:14px;  font-weight:bold; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing: 0.05em; margin:5px 0 0 0;">Lenin’s Return to Russia and the April Theses</p>
    <p style="font-size:12px; margin:5px 0 0 0;">May 6, 2017</p>
    <button style="font-size:12px; font-weight:bold; color:#fff; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.0.5em; background:#cc3333; border:none; padding:10px; margin:10px 0 5px; cursor:pointer;">Sign up now</button>
  </a>
  -->
</div>
  

  
    <div class="infobox">
  <h3>Lectures and Essays by David North</h3>
  <ul>
	<li><a href="/en/articles/2017/01/03/pers-j03.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">Socialism and the centenary of the Russian Revolution: 1917-2017 (01/03/2017)</a></li>
	<li><a href="/en/articles/2016/12/05/plek-d05.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov (1856–1918): His Place in the History of Marxism (12/05/2016)</a></li>
	<li><a href="/en/articles/2016/10/25/lect-o25.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">Philosophy and Politics in an Age of War and Revolution (10/25/2016)</a></li>
	<li><a href="/en/articles/2016/07/11/pref-j11.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">A Quarter Century of War: The US Drive for Global Hegemony 1990–2016 (07/11/2016)</a></li>
  </ul>
</div>
  

  
    <div class="infobox">
  <h3>Socialism and the Struggle Against War</h3>
  <ul>
	<li><a href="/en/articles/2016/02/18/icfi-f18.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">ICFI Resolution: Socialism and the fight against war (02/18/2016)</a></li>
	<li><a href="/en/articles/2014/08/25/reso-a25.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">SEP (US) Resolution: The fight against war and the political tasks of the SEP (08/25/2014)</a></li>
<li><a href="/en/articles/2016/07/27/reso-j27.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">SEP (Australia) Resolution: The Socialist Equality Party and the fight to build an international anti-war movement (07/27/2016)</a></li>
<li><a href="/en/articles/2015/04/30/sepr-a29.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">SEP (Sri Lanka) Resolution: The political struggle against war and the tasks of the Socialist Equality Party (04/30/2016)</a></li>
	<li><a href="/en/articles/2014/11/14/stat-n14.html#pk_campaign=sidebar&pk_kwd=textlink">PSG(Germany) Resolution: The struggle against war and the tasks of the PSG (11/14/2014)</a></li>
  </ul>
</div>
  

  
    <style type="text/css">
	#top-appeal {
		display: none;
		float: none;
		width: 940px;
		height: 129px;
		background-color: #f1f1f1;
		border: none;
		margin: 0 0 30px 0;
	}
	#top-appeal a {
		display: block;
	}
	#top-appeal img {
		float: none;
	}
	#inline-appeal {
		float: left;
		width: 238px;
		height: 178px;
		background: #ffffff;
		border: 1px solid #d9d9d9;
		margin: 15px 15px 15px 0;
	}
	#inline-appeal h4 {
		font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
		font-size: 13px;
		font-weight: bold;
		text-align: center;
		margin: 0;
	}
	#inline-appeal p {
		font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
		font-size: 11px;
		font-weight: 550;
		color: #555555;
		text-align: center;
		margin: 0 20px;	
	}
	#inline-appeal .logo {
		display: block;
		width: 200px;
		margin: 20px 20px 15px 20px;
	}
	#inline-appeal .button {
		display: block;
		width: 122px;
		height: 25px;
		font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
		font-size: 15px;
		line-height: 1em;
		color: #ffffff;
		text-transform: uppercase;
		text-align: center;
		background: #ef4236;
		padding: 10px 0 0 0;
		margin: 10px auto;
	}
	#inline-appeal .button:hover {	
		background: #d63c31;
	}
	
	#bottom-appeal {
		width: 488px;
		height: 148px;
		border: 1px solid #d9d9d9;
		border-top: 6px solid #000000;
		border-bottom: 6px solid #000000;
		margin: 20px 0 0 0;
	}
	#bottom-appeal .leftcol {
	  float: left;
	  width: 254px;
	  height: 148px;
	  background: #ffffff;
	}
	#bottom-appeal .rightcol {
	  float: right;
	  width: 214px;
	  height: 148px;
	  background: #dff1fb;
	  padding: 0 0 0 20px;
	}
	#bottom-appeal h4 {
		font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
		font-size: 14px;
		font-weight: bold;
		text-align: center;
		margin: 0;
	}
	#bottom-appeal p {
		font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
		font-size: 12px;
		font-weight: 550;
		color: #555555;
		text-align: center;
		margin: 0 12px;	
	}
	#bottom-appeal .logo {
		display: block;
		width: 200px;
		margin: 20px 20px 15px 20px;
	}
	#bottom-appeal .list {
		list-style-type: none;
		margin: 20px 0 0 0;
	}
	#bottom-appeal .list li {
		display: inline-block;
		width: 60px;
		height: 24px;
		font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
		font-size: 13px;
		font-weight: bold;
		color: #444444;
		padding-left: 5px;
	}
	#bottom-appeal .list li.other {
		width: 120px;
	}
	#bottom-appeal .button {
		display: block;
		width: 184px;
		height: 32px;
		font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
		font-size: 11px;
		line-height: 1em;
		color: #ffffff;
		text-align: center;
		background: #ef4236;
		border: none;
		padding: 0;
		margin: 10px 0;
		cursor: pointer;
	}
	#bottom-appeal .button:hover {	
		background: #d63c31;
	}
	
	/* Fund Appeal 2015 */
	#fundAppeal2015 {
		width: 100%;
		/* 
		position: fixed;
		z-index: 9999;
		top: -220px;
		transition: top 1s; */
		height: 0;
		transition: height 1s;
		background: #2E3436;
		overflow: hidden;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015.active {
		/* top: 0; */
		height: 210px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015.active.video {
		height: 615px !important;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper {
		position: relative;
		width: 1000px;
		/*height: 210px;*/
		height: 615px;
		margin: 0 auto;
		/* box-shadow: #999 0 5px 10px; */
		overflow: hidden;
	}
	/* #fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper.video {	
		height: 615px !important;
	}*/
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .left {
		float: left;
		width: 600px;
		height: 170px;		
		background: #f5f5f5;
		padding: 20px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .left > img {	
		float: left;
		height: 170px;
		margin-right: 20px;
		cursor: pointer;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .left > p {
		font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
		/*font-size: 13px;*/
		font-size: 14px;
		font-weight: 400;
		line-height: 1.4em;
		margin-bottom: 15px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right {
		float: left;
		width: 300px;
		height:160px;
		background: #fff;
		padding: 25px 30px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right > form {
		font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right > form > .type {
		border-bottom: 2px solid #ccc;
		padding: 10px 0;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right > form > .type > label {
		font-size: 14px;
		font-weight: bold;
		text-transform: uppercase;
		margin-left: 5px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right > form > .amount {
		padding: 20px 0;
		margin-top: 5px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right > form > .amount > label {
		float: left;
		width: 72px;
		font-size: 14px;
		font-weight: bold;
		padding: 0 0 20px 0;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right > form > .amount > label > input {
		margin-right: 10px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right > form > .amount > input {
		width: 218px;
		height: 45px;	
		font-size: 20px;
		font-weight: bold;
		border: 1px solid #ccc;
		padding: 0 15px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right > form > a {
		display: block;
		position: absolute;
		bottom: 425px;
		right: 20px;
		font-size: 12px;
		color: #333;
		text-decoration: underline;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right > form > a:hover {
		color: #CC0000;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .video {
		clear: both;
		height: 405px;
		background: #222;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .video > iframe {
		display: block;
		width: 720px;
		margin: 0 auto;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 .button {
		display: inline-block;
		font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
		font-weight: bold;
		color: #fff;
		text-align: center;
		text-transform: uppercase;
		border: none;
		cursor: pointer;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 .button-video {
		display: block;
		/*width: 300px;*/
		width: 270px;
		font-size: 14px;
		line-height: 35px;
		background: #01557a;
		margin-top: 39px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 .button-paypal {
		width: 210px;
		font-size: 14px;
		line-height: 35px;
		background: #b7302a;
		margin-top: 10px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 .button-creditcard {
		width: 150px;
		font-size: 16px;
		line-height: 40px;
		background: #206483;
		margin-left: 20px;
		margin-top: 5px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2015 .button-close	{
		position: absolute;
		right: 0;
		top: 0;
		display: block;
		font-size: 13px;
		font-weight: normal;
		letter-spacing: 1px;
		color: #fff;
		background: #555;
		padding: 4px 8px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2016 {
		position: fixed;
		bottom: -200px;
		z-index: 99;
		width: 100%;
		font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
		/*background: #ee5500;*/
		background: #bb3a7f;
		/*background: #ee5544;*/
		/*background: #d40404;*/
		/*
		min-height:100px;
		*/
	}
	#fundAppeal2016.active {
		bottom: 0;
		transition: bottom 1s;
	}
	#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper {
		position: relative;
		max-width: 950px;
		min-height: 60px;
		margin: 0 auto;
		padding: 0 10px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > form > div { width: 70%; }
	#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > form > div > div { width: 18%; }
	#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > form > div > div:last-child { width: 26%; }
	#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > form > input { width: 18%; color: #222; background: none; }
	#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > form > input:hover { color: #fff; background: #222; }
	@media screen and (max-width: 48em) {
		#fundAppeal2016 { bottom: -500px; }
		#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > form > div { width: 100%; }
		#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > form > div > div { width: 50%; margin-bottom: 15px; }
		#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > form > div > div:last-child { width: 90%; text-align: right; }
		#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > form > div > div > a { display: block; padding: 10px 0; }
		#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > form > input { width: 90%; }
	}
	#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > p {
		float: left;
		width: auto;
		font-size: 16px;
		line-height: 24px;
		font-weight: 300;
		letter-spacing: 0.5px;
		/*letter-spacing: 1px;*/
		color: #fff;
		padding: 18px 0;
		margin-right: 20%;
		/*margin-right: 20px;*/
		/*margin-right: 120px;*/

		letter-spacing: 0.05em;
		margin-right: 180px;
	}
	#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > p > a {
		color: #fff;
	}
	#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > a {
		display: block;
		float: left;
		width: auto;
		font-size: 14px;
		line-height: 30px;
		font-weight: bold;
		letter-spacing: 0.5px;
		color: #eee;
		text-align: center;
		margin: 13px 0;
		padding: 0 15px;
		border: 2px solid #eee;
		text-transform: uppercase;

		/*
		margin-top:26px;
		*/
	}
	#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > a:hover {
		color: #fff;
		border: 2px solid #fff;
	}
	#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > button {
		position: absolute;
		right: 0;
		top: 0;
		font-size: 16px;
		color: #eee;
		text-transform: uppercase;
		font-weight: 100;
		line-height: 16px;
		background: none;
		border: 1px solid #eee;
		border-radius: 30px;
		padding: 4px 8px 4px 8px;
		margin: 17px 10px;
		cursor: pointer;
	}
	#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > button:hover {
		color: #fff;
		border: 1px solid #fff;
	}
	#popupfundappeal {
		position: fixed;
		display: none;
		top: 0;
		bottom: 0;
		z-index: 99;
		width: 100%;
		font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
		background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
	}
	#popupfundappeal.active {
		display: block;
	}
	#popupfundappeal > .wrapper {
		position: relative;
		max-width: 500px;
		min-height: 60px;
		margin: 0 auto;
		margin-top: 20%;
		padding: 30px 60px 30px 30px;
		background: #fff;
		text-align: left;
	}
	#popupfundappeal > .wrapper > h4 {
		font-weight: bold;
		margin-bottom: 30px;
		font-size: 20px;
		line-height: 1.2em;
		text-transform: uppercase;
		letter-spacing: 1px;
		color: #222;
	}
	#popupfundappeal > .wrapper > p {
		font-size: 16px;
		line-height: 24px;
		font-weight: 300;
		letter-spacing: 0.5px;
		color: #222;
		padding: 0 0 15px 0;
		margin: 0;
	}
	#popupfundappeal > .wrapper > p > a {
		color: #222;
	}
	#popupfundappeal > .wrapper > a {
		display: block;
		width: 160px;
		font-size: 16px;
		line-height: 50px;
		font-weight: bold;
		text-transform: uppercase;
		letter-spacing: 0.5px;
		color: #fff;		
		text-align: center;
		margin: 15px auto 0 auto;
		padding: 0 15px;
		background: #ee5500;
		border: none;
	}
	#popupfundappeal > .wrapper > a:hover {
		color: #fff;
		background: #ff5500;
	}
	#popupfundappeal > .wrapper > button {
		position: absolute;
		right: 0;
		top: 0;
		font-size: 16px;
		color: #222;
		text-transform: uppercase;
		font-weight: 100;
		line-height: 16px;
		background: none;
		border: 1px solid #222;
		border-radius: 30px;
		padding: 4px 8px 4px 8px;
		margin: 17px 10px;
		cursor: pointer;
	}
	#popupfundappeal > .wrapper > button:hover {
		color: #444;
		border: 1px solid #444;
	}
</style>    
<script type="text/javascript">
	function appendTopAppeal() {
  		if ($('#page').length > 0) {
	  		/*if ($('#content').is('.width72')) {
  				var htmlArray = [
  					'<div id="top-appeal">',
  						'<a href="/en/special/donate.html" target="_blank">',
  							'<img src="/en/media/photos/legacy/frontpage/2014donate940" width="940" height="129" />',
  						'</a>',
  					'</div>'
  				];
  				var html = htmlArray.join('');
  				$('#page').prepend(html);
  				$('#top-appeal').animate({opacity:1.0},1000).slideDown(1000);
  			} else {*/
	  			var htmlArray = [
  					'<div id="sidebar_donate" style="border: thin solid lightgrey; overflow: hidden; margin-bottom: 5px;padding:5px;">',
  						'<a href="/en/special/donate.html" target="_blank">',
  							'<img src="/en/media/photos/legacy/sidebar/20150706donate198.jpg" width="198" height="212" border="0" />',
  						'</a>',
  					'</div>'
  				];
  				var html = htmlArray.join('');
  				$('#sidebar > .column:last').prepend(html);
  			/*}*/
  		}
  	}
  	
  	function appendFundAppeal2015() {
  		if ($.cookie('fundAppeal2015') != 'seen') {
  			if ($('#page').length > 0) {
	  			var htmlArray = [
  					'<div id="fundAppeal2015" class="active">',
						'<div class="wrapper">',
							'<div class="left" style="padding-top:32px;">',
								//'<img src="/en/media/photos/legacy/frontpage/20150320donate340.jpg" />',
								//'<p>In order to develop an international movement of the working class against the dictatorship of money and capital all over the world, we need resources. <strong>Those resources can come only from you, our readers.</strong></p>',
								//'<button class="button button-video">Video appeal from Nick Beams</button>',
								'<p><strong>The <em>World Socialist Web Site</em> is under attack.</strong> Google\'s new search algorithms have led to a 75 percent reduction in readers accessing the site from Google.</p>',
								'<p>The WSWS is engaged in a fight, and so are you. We need your support to carry this fight forward. Please make as large a donation as possible to the WSWS. If you are not already a subscriber, sign-up to make a monthly donation to the WSWS.</p>',
								'<a class="button button-video" style="float:right; width:140px; margin-top:3px;" href="/en/articles/2017/08/25/pers-a25.html" target="_blank">Learn more</a>',
							'</div>',
							'<div class="right">',
								'<form>',
									'<div class="type">',
										'<input type="radio" name="type" value="subscribe" checked="checked" /><label>Monthly donation</label>',
										'<input type="radio" name="type" value="donate" style="margin-left:20px;" /><label>One time</label>',
									'</div>',
									'<div class="amount">',
										'<label><input type="radio" name="amount" value="25" checked="checked" />$25</label>',
										'<label><input type="radio" name="amount" value="50" />$50</label>',
										'<label><input type="radio" name="amount" value="75" />$75</label>',
										'<label><input type="radio" name="amount" value="100" />$100</label>',
										'<label><input type="radio" name="amount" value="250" />$250</label>',
										'<label><input type="radio" name="amount" value="500" />$500</label>',
										'<label style="width: 125px;"><input type="radio" name="amount" value="" />Other amount</label>',
									'</div>',
									'<button class="button button-paypal">PayPal or Credit Card</button>',
									'<a href="/en/special/donation_information.html" target="_blank">Donate by mail</a>',
								'</form>',
							'</div>',
							'<div class="video">',
							'</div>',
							'<button class="button button-close">close &nbsp; x</button>',
							'<form class="donateForm" action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post" target="_blank">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_donations">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="business" value="shannon@mehring.com">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="lc" value="US">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="item_name" value="World Socialist Web Site">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="currency_code" value="USD">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="bn" value="PP-DonationsBF:btn_donate_LG.gif:NonHostedGuest">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="amount" value="25">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="submit2" value="Donate">',
							'</form>',
							'<form class="subscribeForm" action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post" target="_blank">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_xclick-subscriptions">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="business" value="shannon@Mehring.com">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="item_name" value="Monthly WSWS Donation">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="lc" value="US">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="input" value="10.00">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="currency_code" value="USD">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="src" value="1">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="p3" value="1">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="t3" value="M">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="bn" value="PP-SubscriptionsBF:btn_subscribe_SM.gif:NonHostedGuest">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="a3" value="10">',
								'<input type="hidden" name="submit3" value="Subscribe">',
							'</form>',
						'</div>',
					'</div>',
  				];
  				var html = htmlArray.join('');
  				$('body').prepend(html);
  				/*
	  			$('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .left').children('img, button').click(function() {
	  				if ($('#fundAppeal2015').hasClass('video')) {
	  					$('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .video').empty();
	  				} else {
	  					var html = '<iframe width="720" height="405" src="https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/Gdwpr1IPeQQ?rel=0&amp;controls=0&amp;showinfo=0&amp;autoplay=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>';
		  				$('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .video').append(html);
	  				}
	  				$('#fundAppeal2015').toggleClass('video');
  				});
  				*/
  				$('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right > form > .button').click(function() {
	  				var type = $('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right > form > .type > input:checked').val();
	  				var amount = $('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .right > form > .amount > > input:checked').val();
	  				if (type == 'subscribe') {
		  				if (amount == '') amount = 10;
		  				$('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .subscribeForm > input[name=a3]').val(amount);
		  				$('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .subscribeForm').submit();
		  			} else {
			  			$('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .donateForm > input[name=amount]').val(amount);
			  			$('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .donateForm').submit();
			  		}
			  		return false;
	  			});
	  			$('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .button-close').click(function() {
		  			$('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper > .video').empty();
		  			$('#fundAppeal2015 > .wrapper').removeClass('video');
		  			$('#fundAppeal2015').removeClass('active');
		  			var expireDate = new Date();
		  			var minutes = 1440;
		  			expireDate.setTime(expireDate.getTime() + (minutes * 60 * 1000));
		  			$.cookie('fundAppeal2015', 'seen', {
			  			expires: expireDate,
			  			path: '/',
			  			domain: 'wsws.org',
			  			secure: false
			  		});
		  		});
  				setTimeout(function() {
	  				$('#fundAppeal2015').addClass('active');
	  			}, 2000);
  			}
  		}
  	}
  	
  	function appendFundAppeal2016() {
  		if ($.cookie('fundAppeal2016') != 'seen') {
  			if ($('#page').length > 0) {
  				var htmlArray = [
	  				'<div id="fundAppeal2016">',
	  					'<div class="wrapper">',
	  						//'<p><a href="https://www.wsws.org/donate/" onclick="_paq.push([\'trackGoal\', 24]);" target="_blank">The ruling class is censoring the Internet: Help us fight back!</a></p>',
	  						//'<p><a href="https://www.wsws.org/donate/" onclick="_paq.push([\'trackGoal\', 24]);" target="_blank">On the centenary of the October Revolution:<br /><strong>Donate to the WSWS and support the fight for socialism!</strong></a></p>',

	  						'<p style="max-width:640px; margin-right:40px;"><a href="https://www.wsws.org/donate/" onclick="_paq.push([\'trackGoal\', 24]);" target="_blank"><strong style="display:block; margin-bottom:5px; text-transform:uppercase; letter-spacing:0.05em;">Support the WSWS 20th Anniversary Fund</strong><span style="font-size:14px; line-height:20px;">February 14, 2018 is the 20th anniversary of continuous daily publication of the <em>World Socialist Web Site</em>. We need your help in the fight against war, inequality and Internet censorship. Please donate today.</span></a></p>',
	  						'<a href="https://www.wsws.org/donate/" onclick="_paq.push([\'trackGoal\', 24]);" target="_blank" style="margin-top:40px;"><span>Donate Now</span> <span>&rarr;</span></a>',
	  						//'<p style="font-size:14px; line-height:1.4em; padding:30px 0; max-width:640px; margin-right:40px;"><a href="https://www.wsws.org/endcensorship" target="_blank">On January 16 at 7 PM Eastern, the <em>World Socialist Web Site</em> is hosting an online meeting titled “<strong>Organizing Resistance to Internet Censorship</strong>” featuring Chris Hedges and David North. To participate, visit <strong>wsws.org/endcensorship</strong>.</a></p>',
	  						//'<a style="line-height:40px; margin-top:36px;" href="https://www.wsws.org/endcensorship" target="_blank"><span>Visit page</span> <span>&rarr;</span></a>',
	  						//'<p><a href="https://www.wsws.org/1917/lectures" target="_blank">Centenary Lecture October 21: <strong>On the Eve of Revolution: The Bolshevik Party, Factory Committees, and the Mass Movement of the Working Class</strong></a></p>',
	  						//'<a href="https://www.wsws.org/1917/lectures" target="_blank"><span>Register Today</span> <span>&rarr;</span></a>',
	  						//'<p><a href="http://mehring.com/2017-holiday-sale" target="_blank">Mehring Books Holiday Sale: Give the gift that lasts... A book on the Russian Revolution</a></p>',
	  						'<button>x</button>',	  						
	  					'</div>',
	  				'</div>'
	  			];
	  			/*
	  			htmlArray = [
	  			  '<div id="fundAppeal2016" style="background:#eee; border-top:1px solid #dfdfdf;">',
	  			    '<div class="wrapper" style="padding:5px 10px 20px 10px;">',
	  			      '<p style="font-weight:bold; font-size:14px; line-height:1.4em; margin-right:10%; padding-bottom:0; color:#cc0000;"><em>“The SEP\'s program is the best chance that humanity has to save itself. Exposure to the Marxist perspective, especially on art and culture, has literally changed my life.”</em> – Ryan, US</p>',
	  			      '<p style="color:#222; font-weight:400; font-size:14px; line-height:1.4em; margin-right:10%; padding:10px 0 18px 0;">',
	  			        '<a href="https://www.wsws.org/donate/?pk_campaign=appeal&amp;pk_kwd=bottom" style="color:#222;" target="_blank">Giant corporations like Google are seeking to block access to the <em>World Socialist Web Site</em>. Under conditions of growing social inequality, the danger of world war, and escalating political repression, the expansion of the WSWS is more crucial than ever. <strong>Donate today to the WSWS New Year\'s Fund</strong>.</a>',
	  			      '</p>',
	  			      '<form action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post" target="_blank">',
	  			        '<input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_donations">',
	  			        '<input type="hidden" name="business" value="shannon@mehring.com">',
	  			        '<input type="hidden" name="lc" value="US">',
	  			        '<input type="hidden" name="item_name" value="World Socialist Web Site">',
	  			        '<input type="hidden" name="currency_code" value="USD">',
	  			        '<input type="hidden" name="bn" value="PP-DonationsBF:btn_donate_LG.gif:NonHostedGuest">',
	  			        '<div style="display:inline-block; box-sizing:border-box;">',
	  			          '<div style="display:inline-block; box-sizing:border-box;">',
	  			            '<label style="border-radius:4px; width:70%; display:inline-block; padding:10px; font-size:14px; background:#333; color:#fff; cursor:pointer;">',
	  			              '<input id="RadioGroup1_1" type="radio" name="amount" value="10" style="margin-right: 15px;"> $10',
	  			            '</label>',
	  			          '</div>',
	  			          '<div style="display:inline-block; box-sizing:border-box;">',
	  			            '<label style="border-radius:4px; width:70%; display:inline-block; padding:10px; font-size:14px; background:#333; color:#fff; cursor:pointer;">',
	  			              '<input id="RadioGroup1_1" type="radio" name="amount" value="25" style="margin-right:10px;"> $25',
	  			            '</label>',
	  			          '</div>',
	  			          '<div style="display:inline-block; box-sizing:border-box;">',
	  			            '<label style="border-radius:4px; width:70%; display:inline-block; padding:10px; font-size:14px; background:#333; color:#fff; cursor:pointer;">',
	  			              '<input id="RadioGroup1_1" type="radio" name="amount" value="50" checked="checked" style="margin-right:10px;"> $50',
	  			            '</label>',
	  			          '</div>',
	  			          '<div style="display:inline-block; box-sizing:border-box;">',
	  			            '<label style="border-radius:4px; width:70%; display:inline-block; padding:10px; font-size:14px; background:#333; color:#fff; cursor:pointer;">',
	  			              '<input id="RadioGroup1_1" type="radio" name="amount" value="100" style="margin-right:10px;"> $100',
	  			            '</label>',
	  			          '</div>',
	  			          '<div style="display:inline-block; box-sizing:border-box;">',
	  			            '<a href="https://www.wsws.org/donate/?pk_campaign=appeal&amp;pk_kwd=bottom" style="font-size: 14px;color:#333; text-decoration: underline;font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">More options »</a>',
	  			          '</div>',
	  			        '</div>',
	  			        '<input type="submit" name="submit2" value="Donate now" style="display:inline-block; padding:6px; border:2px solid #222; border-radius:4px; text-transform:uppercase; font-weight:bold; font-size:14px; cursor:pointer;">',
	  			      '</form>',
	  			      '<button style="color:#222; border-color:#222;">x</button>',
	  			    '</div>',
	  			  '</div>'
	  			];
	  			*/
	  			var html = htmlArray.join('');
  				$('body').prepend(html);
  				$('#fundAppeal2016 > .wrapper > button').click(function() {
		  			//$('#fundAppeal2016').removeClass('active');
		  			$('#fundAppeal2016').remove();
		  			_paq.push(['trackGoal', 25]);
			  		var expireDate = new Date();
		  			var minutes = 1440;
		  			expireDate.setTime(expireDate.getTime() + (minutes * 60 * 1000));
			  		$.cookie('fundAppeal2016', 'seen', {
			  			expires: expireDate,
			  			path: '/',
			  			domain: 'wsws.org',
			  			secure: false
			  		});
		  		});
  				setTimeout(function() {
	  				$('#fundAppeal2016').addClass('active');
	  			}, 2000);
  			}
  		}
  	}
  	  	  	
	function appendInlineAppeal() {
		var excludes = [ 'wsws', 'twih', 'vide', 'sale', 'dart', 'task', 'powe', 'gmhv', 'raul' ];
		var url = document.location.href;
		var filename = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf("/") + 1, url.length);
  		if (!$('#content').is('.width72,.category') && excludes.indexOf(filename.substr(0,4)) == -1) {
  			var htmlArray = [
  				'<div id="inline-appeal">',
  					'<img class="logo" src="/img/anniversary_funddrive.png" width="200" height="40" />',
  					'<h4>The WSWS needs your support!</h4>',
  					'<p>Your donations go directly to financing, improving, and expanding the web site.</p>',
  					'<a class="button" href="/en/special/anniversary/donate.html">Donate</a>',
  		  		'</div>'
  		  	];
  		  	var html = htmlArray.join('');
  		  	var pCount = $('#content').children('p').length;
  		  	var position = Math.floor(pCount*0.1);
        	$('#content').children('p').eq(position).before(html);
        	$('#inline-appeal').children('form').children('.more-options').children('a').click(function() {
  				$('#inline-appeal').children('.initially-hidden').show();
  				$(this).parent().hide();
  				return false;
  			});
  		}
  	}
  	
	function appendInlineAppeal2() {
		var excludes = [ 'wsws', 'twih', 'vide', 'sale', 'dart', 'task', 'powe', 'gmhv', 'raul' ];
		var url = document.location.href;
		var filename = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf("/") + 1, url.length);
  		if (!$('#content').is('.width72,.category') && excludes.indexOf(filename.substr(0,4)) == -1) {
  			var htmlArray = [
  				'<div style="float:left; width:215px; height:120px; margin:15px 15px 15px 0;">',
  					'<a href="/en/special/donate.html">',
  						'<img style="float:none; margin:0;" src="/en/media/photos/legacy/inline/donate-small.jpg" width="215" height="120" />',
  					'</a>',
  		  		'</div>'
  		  	];
  		  	var html = htmlArray.join('');
  		  	var pCount = $('#content').children('p').length;
  		  	var position = Math.floor(pCount*0.2);
        	$('#content').children('p').eq(position).before(html);
  		}
  	}
  	
  	function appendBottomAppeal() {
  		var excludes = [ 'lect-a20' ];
  		var url = document.location.href;
		var filename = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf("/") + 1, url.length);
  		if (!$('#content').is('.width72,.category') && excludes.indexOf(filename.substr(0,8)) == -1) {
  			var htmlArray = [
  				'<div id="bottom-appeal">',
  				  '<div class="leftcol">',
  					'<img class="logo" src="/img/anniversary_funddrive.png" width="200" height="40" />',
  					'<h4>The WSWS needs your support!</h4>',
  					'<p>Your donations go directly to financing, improving, and expanding the web site.</p>',
  				  '</div>',
  				  '<div class="rightcol">',
  				    '<form action="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr" method="post" target="_blank">',
  				      '<input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="_donations">',
  				      '<input type="hidden" name="business" value="shannon@mehring.com">',
  				      '<input type="hidden" name="lc" value="US">',
  				      '<input type="hidden" name="item_name" value="World Socialist Web Site">',
  				      '<input type="hidden" name="currency_code" value="USD">',
  				      '<input type="hidden" name="bn" value="PP-DonationsBF:btn_donate_LG.gif:NonHostedGuest">',
  				      '<ul class="list">',
  				        '<li><input id="RadioGroup1_0" type="radio" name="amount" value="5"> $5</li>',
  				        '<li><input id="RadioGroup1_1" type="radio" name="amount" value="10"> $10</li>',
  				        '<li><input id="RadioGroup1_2" type="radio" name="amount" value="20"> $20</li>',
  				        '<li><input id="RadioGroup1_3" type="radio" name="amount" value="30"> $30</li>',
  				        '<li><input id="RadioGroup1_4" type="radio" name="amount" value="50"> $50</li>',
  				        '<li><input id="RadioGroup1_5" type="radio" name="amount" value="100"> $100</li>',
  				        '<li><input id="RadioGroup1_6" type="radio" name="amount" value="250"> $250</li>',
  				        '<li><input id="RadioGroup1_7" type="radio" name="amount" value=""> Other</li>',
  				      '</ul>',
  				      '<input class="button" type="submit" name="submit2" value="Donate with PayPal or Credit Card">',
  				    '</form>',
  				  '</div>',
  		  		'</div>'
  		  	];
  		  	var html = htmlArray.join('');
  		  	if ($('#article-tools').length > 0) {
  		  		$('#article-tools').before(html);
  		  	} else {
	  		  	$('#content').append(html);
  		  	}
        	$('#inline-appeal').children('form').children('.more-options').children('a').click(function() {
  				$('#inline-appeal').children('.initially-hidden').show();
  				$(this).parent().hide();
  				return false;
  			});
  		}
  	}
  	
  	function appendBottomAppeal2() {
  		var excludes = [ 'lect-a20' ];
  		var url = document.location.href;
		var filename = url.substring(url.lastIndexOf("/") + 1, url.length);
  		if (!$('#content').is('.width72,.category') && excludes.indexOf(filename.substr(0,8)) == -1) {
  			var htmlArray = [
  				'<div style="margin:20px 0 0 0;">',
  				  '<a href="/en/special/donate.html" target="_blank">',
  					'<img src="/en/media/photos/legacy/inline/20150706donate490.jpg" width="490" height="128" style="display:block; float:none;" />',
  				  '</a>',
  		  		'</div>'
  		  	];
  		  	var html = htmlArray.join('');
  		  	if ($('#article-tools').length > 0) {
  		  		$('#article-tools').before(html);
  		  	} else {
	  		  	$('#content').append(html);
  		  	}
  		}
  	}

	function popupMaydayAd() {
		// if ($.cookie('mayday') != 'seen') {
			var html = '<a id="maydayad" href="/en/media/photos/legacy/frontpage/2016mayday700.png"><img src="/img/blank.gif" width="1" height="1" style="display:none;" />';
			$('#content').append(html);
			$('#maydayad').lightbox({fitToScreen: true}).click();
			$('#lightbox').attr('style', 'display:blcock; top:'+$('#lightbox').css('top')+'; left:0px; margin-top: 60px !important');
			var temp1 = $('#imageContainer').html();
			var temp2 = '<a href="http://internationalmayday.org/" target="_blank">' + temp1 + '</a>';
			$('#imageContainer').html(temp2);
			var expireDate = new Date();
		  	var minutes = 30;
		  	expireDate.setTime(expireDate.getTime() + (minutes * 60 * 1000));
			$.cookie('mayday', 'seen', {
				expires: expireDate,
				path: '/',
				domain: 'wsws.org',
				secure: false
			});
		// }
  	}

  	function popupEventAd() {
  		if ($.cookie('popupeventadd') != 'seen') {
  			if ($('#page').length > 0) {
  				var htmlArray = [
	  				'<div id="popupfundappeal">',
						'<div class="wrapper" style="padding:24px;">',
							'<a href="/en/special/1917/lecture09.html" style="width:100%; margin:0; padding:0; overflow:hidden;">',
								'<img src="/en/media/photos/legacy/frontpage/lectures1917-event.jpg?v=16" style="max-width:100%;" />',
							'</a>',
							'<button style="background:#fff; border:none;">x</button>',
						'</div>',
					'</div>'
	  			];
	  			var html = htmlArray.join('');
  				$('body').prepend(html);
  				$('#popupfundappeal').click(function() {
		  			$('#popupfundappeal').remove();
			  		var expireDate = new Date();
		  			var minutes = 180;
		  			expireDate.setTime(expireDate.getTime() + (minutes * 60 * 1000));
		  			$.cookie('popupeventadd', 'seen', {
			  			expires: expireDate,
			  			path: '/',
			  			domain: 'wsws.org',
			  			secure: false
			  		});
		  		});
  				setTimeout(function() {
	  				$('#popupfundappeal').addClass('active');
	  			}, 2000);
  			}
  		}
  	}
  	  	
  	function popupFundAppeal() {
  		// if ($.cookie('popupfundappeal') != 'seen') {
  			if ($('#page').length > 0) {
  				var htmlArray = [
	  				'<div id="popupfundappeal">',
						'<div class="wrapper">',
							/*
							'<h4>The WSWS needs your support</h4>',
							'<p><a href="https://www.wsws.org/donate/" target="_blank">As we near the Jan 31 deadline for the WSWS New Year Fund, we ask our readers to make as large a contribution as possible and help us launch this year\'s work on solid financial footing. The on-the-spot reporting, daily analysis, videos and commentary presented by the WSWS are possible only with your support. Please donate now!</a></p>',
							'<p><a href="https://www.wsws.org/donate/" target="_blank">With sincere thanks,<br />WSWS Editorial Board</a></p>',
							*/
							/*
							'<h4>The WSWS is under attack.<br />Help us fight back!</h4>',
							'<p>The <em>World Socialist Web Site</em> is under attack. Google\'s new search algorithms have led to a 75 percent reduction in readers accessing the site from Google. The WSWS is engaged in a fight, and so are you. Please donate today</p>',
							'<a href="https://www.wsws.org/donate/" onclick="_paq.push([\'trackGoal\', 22]);" target="_blank"><span>Donate now</span> <span>→</span></a>',
							*/
							'<p style="font-weight:400;">The International Committee of the Fourth International is commemorating the centenary of the 1917 October Revolution with a series of online lectures. David North, chairman of the International Editorial Board of the <em>World Socialist Web Site</em>, will deliver the concluding lecture in the series, "The Place of the October Revolution in World History and Contemporary Politics."</p>',
							'<p style="font-weight:400;">The lecture will be streamed live on YouTube and Facebook on November 11 at 1:00 pm EST (6:00pm in London, 7:00pm in Berlin, 9:00pm in Moscow and 5:00 am Sunday in Sydney).</p>',		
							'<a href="/en/special/1917/lecture09.html"><span>Learn more</span> <span>→</span></a>',
							'<button>x</button>',
						'</div>',
					'</div>'
	  			];
	  			var html = htmlArray.join('');
  				$('body').prepend(html);
  				$('#popupfundappeal').click(function() {
		  			$('#popupfundappeal').remove();
		  			_paq.push(['trackGoal', 23]);
			  		var expireDate = new Date();
		  			var minutes = 180;
		  			expireDate.setTime(expireDate.getTime() + (minutes * 60 * 1000));
		  			$.cookie('popupfundappeal', 'seen', {
			  			expires: expireDate,
			  			path: '/',
			  			domain: 'wsws.org',
			  			secure: false
			  		});
		  		});
  				setTimeout(function() {
	  				$('#popupfundappeal').addClass('active');
	  			}, 2000);
  			}
  		// }
  	}

	function appendInlineHeritageAd() {
		var htmlArray = [
			'<div class="imageRight" style="width:200px; oveflow:hidden;">',
				'<a href="https://mehring.com/the-heritage-we-defend-a-contribution-to-the-history-of-the-fourth-international.html" target="_blank">',
					'<img src="https://mehring.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/9df78eab33525d08d6e5fb8d27136e95/h/e/heritage_300_3.jpg" style="width:200px;">',
					'<span>Click here to order the English edition of <em>The Heritage We Defend</em></span>',
				'</a>',
			'</div>'
		];
		var html = htmlArray.join('');
		$('#content > p').slice(-25,-24).before(html);
	}
	
	function appendInlineNewsletterAd() {
		var htmlArray = [
			'<div class="imageLeft" style="width:198px; margin-right:20px; oveflow:hidden;">',
				'<a href="/en/special/newsletter.html#pk_campaign=inline&pk_kwd=imagelink-newsletter" target="_blank">',
					'<img src="/en/media/photos/legacy/sidebar/newsletter198.png" style="width:198px;">',
				'</a>',
			'</div>'
		];
		var html = htmlArray.join('');
                var pos = $('#content > p').length / 2;
		$('#content > p').slice(-(pos+1),-(pos)).before(html);
	}

	function appendInlineSepjoinAd() {
		var htmlArray = [
			'<div class="imageLeft" style="width:198px; margin-right:20px; oveflow:hidden;">',
				'<a href="/en/special/sepjoin.html#pk_campaign=inline&pk_kwd=imagelink-sepjoin">',
					'<img src="/en/media/photos/legacy/sidebar/sepjoin198.png" style="width:198px;">',
				'</a>',
			'</div>'
		];
		var html = htmlArray.join('');
                var pos = $('#content > p').length / 2;
		$('#content > p').slice(-pos,-(pos-1)).before(html);
	}
  	
function callSidebarFunctions() {
   //appendTopAppeal();
   //appendInlineAppeal();
   //appendInlineAppeal2();
   //appendBottomAppeal();
   //appendBottomAppeal2();
   if (window.location.href.indexOf('demo=topbar') != -1) {
     appendFundAppeal2015();
   }
   appendFundAppeal2016();
   if (window.location.href.indexOf('demo=mayday') != -1) {
     popupMaydayAd();
   }
   if (window.location.href.indexOf('demo=popup') != -1) {
     popupFundAppeal();   
   }
   if (window.location.href.indexOf('demo=popup2') != -1) {
     popupEventAd();   
   }
   if (window.location.href.indexOf('/en/articles/2017/06/23/pref-j23.html') != -1) {
     appendInlineHeritageAd();
   }
   if (window.location.href.indexOf('/en/articles/2017/06/29/pers-j29.html') != -1) {
     appendInlineSepjoinAd();
   }
   if (window.location.href.indexOf('/en/articles/2017/09/09/irma-s09.html') != -1) {
	 appendInlineNewsletterAd();
   }
};
</script>
  


        
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>


    
      <div id="footer">
  <p class="right">
    
      <a href="/en/special/about.html">About the WSWS</a> |
    
    
    <a href="/en/special/contact.html">Contact Us</a> |
    
    
    
      <a href="/en/special/privacy.html">Privacy Statement</a> |
    
    <a href="#">Top of page</a>
  </p>
  <p>Copyright &copy; 1998-2018 <i>World Socialist Web Site</i> - All rights reserved</p>
</div>

<!-- Piwik -->
<script type="text/javascript">
  var _paq = _paq || [];
  _paq.push(["setCookieDomain", "*.wsws.org"]);
  if (document.title.substr(0,"Page Not Found".length) == "Page Not Found") {
    _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", "404/URL = " + String(document.location.pathname+document.location.search).replace(/\//g,"%2f") + "/From = " + String(document.referrer).replace(/\//g,"%2f")]);
  }
  _paq.push(["trackPageView"]);
  _paq.push(["enableLinkTracking"]);
  _paq.push(['enableHeartBeatTimer']);
  (function() {
    var u=(("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https" : "http") + "://piwik.wsws.org/analytics/piwik/";
    _paq.push(["setTrackerUrl", u+"piwik.php"]);
    _paq.push(["setSiteId", "1"]);
    var d=document, g=d.createElement("script"), s=d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; g.type="text/javascript";
    g.defer=true; g.async=true; g.src=u+"piwik.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s);
  })();
</script>
<noscript>
  <img src="https://piwik.wsws.org/analytics/piwik/piwik.php?idsite=1&amp;rec=1" style="border:0" alt="" />
</noscript>
<!-- End Piwik Code -->

    
    <script src="/js/bundle.js?v=2" type="text/javascript"></script>
    
  </body>
</html>
