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                                <div class="toc-sidebar-block"><div class="toc-sidebar-title"><h2><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-0?active-tab=content-tab"><span class="arrow-left icon-left-arrow"></span>Course content</a></h2></div><div class="toc-list" id="toc"><ul><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-0?intro=1"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">Introduction</span></div></a></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section---learningoutcomes"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">Learning outcomes</span></div></a></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-1"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">1 Aims of the course</span></div></a></li><li class="oucontent-tree-emptynode oucontent-tree-current-section"><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-2.1"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">2 New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina: &#x2018;shaming America&#x2019;?</span></div></a><ul><li class="oucontent-tree-current "><span class="accesshide">Current section: </span><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">2.1 The shaming of America</span></div></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-2.2"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">2.2 Welfare and law enforcement</span></div></a></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-2.3"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">2.3 The impact of Katrina on New Orleans</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="oucontent-tree-emptynode"><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-3.1"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">3 Worlds apart? The problem of problem places</span></div></a><ul><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-3.1"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">3.1 The idea of problematic places</span></div></a></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-3.2"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">3.2 Urban unrest: the case of the French urban periphery</span></div></a></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-3.3"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">3.3 Bringing it all back home: the &#x2018;problem estate&#x2019;</span></div></a></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-3.4"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">3.4 Council estates: a symbol of failure?</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-4"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">4 Review: misrecognition, disrespect and the politics of fear</span></div></a></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-5"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">5 Further reading</span></div></a></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-6"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">Conclusion</span></div></a></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-7"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">Keep on learning</span></div></a></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section---references"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">References</span></div></a></li><li><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section---acknowledgements"><div><span class="oucontent-tree-menu-title">Acknowledgements</span></div></a></li></ul></div></div>
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                      <div class="course_info_block"><img src="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/pluginfile.php/770006/mod_resource/content/0/dd208_3_cover_image_1.jpg" alt="‘Problem’ populations, ‘problem’ places" class="course-img" /><div class="right-content"><span class="course-title">‘Problem’ populations, ‘problem’ places</span><p class="fixed-text">This free course is available to start right now. Review the full <b>course description</b> and key learning outcomes and create an account and enrol if you want a free statement of participation.</p><div class="buttons"><div class="drupalajax" id="ocw_create_account"></div><div id="ocw_subject_link" class="drupalajax"></div></div></div></div>
                      
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        ‘Problem’ populations, ‘problem’ places              </h1>
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    <div id="article_main" class="main-article-wrapper clearfix"> 
      <div id="region-main" class="region-main-ocw"><div id="region-main-inner"><div class="moodle-main-content"><div role="complementary"><span id="maincontent"></span><div id="middle-column"><div class="oucontent-content"><h1 class="oucontent-title-1">2 New Orleans and Hurricane Katrina: &#x2018;shaming America&#x2019;?</h1><h2 class="oucontent-title-2">2.1 The shaming of America</h2>
<p>I begin our story with a case study relating to one of the most momentous episodes of environmental catastrophe in the early 2000s, Hurricane Katrina. On 29 August 2005, Katrina, a category 5 hurricane with 290 kph winds, hit the Gulf of Mexico coast of the southern USA, bearing down on the state of Louisiana and in particular on its main city, New Orleans (<a class="oucontent-crossref" href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-2.1#fig004-001">Figure 1</a>). With much of ‘the Big Easy’, as the city is popularly known in the USA, below sea level, New Orleans was protected from the sea, a surrounding lake and the Mississippi River by a ring of natural and human-made barriers called levees. However, Katrina was the long-awaited and feared ‘Big One’, a powerful storm with the potential to overwhelm the levees. </p>
<div class="oucontent-figure" style="width:511px;" id="fig004_001">
<img src="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/pluginfile.php/100343/mod_oucontent/oucontent/864/99532314/df19b903/dd208_3_001i.jpg" alt="Figure 1 The path of Hurricane Katrina, 25 August to 30 August 2005" width="511" height="338" style="max-width:511px;" class="oucontent-figure-image oucontent-media-wide" longdesc="%%BASEURL%%&amp;extra=longdesc_idm11636032"><div class="oucontent-figure-text">
<div class="oucontent-source-reference">Copyright © AccuWeather, Inc. <a class="oucontent-hyperlink" href="http://www.accuweather.com">http://www.accuweather.com</a>
<a class="oucontent-rightslink" title="Show rights info">©</a><div class="oucontent-rightsinfo">Copyright © AccuWeather, Inc. <a class="oucontent-hyperlink" href="http://www.accuweather.com">http://www.accuweather.com</a>
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<div class="oucontent-caption oucontent-nonumber"><span class="oucontent-figure-caption">Figure 1 The path of Hurricane Katrina, 25 August to 30 August 2005</span></div>
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<div class="oucontent-longdesclink oucontent-longdesconly"><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=4666&amp;extra=longdesc_idm11636032&amp;clicked=1">Long description</a></div>
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<p>When the storm struck, a number of critically important levees gave way and, in scenes that were soon to be broadcast around the world, more than 80 per cent of New Orleans was inundated with several feet of toxic floodwater (<a class="oucontent-crossref" href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/people-politics-law/politics-policy-people/sociology/problem-populations-problem-places/content-section-2.1#fig004-002">Figure 2</a>). The majority of the population of 1.3 million in the greater New Orleans area had already been evacuated in what was the largest forced migration in recent US history, but those remaining, primarily in areas home to predominantly black and working-class people and with large numbers of elderly people and children, were quickly engulfed by the floodwater. At the time of writing (2008), at least 1000 people are known to have died, while the final death figure may never be known. The estimated costs of damage range from US$100bn to US$200bn (Gotham, 2007, p. 81).</p>
<div class="oucontent-figure" style="width:511px;" id="fig004_002">
<img src="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/pluginfile.php/100343/mod_oucontent/oucontent/864/99532314/a44f5b45/dd208_3_002i.jpg" alt="Figure 2 Map showing extent of flooding in New Orleans, 11 September 2005" width="511" height="394" style="max-width:511px;" class="oucontent-figure-image oucontent-media-wide" longdesc="%%BASEURL%%&amp;extra=longdesc_idm11626960"><div class="oucontent-figure-text">
<div class="oucontent-source-reference">Copyright © Greater New Orleans Community Data Center <a class="oucontent-hyperlink" href="http://www.gnocdc.org">http://www.gnocdc.org</a>
<a class="oucontent-rightslink" title="Show rights info">©</a><div class="oucontent-rightsinfo">Copyright © Greater New Orleans Community Data Center <a class="oucontent-hyperlink" href="http://www.gnocdc.org">http://www.gnocdc.org</a>
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<div class="oucontent-caption oucontent-nonumber"><span class="oucontent-figure-caption">Figure 2 Map showing extent of flooding in New Orleans, 11 September 2005</span></div>
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<div class="oucontent-longdesclink oucontent-longdesconly"><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=4666&amp;extra=longdesc_idm11626960&amp;clicked=1">Long description</a></div>
<a id="back_longdesc_idm11626960"></a>
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<p>Katrina's impact on New Orleans was one of the most televised disasters in recent history, generating twenty-four-hour news coverage around the world and considerable political debate. The response to the disaster by the US Federal Government in Washington DC and organisations such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was criticised for being insufficiently quick and effective. In the ensuing controversies in the aftermath of Katrina, however, the government was not the only target of critics. Hurricane Katrina was widely perceived as the largest ‘natural’ disaster to occur in continental USA. However, for many observers this was no natural disaster but an unprecedented social disaster. Highlighting reports of looting, rape, murder and street violence, some conservative commentators claimed that social organisation broke down into some kind of ‘anarchy’. These accounts were often repeated uncritically on the television, accompanied by sensationalised and selective film coverage. Such stories and images, together with political indifference and initial government failure to respond to the disaster, amounted to what <i>The Economist</i> termed ‘The shaming of America’ (<i>The Economist</i>, 10 September 2005, p. 11).</p>
<div class="oucontent-figure" style="width:500px;" id="fig004_003">
<img src="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/pluginfile.php/100343/mod_oucontent/oucontent/864/99532314/e23ccce9/dd208_3_002ai.jpg" alt="Figure 3 Flood waters in New Orleans, 30 August 2005" width="500" height="331" style="max-width:500px;" class="oucontent-figure-image oucontent-media-wide" longdesc="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=4666&amp;extra=longdesc_idm11619200"><div class="oucontent-figure-text">
<div class="oucontent-source-reference">Copyright © David J Phillip/AP/PA Photos
<a class="oucontent-rightslink" title="Show rights info">©</a><div class="oucontent-rightsinfo">Copyright © David J Phillip/AP/PA Photos</div>

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<div class="oucontent-caption oucontent-nonumber"><span class="oucontent-figure-caption">Figure 3 Flood waters in New Orleans, 30 August 2005</span></div>
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<div class="oucontent-longdesclink oucontent-longdesconly"><a href="http://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=4666&amp;extra=longdesc_idm11619200&amp;clicked=1">Long description</a></div>
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