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    <title>Michael Mann: Climate Change Worsened the Impact of Hurricane Harvey</title>
    
    
    
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a{word-wrap:break-word;}.article-content .giphy-image__credits-wrapper{margin:0;}.article-content .giphy-image__credits{color:#000;font-size:1rem;}.article-content .image-media,.article-content .giphy-image .media-photo-credit{display:block;}.tags{color:#529546;margin:0 -5px;}.tags__item{margin:5px;display:inline-block;}.tags .tags__item{line-height:1;}.slideshow .carousel-control{overflow:hidden;}.shortcode-media .media-caption,.shortcode-media .media-photo-credit{display:block;}@media (min-width:768px){.tags{margin:0 -10px;}.tags__item{margin:10px;}.article-content__comments-wrapper{border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;margin-bottom:20px;padding-bottom:40px;}}.subscription-widget{background:#529546;padding:30px;}.subscription-widget .module-headline__text{text-align:center;font-size:2rem;font-weight:400;color:#fff;}.subscription-widget .social-links{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;text-align:center;font-size:0;}.subscription-widget 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.posts-wrapper{background:rgba(240, 240, 240, 1);}.posts-splash-beauty .widget__body{background:rgba(240, 240, 240, 1);position:absolute;right:0;left:0;bottom:0;margin:0 auto;width:75%;max-width:820px;border-bottom:0;padding:10px 20px;box-sizing:border-box;}.posts-splash-beauty .widget__headline{font-size:3.6rem;margin-bottom:15px;}}@media (min-width:1600px){.posts-splash-beauty .widget__body{padding:20px 40px;}.posts-splash-beauty .widget__headline{margin-bottom:35px;}}.posts-social-list .widget{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;padding:0 0 20px;}.posts-social-list .posts-wrapper:after{content:'';display:block;margin-bottom:-20px;}.posts-social-list .widget__headline{font-family:'Helvetica';display:block;max-height:60px;font-size:1.4rem;font-weight:600;text-overflow:ellipsis;display:-webkit-box;-webkit-line-clamp:3;-webkit-box-orient:vertical;overflow:hidden;margin-top:10px;min-width:140px;}.posts-social-list .social-author{margin-bottom:10px;}.posts-social-list 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                #sPost_0_4_0_0_0_1_1_0_0_0_18 .around-the-web__headline {font-size : 16px ;}
                #sPost_0_4_0_0_0_1_1_0_0_0_18 .widget__shares {position : relative ;left : 15px ;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {
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                #sPost_0_4_0_0_0_1_1_0_0_0_18 .widget__shares a {color : rgba(91, 91, 91, 1) ;padding : 3px ;font-size : 18px ;margin : 0 5px ;background-color : rgba(240, 240, 240, 1) ;}


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                #sPost_0_4_0_0_0_1_1_0_0_0_18 .widget__headline {margin : 5px ;}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1023px) {
                #sPost_0_4_0_0_0_1_1_0_0_0_18 .widget__headline {margin : 10px ;}}
                #sPost_0_4_0_0_0_1_1_0_0_0_18 .widget__section {font-size : 14px ;color : rgba(82, 149, 70, 1) ;float : right ;padding : 5px 0 ;font-weight : 600 ;display : inline-block ;}
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                #sPost_0_4_0_0_0_1_1_0_0_0_18 .social-date {position : absolute ;top : 15px ;left : 52px ;}
                #sPost_0_4_0_0_0_1_1_0_0_0_18 .social-author__social-name {text-align : right ;}
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                #sPost_0_4_0_0_0_1_1_0_0_0_18 .widget .widget__head {margin-bottom : 0 ;}
                #sPost_0_4_0_0_0_1_1_0_0_0_18 .widget .widget__body {padding : 12px  ;margin : 0 ;text-align : left ;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {
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</script><style>
.js-appear-on-expand > p:first-child{
margin-top:0;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px){
.menu-opened .menu-overlay {
    z-index: 10;
    background: rgba(255,255,255,0);
}
}
.social-date {
    position: relative !important;
    top: -27px !important;
    left: 43px !important;
    margin: 0 0 -27px auto !important;
}
.posts-custom .social-author {
float:none !important;
display:inline-block !important;
}
.posts-custom .social-author__avatar {
float:none !important;
display:inline-block !important;
}
.social-author__name {
display:inline-block !important;
vertical-align:top !important;
}
.posts-custom .media-caption {
color:inherit;
font-size:85% !important;
}
.body-description .media-photo-credit {
font-style:italic;
}
.share-tab-img {
display: block;
}
#zergnet-widget-44099 {
    margin-top: 10px !important;
}
.article-description {
margin-bottom:20px;
}
.scroller-ad-place-holder {
padding:12px;
background-color:#fff;
box-shadow:0 0 3px 0 #ccc;
}
.scroller-ad-headline {
font-size:13px;
font-weight:bold;
margin-bottom:10px;
line-height:1;
color:gray;
text-transform:uppercase;
}
.element-zergnet-wrapper {
margin:12px 0;
}
.photo-credit {
font-size:12px;
margin-top:0;
color:#9a9a9a;
}
.article-content .media-caption{
font-size:12px;
}
.posts-custom .media-caption {
font-size:12px;
}
.widget p ,.article-body p {
    margin: 10px 0;
}
.widget .widget__body .body {
margin-top:0;
}
.posts-custom .widget__headline {
    font-size: 14px;
    font-weight: 700;
    word-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 18px;
}
@media (min-width: 1025px){
.posts-custom .widget__headline {
    font-size: 18px;
    font-weight: 700;
    word-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 22px;
}}

@media (min-width: 768px){
.infinite-scroller  .col{
margin-bottom:30px
}
.sharebar .share-plus .fa, .sharebar .share .fa {
    font-size: 18px;
}}
.sharebar .share .fb {
margin-left:7px;
}
.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child:after {
    font-size: 0;
}
@media (min-width: 960px){
.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links {
    display: block;
}}
hr{
display:none !important;
}
</style><!--- Post Stream ---><style>

			.widget__section:after {
			content: "";
    <title>D551ECB5-B8BA-4EE4-9C0A-8209F17AD37E</title><path%20d%3D%22M7.586%205H0v2h7.586l-3.293%203.293%201.414%201.414L11.414%206%205.707.293%204.293%201.707%207.586%205z%22%20fill-rule%3D%22nonzero%22%20fill%3D%22%23529546%22/></svg>") no-repeat right center;
    margin-left: 5px;   
    display: inline-block;
    z-index: 9;
height: 10px;
			}

.post-splash-custom .widget__section:after {
			content: "";
    width: 15px;
    background: url("data:image/svg+xml;utf8,<svg%20xmlns%3D%22http%3A//www.w3.org/2000/svg%22%20width%3D%2212%22%20height%3D%2212%22%20viewBox%3D%220%200%2012%2012%22><title>D551ECB5-B8BA-4EE4-9C0A-8209F17AD37E</title><path%20d%3D%22M7.586%205H0v2h7.586l-3.293%203.293%201.414%201.414L11.414%206%205.707.293%204.293%201.707%207.586%205z%22%20fill-rule%3D%22nonzero%22%20fill%3D%22%23529546%22/></svg>") no-repeat right center;
    margin-left: 5px;   
    display: inline-block;
    z-index: 9;
height: 10px;
			}
	.posts-custom .widget__keep-reading-action {
	text-align:left;
    margin-bottom: 10px;
	}
	.posts-custom .button.read-more {
	background-color:transparent;
	color:#529546;
	font-weight:600;
	    display: inline-block;
font-size:14px
	}
	.posts-custom .button.read-more:hover{
	background-color:transparent;
	color:#529546;
	}
	
</style><!--Custom Topnav CSS--><style>
.gsib_a{
padding:0 6px !important;
}
.gsc-search-box-tools .gsc-search-box .gsc-input {
    line-height: 24px !important;
}
.rebelbar,
.rebelbar.skin-simple {
    background-color: #ffffff;
    padding: 0;
    height: 60px;
    line-height: 60px;

}

@media screen and (min-width: 768px){
    .rebelbar,
    .rebelbar.skin-simple {
        background-color: #fff;
        height: 70px;
        line-height: 70px;
    }
}

.rebelbar__inner,
.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__inner{
    max-width: 1300px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

.rebelbar__menu-toggle,
.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{
    background: #ffffff;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0 10px;
    line-height: 60px;
}

@media screen and (min-width: 768px){
    .rebelbar__menu-toggle,
    .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{
        line-height: 70px;
    }
}
@media screen and (min-width: 1024px){
    .rebelbar__menu-toggle,
    .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{
margin-left:-25px;
    }
}

.logo{
    background-color: #fff;
    padding-right: 20px;
}

.rebelbar .rebelbar__section-links,
.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{
    padding: 0 375px 0 20px;
	    position: relative;
}
.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links:before,
.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links:after {
	content:"";
	position:absolute;
	height:0;
	left:0;
	right:0;
	background:#fff;
}
.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links:after {
	bottom:0;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 768px){
    .rebelbar.skin-simple .logo__image {
        max-width: 300px;
        max-height: 100%;
    }
}

.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links li {
    padding: 0 10px;
}

/*Rebelbar right content*/
.rebelbar__right{   
    text-align: right;
	float:right;
	position:relative;
    
}
/*Google Search*/
.google-search-form {
    width: 230px;
    display: inline-block;
    vertical-align: top;
    height: 70px;
    padding-top: 5px;
    line-height:1;
}
input.gsc-search-button-v2 {
   padding: 6px 10px !important;
    
}


.google-search-form .gsc-control-cse {
    background: none;
    border: 0;
}
/*Social Buttons*/
.rebelbar__social {
    display: inline-block;
    vertical-align: top;
    height: 70px;
    line-height: 70px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}

.rebelbar__social .icon-social__link {
    border: 2px solid #1f1f1f;
    color: #1f1f1f;
    border-radius: 50%;
    width: 26px;
    height: 26px;
    text-align: center;
    line-height: 26px;
    margin-left: 5px;
    font-size: 16px;
}
.rebelbar__social .icon-social__link:hover {
    color: #4e9342;
    border: 2px solid #4e9342;
}

</style><!--Custom Posts CSS--><style>

@media only screen and (min-width: 768px){
    

   .post-author__name:before, .widget__body .social-author__name:before {
        content: 'By';
        display: inline-block;
        color: #a4a2a0;
        margin-right: 5px;
    }
}

</style><!--Custom Subpage CSS--><style>
.subpage__head-angle {
    color: #1f1f1f;
    margin-right: 5px;
    font-weight: bold;
    font-size: 36px;
    line-height: 1;
}

@media only screen and (min-width: 768px){
    .subpage__head-angle {
        font-size: 54px;
    }
}
</style><!--Custom Insights CSS--><style>
/*
If we hide this, we are hidding it for all posts
.widget__body .social-author__name:before{
    display: none;
}*/
</style><!--Custom Ad CSS--><style>
.gtm-container {
    overflow: hidden;
}
</style><!--Custom Sidebar CSS--><style>
.sidebar__headline {
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 700;
    text-transform: uppercase;
    margin: 0 0 10px;
    text-align: left;
   /* font-family: 'Benton Sans Cond', sans-serif;*/
	color:#4e9342;
	line-height:1;
}
.sidebar__headline .fa {
    font-size: 13px;
    font-weight: 700;
    color: #4e9342;
    display: inline-block;
    vertical-align: top;
    line-height: 13px;
    margin-right: 5px;
}
.sidebar__headline a {
    color: #4e9342;
}
.sidebar__headline:hover a {
    color: #4e9342;
}
.sidebar__link-ms {
    font-weight: 600;
    font-size: 13px;
    color: #4e9342;
    display: block;
    border-top: 1px solid #e2e2e2;
    padding-top: 11px;
}

.sidebar__headline.youmaylike__headline label {
    line-height: 1;
    display: inline-block;
	width:100%;
}
.sidebar__headline.youmaylike__headline .sponpored-by {
    display: block;
    font-size: 11px;
    text-transform: none;
    font-weight: 400;
	float:right;
}
.sidebar__headline.fromourpartners__headline .sponpored-by {
    float: right;
    font-size: 11px;
    font-weight: 400;
    text-transform: none;
    line-height: 31px;
}

.subscription-widget .social-links .social-links__link{
    width: auto;
    height: auto;
    border: 0;
    border-radius: inherit;
    text-align: left;
    padding: 0;
}

.subscription-widget .social-links .social-links__link:before {
    content: '';
    display: inline-block;
    font-size: 16px;
    vertical-align: top;
    line-height: 31px;
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            <span class="post-date">Aug. 29, 2017 08:35AM EST</span>
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
    
        
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        <br>Texas National Guardsmen assist residents affected by flooding caused by Hurricane Harvey onto a military vehicle in Houston, Aug. 27. <em>Army National Guard / Lt. Zachary West</em><em></em>
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        Michael Mann: Climate Change Worsened the Impact of Hurricane Harvey
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                data-headline="Michael Mann: Climate Change Worsened the Impact of Hurricane Harvey"
            
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        <div class="body-description"><p style="">What can we say about the role of <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-change/">climate change</a> in the <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/hurricane-harvey-flooding-2478623393.html">unprecedented disaster</a> that is unfolding in Houston with <a href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/harvey?source=feed_text&amp;story_id=1515449771844553" target="_blank">Hurricane Harvey</a>?</p><p style="">There are certain climate change-related factors that we can, with great confidence, say worsened the flooding.</p><p style=""><a href="http://www.insurancejournal.com/%E2%80%A6/sou%E2%80%A6/2017/05/31/452704.htm" target="_blank">Sea level rise attributable to climate change</a> (some is due to coastal subsidence due to human disturbance e.g. oil drilling) is more than half a foot over the past few decades.</p><hr><p style="">That means that the storm surge was a half foot higher than it would have been just decades ago, meaning far more <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/flooding">flooding</a> and destruction.</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image" style=""><img class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="48QGAI1518898115" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" id="4d95e" src="https://assets.rbl.ms/10607704/980x.png"/></p><p style="">In addition to that, sea surface temperatures in the region have risen about 0.5C (close to 1F) over the past few decades, from roughly 30C (86F) to 30.5C (87F), which contributed to the very warm sea surface temperatures (30.5-31 C or 87-88F). There is a simple thermodynamic relationship known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausius%E2%80%93Clapeyron_relation" target="_blank">Clausius-Clapeyron equation</a> that tells us there is a roughly 3 percent increase in average atmospheric moisture content for each 0.5C (~1F) of warming. Sea surface temperatures in the area where Harvey intensified were 0.5-1C warmer than current-day average temperatures, which translates to 1-1.5C warmer than the "average" temperatures a few decades ago. That means 3-5 percent more moisture in the atmosphere.</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="IKTT6W1518898115" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" id="f7f34" src="https://assets.rbl.ms/10607706/980x.jpg"/></p><p style="">That large amount of moisture meant the potential for much greater rainfalls and greater flooding.<br/></p><p style="">The combination of coastal flooding and heavy rainfall is responsible for the devastating flooding that Houston is experiencing.</p><p style="">Not only are the surface waters of the Gulf unusually warm right now, but there is a deep layer of warm water that Harvey was able to feed upon when it intensified at near record pace as it neared the coast. Human-caused warming is penetrating down into the ocean warming not just the surface but creating deeper layers of warm water in the Gulf and elsewhere.</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="MMQHKL1518898115" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" id="12ae9" src="https://assets.rbl.ms/10607705/980x.jpg"/></p><p style="">So Harvey was almost certainly more intense than it would have been in the absence of human- caused warming, which means stronger winds, more wind damage and a larger storm surge (as an example of how this works, <a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/112/41/12610.full" target="_blank">we have shown</a> that climate change has led to a dramatic increase in storm surge risk in New York City, making devastating events like <a href="https://www.facebook.com/hashtag/sandy?source=feed_text&amp;story_id=1515449771844553" target="_blank">Superstorm Sandy</a> more likely.<br/></p><p style="">Finally, the more tenuous but potentially relevant climate factors: Part of what has made Harvey such a devastating storm is the way it has stalled right near the coast, continuing to pummel Houston and surrounding regions with a seemingly endless deluge which will likely top out at nearly 4 feet of rainfall over a several days-long period before it is done.</p><p style="">The stalling is due to very weak prevailing winds which are failing to steer the storm off to sea, allowing it to spin around and wobble back and forth like a top with no direction. This pattern, in turn, is associated with a greatly expanded subtropical high pressure system over much of the U.S. right now, with the jet stream pushed well to the north. This pattern of subtropical expansion is predicted in model simulations of human-caused climate change.</p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="M5B2281518898115" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" id="a061f" src="https://assets.rbl.ms/10607708/980x.jpg"/></p><p style="">More tenuous, but possibly relevant still, is the fact that very persistent, nearly "stationary" summer weather patterns of this sort, where weather anomalies (both high pressure dry hot regions and low-pressure stormy/rainy regions) stay locked in place for many days at a time, appears to be favored by human-caused climate change. We recently published on <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/srep45242" target="_blank">this phenomenon</a>:<br/></p><p style="">In conclusion, while we cannot say climate change "caused" hurricane Harvey (that is an ill-posed question), we can say that it exacerbate several characteristics of the storm in a way that greatly increased the risk of damage and loss of life.</p><p style="">Climate change worsened the impact of Hurricane Harvey.</p></hr></div>
        

        



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        <a class="social-author__name" href="/community/National_Wildlife_Federation">National Wildlife Federation</a>

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        Caribbean Flamingo. <em>Claudio Contreras Koob</em>
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        Four Vital Tips for Ethical Wildlife Photography
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                <p>By Lisa Moore</p><p style="">Imagine yourself, camera in hand, suddenly spotting a grazing elk, a <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/hummingbird-whisperer-2490162480.html">hummingbird</a> feeding its chicks, a grizzly charging a rival or a bumble bee gathering pollen. You want the shot, but how do you get it without disturbing the natural behavior of the beautiful animal you're hoping to capture through your lens?</p>
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                        &lt;p&gt;Find four compelling answers to this question in a brief and beautiful video from National Wildlife magazine, highlighting the work of wildlife photographer &lt;a href=&#34;https://app.frame.io/f/62e5c6ae-c23f-4803-b13c-b96504e4eb2e&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Claudio Contreras Koob&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-youtube&#34;&gt;
&lt;iframe class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;VLN8PQ1518880200&#34; frameborder=&#34;0&#34; height=&#34;480&#34; scrolling=&#34;no&#34; src=&#34;https://www.youtube.com/embed/86y--X_uDBo?rel=0&#34; width=&#34;100%&#34;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A winner in the magazine&#39;s 2017 photo contest, Koob offers four basic tips that any photographer—amateur and professional alike—can use to make ethical images in the field, whether it&#39;s in your own backyard or around the globe. His advice:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Be invisible.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;To avoid disturbing an animal, keep a suitable distance, approach very slowly and wear camouflage or use a blind. &#34;You have to get them to accept you as if you were a stone,&#34; said Koob.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Know your subjects.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&#34;Learn the behaviors of what you are going to photograph,&#34; said Koob. &#34;They have a language, and they are always telling us what they think, but we have to understand it.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Take your time.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&#34;Give yourself a lot of time to return and return and return … so you can understand the cycles of life and death in the place you want to photograph,&#34; said Koob. While photographing flamingoes, for example, Koob said he &#34;could see their reactions to my presence and I could see that there was no problem if I really made it slow, slow, slow.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image&#34; style=&#34;&#34;&gt;
&lt;img class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;WIMWR61518880200&#34; data-rm-shortcode-name=&#34;rebelmouse-image&#34; id=&#34;a6edf&#34; src=&#34;https://assets.rbl.ms/17208796/980x.jpg&#34;/&gt;
&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-caption&#34; placeholder=&#34;add caption...&#34;&gt;Green sweat bee. &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-photo-credit&#34; placeholder=&#34;add photo credit...&#34;&gt;Dave Weth&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Do not disturb.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&#34;No image is as important as the creature that you are photographing or as the environment that you are photographing,&#34; said Koob. Animals can be easily spooked. So tread lightly, and if you notice even a small change in an animal&#39;s behavior—especially if the animal is courting, feeding, nesting or with its young—slowly and quietly move away.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;Koob&#39;s final bit of advice has special value for the millions of avid amateur photographers out there who may think that the greatest wildlife images have to come from the hands of a pro in an African savanna or some other exotic locale. &#34;You can go in your backyard and find conservation stories out there and find beautiful details.&#34; he said, &#34;In the details, there are lots of beautiful things to see.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We, the editors of National Wildlife magazine, have seen how true that is. Hundreds of people who submit images to our annual photo contest are amateur photographers who see the beauty in the details—people like house painter Dave Weth, whose image of a green sweat bee landed on the cover of our December-January 2018 issue, and people like Anne Grimes, whose lovely image of a crab spider shedding its skin won second place for backyard habitats in our 2017 contest.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;These people, and everyone else who submits to &lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;National Wildlife&lt;em&gt;&#39;s&lt;/em&gt; annual contest, take the time to see and appreciate the natural world. So, please submit your favorite photographs to our &lt;a href=&#34;https://photocontest.nwf.org/menu-home.aspx?comp_id=1E47179D-00D1-4458-8F8F-029DEC98A012&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;2018 photo contest&lt;/a&gt;, which is now open. All entries are judged blind, so everyone has an equal chance to win. And every entry, whether a winner or not, helps advance the conservation work of the National Wildlife Federation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/hr&gt;
                    
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        10 Facts About Pangolins on World Pangolin Day
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                <p style="">By Elly Pepper</p><p style="">Do you know what a pangolin is? Where it lives? Why it's so endangered? </p><p style="">Most people don't. But World Pangolin Day, which falls on Feb. 17, is a great place to start. So here are 10 facts—some fun, some not so fun—about one of the world's most vulnerable but least-known species.</p>
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                        &lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;1. &lt;/strong&gt;The word &#34;pangolin&#34; comes from the Malay word &#34;penggulung,&#34; which means &#34;roller.&#34; When it&#39;s threatened, a pangolin will curl itself into a tight ball, which is impenetrable to predators, but makes them easy prey for &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/poaching&#34;&gt;poachers&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;2. &lt;/strong&gt;There are eight pangolin species—four in Asia and four in Africa. Pangolins are found throughout much of southeastern and eastern Asia and the Indian subcontinent, and across sub-Saharan Africa. They occupy a diverse array of habitats including tropical forests, grasslands, savannas and deciduous forests.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;3. &lt;/strong&gt;Pangolins are the only mammals that are covered in scales, which are made of keratin—just like our hair and finger nails.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;4. &lt;/strong&gt;Pangolins are the most trafficked wild animal in the world, with more than one million poached over the last decade. In Asia, pangolin scales, blood and fetuses are used to purportedly treat conditions like liver problems, skin issues, palsy and swelling, despite the fact that they lack any medicinal or therapeutic value. Pangolins also are considered &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.dailymirror.lk/145216/Frozen-pangolin-found-in-Chinese-restaurant&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;delicacies in some Asian countries&lt;/a&gt;, with their meat selling for up to $200 per kilogram. Secondary threats to pangolins include habitat loss and the African bush meat trade.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;5. &lt;/strong&gt;Due to these threats, all eight species are listed on the &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.iucnredlist.org/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;International Union for the Conservation of Nature&#39;s (IUCN) Red List &lt;/a&gt;as either Endangered (extremely high risk of extinction), Endangered (very high risk of extinction) or Vulnerable (high risk of extinction). All eight species are also &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.nrdc.org/experts/elly-pepper/world-bans-international-commercial-trade-pangolins&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;listed under Appendix I&lt;/a&gt;—the highest level of protection—of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which bans all commercial trade in the species.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;6. &lt;/strong&gt;Now that pangolins in Asia &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.pangolinsg.org/pangolins/threats/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;have all but disappeared&lt;/a&gt;, the illegal trade is turning to African pangolins. Large shipments &lt;a href=&#34;https://eia-international.org/illegal-trade-seizures-pangolins&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;from African countries bound for China and Viet Nam are seized regularly&lt;/a&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;7. &lt;/strong&gt;Pangolins can consume up to 20,000 ants and termites a day (more than 70 million a year) using their long, sticky tongues, which are often longer than their body when fully extended.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;8.&lt;/strong&gt; Pangolins are extremely vulnerable to stress, making them very difficult to keep in captivity. Most die within six months of capture.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;9.&lt;/strong&gt; Pangolins produce only one offspring per year, making it all the more difficult for the species to recover from poaching pressure.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;10. &lt;/strong&gt;Pangolins have large, curved claws that they use for excavating ant and termite nests, as well as for pulling bark off trees and logs to find their insect prey.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;These curious creatures may not have the iconic status of elephants or tigers—two other highly endangered species—but they are just as deserving of protection. Let&#39;s use World Pangolin Day to learn about them and spread awareness of their existence and vulnerability. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/hr&gt;
                    
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                <p>Petroleum-based <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/chemicals">chemicals</a>, such as those used in paints, cleaners and personal care products such as perfumes and deodorants, contribute as much to volatile organic <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/air-pollution">air pollution</a> in urban areas as cars and trucks, according to a <a href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6377/760" target="_blank">new finding published in Science</a>. </p><p>The consumer products emit synthetic "volatile organic compounds" or VOCs that contribute to ground-level ozone or small particulate pollution, causing asthma, lung disease and other serious health problems. </p>
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                        &lt;p&gt;According to the research led by Colorado University, the source of non-vehicle VOC sources is likely two or three times higher than estimated under present air pollution inventories. Meanwhile, stricter vehicle emission controls have made cars and trucks cleaner—resulting in consumer products rivaling cars in air pollution contribution.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As reported by the &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/02/15/in-a-surprising-study-scientists-say-everyday-chemicals-now-rival-cars-as-a-source-of-air-pollution/?utm_term=.6f97ba1b1ee2&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Washington Post&lt;/a&gt;:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;margin-left: 20px;&#34;&gt;&#34;These results have important implications for how and what emissions we regulate,&#34; said Brent Stephens, an expert on indoor air and the built environment at the Illinois Institute of Technology [by email]. &#34;We have traditionally focused on transportation and industrial emissions to the outdoor environment. [Volatile chemical products] are now relatively more important emission sources, and they come from both indoor and outdoor sources (and some primarily from indoor sources), although we don&#39;t regulate the vast majority of indoor environments.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;margin-left: 20px;&#34;&gt;Stephens noted that proposed budget cuts to the &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/epa&#34;&gt;Environmental Protection Agency&lt;/a&gt; loom large in this context, because the agency conducts much relevant work on atmospheric chemistry and air quality.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;margin-left: 20px;&#34;&gt;&#34;We typically think of outdoor air pollution as an outdoor problem,&#34; Stephens added. &#34;But this study demonstrates (quantitatively) that it&#39;s more complicated than that.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;iframe class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;GD5KWE1518819017&#34; frameborder=&#34;0&#34; height=&#34;150&#34; id=&#34;twitter-embed-938898511751499777&#34; scrolling=&#34;no&#34; src=&#34;/res/community/twitter_embed/?iframe_id=twitter-embed-938898511751499777&amp;amp;created_ts=1512685823.0&amp;amp;screen_name=EcoWatch&amp;amp;text=Air+Pollution+Puts+Health+of+Unborn+Babies+at+Risk%2C+Study+Shows+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FLSa7iC1AHY+%40Healthy_Child+%40WHO+%40CDCEnvironment&amp;amp;id=938898511751499777&amp;amp;name=EcoWatch&#34; width=&#34;100%&#34;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
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&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;For a deeper dive:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/02/15/in-a-surprising-study-scientists-say-everyday-chemicals-now-rival-cars-as-a-source-of-air-pollution/?utm_term=.6f0e57d3baa8&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Washington Post&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/16/climate/perfume-pollution-smog.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fclimate&amp;amp;action=click&amp;amp;contentCollection=climate&amp;amp;region=stream&amp;amp;module=stream_unit&amp;amp;version=latest&amp;amp;contentPlacement=1&amp;amp;pgtype=sectionfront&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;New York Times&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.axios.com/household-products-are-also-polluting-us-air-1518723717-0c43046a-a188-43b0-9e94-4d8ebafa07bc.html&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Axios&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ft.com/content/a0092a18-1268-11e8-8cb6-b9ccc4c4dbbb&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Financial Times&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-43084642&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;BBC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/15/cleaning-products-urban-pollution-scientists&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;The Guardian&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.scpr.org/news/2018/02/15/80788/emissions-from-deodorant-bug-spray-and-other-house/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;KPCC&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Fragranced-products-to-blame-for-smog-as-much-as-12618108.php&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;SF Gate&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-la-smog-petroleum-20180215-story.html&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;LA Times&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;em&gt;For more &lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href=&#34;http://ecowatch.com/climate-change-news/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;&lt;em&gt;climate change&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt; and &lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href=&#34;http://ecowatch.com/business/renewables/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;&lt;em&gt;clean energy&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt; news, you can follow Climate Nexus on &lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href=&#34;https://twitter.com/ClimateNexus&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Twitter&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt; and &lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.facebook.com/ClimateNexus/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Facebook&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;, and sign up for daily &lt;/em&gt;&lt;a href=&#34;http://climatenexus.us4.list-manage1.com/subscribe?u=d1f5797e59060083034310930&amp;amp;id=7c84c08aaa&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;&lt;em&gt;Hot News&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;em&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/hr&gt;
                    
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        <a class="social-author__name" href="/community/lorraine_chow">Lorraine Chow</a>

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        Trump EPA Slammed for Ag Giant&#39;s &#39;Absurdly Low&#39; Pesticide Fine
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                data-authors="Lorraine Chow"
            
            
                data-headline="Trump EPA Slammed for Ag Giant&#39;s &#39;Absurdly Low&#39; Pesticide Fine"
            
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                <p>
	The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (<a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/epa">EPA</a>) announced a <a href="https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-reaches-agreement-syngenta-farmworker-safety-violations-kauai" target="_blank">settlement</a> this week with Syngenta Seeds, LLC over violations of federal <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/pesticides">pesticide</a> regulations at its farm in Kauai, Hawaii.
</p><p>
	The company, a subsidiary of Swiss biotech giant 
	<a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/syngenta">Syngenta</a> AG, agreed to pay a civil penalty of $150,000 and spend another $400,000 on worker protection training sessions.
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                        &lt;p&gt;
	&#34;Reducing pesticide exposure for the millions of farmworkers who cultivate our food is a high priority for EPA,&#34; said Alexis Strauss, EPA&#39;s acting regional administrator for the Pacific Southwest. &#34;This settlement will bring to Hawaii and Pacific Island growers much-needed training to protect agricultural workers.&#34;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	That fine, however, is a tiny fraction of the $4.8 million in civil penalties  initially sought by President Obama&#39;s EPA.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-files-complaint-against-syngenta-farmworker-safety-violations-kauai_.html&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;According&lt;/a&gt; to an EPA complaint, on Jan. 29, 2016, 19 workers entered a Syngenta field recently sprayed with a restricted use organophosphate insecticide. Ten of these workers had to be taken to the hospital for medical treatment.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	The EPA alleged that Syngenta misused the pesticide &#34;Lorsban Advanced,&#34; and failed to notify workers to avoid the field. The active ingredient in &#34;Lorsban Advanced&#34; happens to be 
	&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/chlorpyrifos&#34;&gt;chlorpyrifos&lt;/a&gt;, a controversial insecticide linked to a host of health and environmental problems. It was said that Syngenta allowed workers to enter the site without protective gear and did not provide adequate decontamination supplies at the field, nor did it supply prompt transportation for emergency medical care.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	Then, in an 
	&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-02/documents/fifra-09-2017-0001-syngenta_seeds_llc_amended_complaint-2018-01-12.pdf&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;amended complaint&lt;/a&gt; filed this month, Syngenta again violated pesticide use rules in January 2017 after a worker sprayed chlorpyrifos on a field but did warn work crews about the treated areas. One worker who said he was exposed experienced &#34;adverse health effects&#34; as a result.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	 Chlorpyrifos is widely used in citrus, nuts and orchards. Chemical maker &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/dow&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Dow Chemical&lt;/a&gt; sells about 5 million pounds of it in the U.S. each year.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	But chlorpyrifos is acutely toxic and associated with &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/chlorpyrifos-ban-schneiderman-2434908038.html&#34;&gt;neurodevelopmental harms&lt;/a&gt; in children. Furthermore, the EPA released a report indicating that that &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/endangered-species-pesticides-2201058081.html&#34;&gt;97 percent&lt;/a&gt; of the more than 1,800 animals and plants protected under the Endangered Species Act are likely to be harmed by the commonly used insecticide.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	But in March 2017, EPA administrator 
	&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/scott-pruitt&#34;&gt;Scott Pruitt&lt;/a&gt; scrapped &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/epa-pesticide-ban-chlorpyrifos-2338511186.html&#34;&gt;Obama-era plans&lt;/a&gt; to ban the toxic chemical.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-twitter_embed&#34;&gt;
&lt;iframe class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;BAC79E1518815488&#34; frameborder=&#34;0&#34; height=&#34;150&#34; id=&#34;twitter-embed-880106920899727361&#34; scrolling=&#34;no&#34; src=&#34;/res/community/twitter_embed/?iframe_id=twitter-embed-880106920899727361&amp;amp;created_ts=1498668816.0&amp;amp;screen_name=SierraClub&amp;amp;text=EPA+Chief+Met+With+Dow+Chemical+CEO+Before+Deciding+Not+to+Ban+Toxic+Pesticide%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2F00pORekJv0+%40ecowatch&amp;amp;id=880106920899727361&amp;amp;name=Sierra+Club&#34; width=&#34;100%&#34;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/chlorpyrifos-pesticide-salmon-earthjustice-2524187753.html&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Just last month&lt;/a&gt;, the National Marine Fisheries Service reported that chlorpyrifos can harm salmon and their habitat to the point that their survival and recovery are at risk.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	Environmental groups have condemned the 
	&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/trump-watch/&#34;&gt;Trump&lt;/a&gt; EPA&#39;s tiny fine against Syngenta.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	Syngenta &#34;got off with a ridiculously small fine,&#34; Paul Achitoff, managing attorney for mid-Pacific office of 
	&lt;a href=&#34;https://earthjustice.org/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Earthjustice&lt;/a&gt;, an environmental law organization, told the &lt;a href=&#34;https://apnews.com/af4a93d56222451d9280816e14841b83/Critics-blast-EPA-for-lowering-Syngenta-pesticide-fine&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Associated Press&lt;/a&gt;.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	Achitoff noted that the EPA often seeks the maximum penalty when it files a complaint and lowers the amount for the fine that&#39;s ultimately imposed. However, &#34;there&#39;s such a huge difference&#34; in this case.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	Achitoff also said that the EPA and Syngenta were close to resolving the case for a larger amount in 2016 when Obama was still president. But he said Syngenta pulled back after the 2016 election so they could pay a lesser fine under the new Trump administration.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	&#34;And now a year and a half later, we see that they&#39;re absolutely right. They could get a much better deal under Trump,&#34; Achitoff said.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	Lori Ann Burd, the environmental health director for the 
	&lt;a href=&#34;http://www.biologicaldiversity.org&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Center for Biological Diversity&lt;/a&gt;, told the AP that the lower fine is &#34;a win for the pesticide maker, not the farmworkers carelessly exposed to a dangerous pesticide.&#34;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	&#34;This absurdly low fine just reassures pesticide makers what they already knew, that as long as Trump is president they&#39;re free to do whatever they want,&#34; she added.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	Syngenta did not answer the AP&#39;s question of whether it was close to a settlement in 2016 but decided to wait until Trump took office for a lower fine.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;
	The company said in a statement: &#34;Agricultural worker safety is a top priority for Syngenta and safe use training has for many years been an integral part of the way the company does business worldwide.&#34;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-twitter_embed&#34;&gt;
&lt;iframe class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;7XJPUZ1518815488&#34; frameborder=&#34;0&#34; height=&#34;150&#34; id=&#34;twitter-embed-861331066791092226&#34; scrolling=&#34;no&#34; src=&#34;/res/community/twitter_embed/?iframe_id=twitter-embed-861331066791092226&amp;amp;created_ts=1494192303.0&amp;amp;screen_name=EcoWatch&amp;amp;text=Why+Won%27t+the+EPA+Ban+This+Extremely+Toxic+Pesticide%3F+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2F4UnBJ9aXMH+%40bpncamp+%40pesticideaction&amp;amp;id=861331066791092226&amp;amp;name=EcoWatch&#34; width=&#34;100%&#34;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/hr&gt;
                    
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        <a class="social-author__name" href="/community/mongabay">Mongabay</a>

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    <span class="social-date__text">Feb. 16, 2018 02:11PM EST</span>
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        Female Bornean orangutan with offspring. <em>Photo courtesy of Dr. Marc Ancrenaz</em>
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        Ravaged by Deforestation, Borneo Loses Nearly 150,000 Orangutans in 16 Years
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                data-headline="Ravaged by Deforestation, Borneo Loses Nearly 150,000 Orangutans in 16 Years"
            
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                <p>By Basten Gokkon</p><p>The world lost nearly 150,000 <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/orangutan">orangutans</a> from the island of Borneo in the past 16 years due to habitat loss and killing, and is on track to lose another 45,000 by 2050, according to a new paper in the journal Current Biology.</p><p>The study, <a href="http://click.deliveryengine.agilitypr.com/wf/click?upn=hn0ezrHcy0hdCB2t-2FW0GLefwVVc95m4HC7AhNTDoiwD5RVRviC1yFrUNGOmMPWVaU8M9H1kWHeYwCPGKpQVpxsIQk-2BvUukHSsYR42QblIJQ-3D_ogkw-2BX4cfcgsutHXbrDnuoY4tuLOsjYWyH62G2RstAfEd19-2Fh6XhEE9YIwzo-2B2-2BvjMH5xzkjDDtyEwngwqP8G51PwyQr1y7OsJlRKrc3CHR7jIQYLHoVDvRLDxOUPKQSqvGIFPU8DLHtOhzR-2Fk9xsBDun1nc74ggFvfz1HiARGtatrlv0-2BAPCcveedTrVT1Dd84FWrAQQE5CH2idYXEQn2Ldj-2F2HKsd1t0cQ3B1hFfHQm09Ep6Y28nbCdDIxe31x8zhD17KQ3OQx1xSPipKtTRYFOSzH1vemPCVSm0o5X89SKxnoH7E27GvI2yF0GguoTyhPTKO3hpIiA-2BpZ1x6I9t8R6z72bgPy-2FkcslqqNU1D6X36lvpZDT82VIxrsJy3Y" target="_blank">published</a> Feb. 15, observed 36,555 orangutan nests across Borneo, an island that is shared between Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei, between 1999 and 2015. During that period, the researchers reported a steep decline in the number of nests they encountered over a given distance: the encounter rate more than halved from 22.5 nests per kilometer (about 36 per mile) to 10.1 nests per kilometer. That decline, they calculate, represents an estimated loss of 148,500 individual Bornean orangutans (<em>Pongo pygmaeus</em>).</p>
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                        &lt;p&gt;The data also suggested that only 38 of the 64 identified spatially separated groups of orangutans, known as metapopulations, now include more than 100 individuals, which is the accepted lower limit to be considered viable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;They are disappearing even faster than researchers had envisaged,&#34; said Maria Voigt, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany and lead author of the new study.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;The major causes are habitat degradation and loss in response to local to global demand for natural resources, including timber and agricultural products, but very likely also direct killing,&#34; Voigt wrote.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image&#34;&gt;
&lt;img class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;9ZK1YR1518898258&#34; data-rm-shortcode-name=&#34;rebelmouse-image&#34; id=&#34;5802e&#34; src=&#34;https://assets.rbl.ms/17257498/980x.jpg&#34;/&gt;
&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-caption&#34; placeholder=&#34;add caption...&#34;&gt;Forest and oil palm plantation in Borneo&lt;/small&gt;&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-photo-credit&#34; placeholder=&#34;add photo credit...&#34;&gt;Photo courtesy of Dr. Marc Ancrenaz&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Some 288,500 orangutans were believed to live in Borneo in 1973, when three-quarters of the island was still covered with &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/forests&#34;&gt;forest&lt;/a&gt;. By 2012, the number had dropped to an estimated 104,700 individuals, according to the &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/17975/0&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;IUCN&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Within that nearly four-decade span, more than &lt;a href=&#34;https://news.mongabay.com/2014/07/30-of-borneos-rainforests-destroyed-since-1973/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;a third of Borneo&#39;s rainforests was destroyed&lt;/a&gt; due to fire, logging, mining and the proliferation of plantations, particularly &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/palm-oil&#34;&gt;oil palms.&lt;/a&gt; The scale of the &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/deforestation&#34;&gt;deforestation&lt;/a&gt; had a severe impact on the population of the island&#39;s orangutans, the largest arboreal animal.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;The decline in population density was most severe in areas that were deforested or transformed for industrial agriculture, as orangutans struggle to live outside forest areas,&#34; Voigt said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The study found rates of orangutan decline were highest—63 to 75 percent–in areas deforested or converted to plantations in both Kalimantan, the Indonesian portion of the island, and the Malaysian state of Sabah. Conversely, there were almost no industrial plantations and deforested areas within the orangutan metapopulation range in Sarawak.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;Worryingly, however, the largest number of orangutans were lost from areas that remained forested during the study period,&#34; Voigt said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The loss of orangutans in untouched, or &#34;primary,&#34; and selectively logged forests, where the majority of orangutans occur, accounted for 67 percent of the total estimated loss in Borneo between 1999 and 2015. Voigt suggested &#34;a large role of killing&#34; as the main cause for the population decline in these areas, particularly in the absence of plausible alternative explanations, such as infectious diseases of the type observed among African apes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Last August, the Indonesian government &lt;a href=&#34;https://news.mongabay.com/2017/09/80-of-bornean-orangutans-live-outside-protected-areas/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;reported&lt;/a&gt; that four-fifths of 57,350 wild orangutans in Kalimantan lived outside national parks and other protected areas, leaving them exposed to &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/poaching&#34;&gt;poaching&lt;/a&gt; and conflicts with humans.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;People kill orangutans for their meat, as they hunt other edible species,&#34; Voigt said. &#34;Orangutans are also killed when their young are captured for &lt;a href=&#34;https://news.mongabay.com/2017/03/the-ape-who-escaped-indonesias-blackmarket-trade-in-pet-orangutans/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;the pet trade&lt;/a&gt;.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;But some of these killings are also intertwined with deforestation and logging, Voigt noted.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;People on Borneo kill orangutans out of conflict-situations, when the animals are pushed into entering gardens or plantations because their habitat has been destroyed,&#34; she said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;With the increasing development and the resulting deforestation and conversion the interface between &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wildlife&#34;&gt;wildlife&lt;/a&gt; and humans increases, the number of the humans increases and the habitat that is left for orangutan decreases,&#34; she added.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Voigt said the study provided only a small snapshot of orangutan-human interactions on Borneo.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Two orangutans were reported killed so far this year in &lt;a href=&#34;https://news.mongabay.com/2018/02/indonesian-rubber-farmers-charged-in-gruesome-killing-of-bornean-orangutan/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Central Kalimantan&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&#34;https://news.mongabay.com/2018/02/orangutan-shot-130-times-in-indonesia-in-second-killing-reported-this-year/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;East Kalimantan&lt;/a&gt; provinces. Indonesia made global headlines in 2011 when &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/nov/23/indonesian-plantation-workers-orangutan-deaths&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;at least 20 orangutans were slaughtered&lt;/a&gt; by plantation workers in East Kalimantan under the guise of &#34;pest control.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Voigt&#39;s study projects a further loss of at least 45,300 orangutans by 2050, based solely on the direct consequence of habitat loss.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;If current deforestation rates hold, some 215,000 square kilometers (83,000 square miles) of forest in Borneo will have been lost between 2007 and 2020, reducing the remaining forest cover to 24 percent, according to &lt;a href=&#34;http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/deforestation/deforestation_fronts/deforestation_in_borneo_and_sumatra/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;a 2012 study&lt;/a&gt; by the WWF.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Voigt said her team&#39;s findings highlighted the need for a shift in efforts to protect orangutans in Borneo, including habitat conservation and measures to combat the illegal killing.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;This is something that our report could confirm. That even if there is forest, the orangutans are disappearing and more conservation measures are necessary, such as awareness raising, education, support in conflict situations for local communities, law enforcement,&#34; she said.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;With most orangutans living outside protected areas, it means we need to get on board the people who manage these areas, i.e. communities and companies.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) and the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) are examples of certification schemes that incentivize these partnerships, by enabling consumers to favor responsible natural resource management.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Indonesian government in 2016 &lt;a href=&#34;https://news.mongabay.com/2016/07/indonesias-palm-oil-permit-moratorium-to-last-five-years/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;declared&lt;/a&gt; a five-year moratorium on new licenses to establish oil palm plantations across the archipelago. The policy also included revoking forest release permits for the period 2015-2016.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;Our findings are alarming,&#34; Voigt said. &#34;To prevent further decline and continued local extinctions of orangutans, humanity must act now: &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/biodiversity&#34;&gt;biodiversity&lt;/a&gt; conservation needs to permeate into all political and societal sectors and must become a guiding principle in the public discourse and in political decision making processes.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-twitter_embed&#34;&gt;
&lt;iframe class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;A096F71518811790&#34; frameborder=&#34;0&#34; height=&#34;150&#34; id=&#34;twitter-embed-936355452891394049&#34; scrolling=&#34;no&#34; src=&#34;/res/community/twitter_embed/?iframe_id=twitter-embed-936355452891394049&amp;amp;created_ts=1512079511.0&amp;amp;screen_name=EcoWatch&amp;amp;text=Top+25+Most+Endangered+Primates%3A+the+Most+Current+List+https%3A%2F%2Ft.co%2FIPIr8ICAJa+%40ImageOfWildlife+%40JaneGoodallInst&amp;amp;id=936355452891394049&amp;amp;name=EcoWatch&#34; width=&#34;100%&#34;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Reposted with permission from our media associate &lt;a href=&#34;https://news.mongabay.com/2018/02/borneo-ravaged-by-deforestation-loses-nearly-150000-orangutans-in-16-years-study-finds/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Mongabay&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/hr&gt;
                    
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        <a class="social-author__name" href="/community/surfriderfoundation">Surfrider Foundation</a>

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        Coastal Recreation and Tourism Businesses Fight Offshore Oil Drilling Proposal
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                <p>The <a href="https://www.surfrider.org" target="_blank">Surfrider Foundation</a> and leaders of the coastal recreation and tourism industry on Thursday presented Department of Interior representatives with a surfboard and letters signed by more than 1,000 coastal businesses and elected officials in opposition to new <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/offshore-oil-drilling">offshore oil drilling</a> in U.S. waters. From Florida to Maine and California to Washington State, businesses including restaurants, retailers, surf shops and hotels are expressing concerns that new offshore oil and gas development would be disastrous for coastal communities.</p>
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                        &lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&#34;Clean water and healthy beaches are critical drivers of our coastal economies and provide over two million jobs and $114 billion in spending in the U.S. annually,&#34; said Firewire Surfboard CEO Mark Price. &#34;As co-owner of a coastal business, offshore oil drilling makes no sense for the coasts, ocean, the planet, or our business.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;Businesses dependent on a clean coastal environment are taking action to protect the &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/oceans&#34;&gt;ocean&lt;/a&gt; and coasts. On the East Coast, the &lt;a href=&#34;https://protectingtheatlanticcoast.org/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Business Alliance for Protecting the Atlantic Coast&lt;/a&gt; consists of 41,000 businesses and 500,000 fishing families that are opposed to offshore oil drilling. The &lt;a href=&#34;https://defendthepacific.org/membership/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Business Alliance for Protecting the Pacific Coast&lt;/a&gt; also recently launched with more than 1,000 members.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image&#34; style=&#34;&#34;&gt;
&lt;img class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;JA2N8M1518891097&#34; data-rm-shortcode-name=&#34;rebelmouse-image&#34; id=&#34;a531f&#34; src=&#34;https://assets.rbl.ms/17257086/980x.jpg&#34;/&gt;
&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-caption&#34; placeholder=&#34;add caption...&#34;&gt;Pete Stauffer (above) is the environmental director of the Surfrider Foundation. &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-photo-credit&#34; placeholder=&#34;add photo credit...&#34;&gt;Surfrider Foundation&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&#34;The health of our ocean and beaches is critical to support our nation&#39;s coastal tourism, recreation and fishing industries, which are significant contributors to the U.S. economy,&#34; said Roger Spatz, president of Reef and Eagle Creek. &#34;At Reef, we see offshore oil drilling as a clear danger to coastal economies, communities and our ocean, waves and beaches. We will continue to stand up and work to keep them protected and pristine for future generations.&#34;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Opposition to offshore drilling also includes bipartisan representation. Republicans and Democrats have called for the administration to reverse its position on new drilling, including:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Governors from New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Connecticut, California, Oregon and Washington all &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/coastal-governors-oppose-trumps-offshore-drilling-plan/article/2645024&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;announced&lt;/a&gt; their opposition to offshore oil drilling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;● 37 senators, most of whom represent coastal states affected by the proposal, sent a &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.merkley.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/18.01.09%20Letter%20to%20Zinke%20on%202019-2024%20OCS%20dpp.pdf&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;letter&lt;/a&gt; to Interior Sec. &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/ryan-zinke&#34;&gt;Ryan Zinke&lt;/a&gt; expressing strong opposition to the department&#39;s plans to expand offshore drilling to new areas.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;● Florida&#39;s entire federal delegation of 29 lawmakers sent a letter to Defense Secretary James Mattis expressing concerns over expanded offshore drilling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;● 16 federal lawmakers from the Pacific Northwest sent a letter to Zinke opposing offshore drilling off Oregon and Washington.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;● More than 150 municipalities on the East Coast and West Coast have passed resolutions against offshore drilling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;● The California Senate, California State Lands Commission, California Fish &amp;amp; Game Commission and California Coastal Commission have all passed resolutions against offshore drilling. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;I believe the potential consequences of offshore drilling and exploration outweigh the possible benefit,&#34; said New Jersey Congressman Chris Smith (R-4&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; Dist). &#34;In short, New Jersey&#39;s pristine beaches, &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/marine-life&#34;&gt;marine ecosystem&lt;/a&gt; and economy are far too important to take a chance on drilling.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even when there is not a spill and everything goes &#34;right,&#34; the process of oil drilling releases thousands of gallons of polluted water into the ocean, called drilling muds. These muds are generally unregulated and contain toxins such as benzene, zinc, arsenic, radioactive materials and other contaminants. High concentrations of metals have been found around drilling platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, and a study by the Pew Charitable Trust concluded that a single oil well discharges up to 2,000 tons of waste material.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#34;Our nation&#39;s coastal tourism, recreation and fishing industries, which are built around clean water and healthy beaches, provide 12 times as many jobs as that created by offshore drilling,&#34; said Pete Stauffer, environmental director for the Surfrider Foundation. &#34;We will continue to work together with the many businesses, communities, and elected officials that have already demonstrated opposition against the expansion of destructive new oil drilling to fight for the protection of our ocean, coasts and communities for the future.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-twitter_embed&#34;&gt;
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    <span class="widget__section js-load-brick-on-click">Renewable Energy</span>
    

        
    
        
            
            


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        <a class="social-author__name" href="/community/lorraine_chow">Lorraine Chow</a>

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    <span class="social-date__text">Feb. 16, 2018 11:56AM EST</span>
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        Renewables Now Contribute Nearly One-Fifth of U.S. Electricity Generation
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                data-headline="Renewables Now Contribute Nearly One-Fifth of U.S. Electricity Generation"
            
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<a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/renewable-energy/">Renewable energy</a> now makes up 18 percent of total electrical generation in the U.S., roughly double the amount a decade ago, a new report shows.
</p><p style="">
			According to the sixth annual 
	<a href="http://www.bcse.org/sustainableenergyfactbook/" target="_blank">Sustainable Energy in America Factbook</a>, which outlines key U.S. energy trends, renewable energy output in the power sector soared to a record high last year and could eventually rival <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/nuclear">nuclear</a>.
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	The factbook, produced for the 
	&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.bcse.org/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Business Council for Sustainable Energy&lt;/a&gt; by Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), shows that renewable generation boomed 14 percent in 2017 to hit 717 terawatt hours (TWh). This increase was driven mostly by  the West Coast&#39;s rebound in &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/hydropower&#34;&gt;hydropower&lt;/a&gt; generation after years of &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/drought&#34;&gt;drought&lt;/a&gt; as well as new &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/wind&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;wind&lt;/a&gt; and &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/solar&#34;&gt;solar&lt;/a&gt; projects built in 2016 coming online in 2017.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;
	Rachel Luo, senior analyst for U.S. utilities and market reform at BNEF and lead author of the report, told 
	&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/renewable-energy-generation-nuclear-bnef&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Greentech Media&lt;/a&gt; that 18 percent might not sound like a lot but it brings renewable energy &#34;within striking distance&#34; of nuclear, which contributes about 20 of total annual U.S. electricity generation.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;
	&#34;In 2017 it&#39;s a very significant story that renewables are making a lot of headway in pushing forward the decarbonization of the power sector, even as the 
	&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/natural-gas&#34;&gt;natural gas &lt;/a&gt;share decreases,&#34; she said.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;
	Indeed, as this chart below shows, natural gas slipped 2 percent last year, from 34 percent in 2016 to 32 percent in 2017. Coal, which used to dominate the U.S. energy landscape, has also shrunk to 30 percent.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image&#34; style=&#34;&#34;&gt;
&lt;img class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;R6RPAO1518891013&#34; data-rm-shortcode-name=&#34;rebelmouse-image&#34; id=&#34;abaf3&#34; src=&#34;https://assets.rbl.ms/17256917/980x.png&#34;/&gt;
&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-photo-credit&#34; placeholder=&#34;add photo credit...&#34;&gt;2018 Sustainable Energy in America Factbook&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;
	Even though natural gas is still the number one producer of U.S. power, &#34;[its] downtick could be from a variety of factors [such as] the increasing penetration of renewables, but load growth is also stalling and … natural gas prices have recovered a little,&#34; Luo told Greentech Media.
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;
	In summary, the factbook said: &#34;The massive and historic transformation of the U.S. energy sector clicked into a higher gear in 2017, despite new policy uncertainties. Renewable deployment grew at a near-record pace, energy productivity and GDP growth both accelerated, and the U.S. became a serious player in the global liquefied natural gas market. All of this combined to squeeze U.S. 
	&lt;a href=&#34;https://www.ecowatch.com/tag/emissions&#34;&gt;greenhouse gas emissions&lt;/a&gt; to a &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-natgas-eia-steo/update-1-u-s-carbon-emissions-seen-at-25-year-low-in-2017-idUSL1N1J311B&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;25-year low&lt;/a&gt;, while keeping costs in check for consumers.&#34;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;
&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;Watch here to learn more:
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-youtube&#34;&gt;
&lt;iframe class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;I0HPWC1518891013&#34; frameborder=&#34;0&#34; height=&#34;480&#34; scrolling=&#34;no&#34; src=&#34;https://www.youtube.com/embed/p7QyBNegNTE?rel=0&#34; width=&#34;100%&#34;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;
&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/hr&gt;
                    
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        <span style="background-color: initial;">Snowshoe hares. </span><span style="background-color: initial;"><em>L.S. Mills / Jaco and Lindsey Barnard</em></span>
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        Animals With White Winter Camouflage Could Struggle to Adapt to Climate Change
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                data-headline="Animals With White Winter Camouflage Could Struggle to Adapt to Climate Change"
            
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                <p style="">By  Daisy Dunne</p><p style="">Animals that turn white in the winter to hide themselves in snowy landscapes could struggle to adapt to <a href="https://www.ecowatch.com/climate-change/">climate change</a>, research suggests.</p><p style="">A new study finds that declining winter snowfall near the <a href="http://www.ecowatch.com/tag/arctic">Arctic</a> could have varying effects on the survival of eight mammal species that undergo a seasonal color molt from summer brown to winter white each year.</p>
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                        &lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;Species most at risk of standing out against the snow include mountain hares, snowshoe hares and short-tailed weasels. Without blending into the background, these animals could find it harder to hunt prey or hide from predators.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;However, there are some parts of the northern hemisphere where color-changing mammals could have a better chance of adapting to climate change, the study finds.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;These &#34;rescue&#34; hotspots, which include northern Scotland and parts of North America, should be protected by conservationists to give color-changing animals the best chance of adapting to future climate change, the lead author told Carbon Brief.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Turning White&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Visual camouflage is a vital tactic used by both predatory animals, who must hunt while avoiding detection, and their prey, who must hide to avoid being eaten.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;But in parts of the northern hemisphere, the changing of the seasons offers a unique challenge to those trying to camouflage with their surroundings.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;In winter, when the landscape is snowy and barren, animals with white coloring find it easiest to blend in. However, when spring arrives and snow is replaced with brown soils and growing vegetation, those with mottled brown coloring tend to find it easier to escape detection.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;One solution to this problem, used by a range of animals, is to undergo a seasonal moult from brown to white each year.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;Scientists have recorded 21 mammal and bird species using this color-changing tactic, including the Siberian hamster, the collared lemming and the willow ptarmigan.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;The new study, published in &lt;a href=&#34;http://science.sciencemag.org/cgi/doi/10.1126/science.aan8097&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Science&lt;/a&gt;, focuses on how climate change could alter the survival chances of eight of these species.&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;Climate change is causing a &lt;a href=&#34;https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005504031923&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;decline in winter snow cover&lt;/a&gt; in Arctic regions, along with the &lt;a href=&#34;http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/12/12/20160332?utm_source=Climate+News+Network&amp;amp;utm_campaign=9dc2db9618-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2017_03_01&amp;amp;utm_medium=email&amp;amp;utm_term=0_1198ea8936-9dc2db9618-38766337&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;earlier onset of spring&lt;/a&gt; each year. This decline could be causing a &#34;&lt;a href=&#34;http://www.pnas.org/content/110/18/7360.full&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;mismatch&lt;/a&gt;&#34; between animals with white coats and the snowless ground, explains lead author &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.umt.edu/research/millslab/scott.php&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Prof. Scott Mills&lt;/a&gt;, vice president of research for global change and sustainability at the &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.umt.edu/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;University of Montana&lt;/a&gt;. He told Carbon Brief:&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;margin-left: 20px;&#34;&gt;&#34;All of these species literally live or die by the effectiveness of their camouflage, which evolution has exquisitely crafted to match the average duration of winter snow.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;This mismatch could make some animals, such as hares, more vulnerable to predators, he said. It could also make it harder for predators, such as the arctic fox, to effectively hunt their prey. Mills said:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;margin-left: 20px;&#34;&gt;&#34;One thing to realize is that all 21 of these species, including the carnivores, are prey: Arctic fox get clobbered by golden eagles, weasels are killed by foxes, coyotes, and raptors. For the hares and rodents, tasty snacks for multiple predators, camouflage is everything.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image&#34; style=&#34;&#34;&gt;
&lt;img class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;VNNRDN1518887412&#34; data-rm-shortcode-name=&#34;rebelmouse-image&#34; id=&#34;516c0&#34; src=&#34;https://assets.rbl.ms/17256820/980x.jpg&#34;/&gt;
&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-caption&#34; placeholder=&#34;add caption...&#34;&gt;Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) in snow, Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, North America. &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-photo-credit&#34; placeholder=&#34;add photo credit...&#34;&gt;Robertharding / Alamy Stock Photo&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Charting Color Change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;For the study, the researchers first collected coat color and location data for more than 2,500 live animals and museum specimens spanning 60 countries.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;They then analyzed this data using modeling to study the molting behavior of animals living in different parts of the world.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;The researchers found that, within one species, not all individuals will molt in the winter.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;The chances of an animal molting depend on the landscape in which they live. The more snowy the landscape, the higher the chance an animal will turn white in the winter.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;This is shown on the chart below, where the number of snow-covered days per year is plotted against the likelihood of turning white in the winter for the Japanese hare (dark blue), the white-tailed jackrabbit (light blue), the least weasel (yellow) and the long-tailed weasel (red).&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image&#34; style=&#34;&#34;&gt;
&lt;img class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;8E9U7Q1518887412&#34; data-rm-shortcode-name=&#34;rebelmouse-image&#34; id=&#34;6e238&#34; src=&#34;https://assets.rbl.ms/17256837/980x.png&#34;/&gt;
&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-caption&#34; placeholder=&#34;add caption...&#34;&gt;The probability of a colour-changing mammal having a white winter coat in regions with 0-320 days of snowfall per year. Results are shown for the Japanese hare (dark blue), the white-tailed jackrabbit (light blue), the least weasel (yellow) and the long-tailed weasel (red). &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-photo-credit&#34; placeholder=&#34;add photo credit...&#34;&gt;Mills et al. (2018)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;The chart also includes a &#34;broad polymorphic zone.&#34; A &#34;polymorphic zone&#34; is a term used to describe regions where the probability of having either a brown or white winter coat is close to equal.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;In these &#34;zones,&#34; mammals could have the best chance of adapting to declining snowfall conditions, Mills said. That is because, in these areas, a proportion of each species do not turn white in the winter and are therefore more able to blend in with snowless environments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;These brown-coated animals will be more likely to survive winters with less snow cover and pass on their genes to their offspring. Over time, this would increase the proportion of animals with brown winter coats, allowing the population to adapt—and ultimately survive—in environments with less snow.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;The maps below show where the polymorphic zone of two or more species overlap. On the charts, red shows where the zones of two species overlap, while brown shows areas where the zones of three species overlap.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p class=&#34;shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image&#34; style=&#34;&#34;&gt;
&lt;img class=&#34;rm-shortcode&#34; data-rm-shortcode-id=&#34;Z5ILJ81518887412&#34; data-rm-shortcode-name=&#34;rebelmouse-image&#34; id=&#34;74d74&#34; src=&#34;https://assets.rbl.ms/17256846/980x.png&#34;/&gt;
&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-caption&#34; placeholder=&#34;add caption...&#34;&gt;Regions in North America (A) and Eurasia (B) with polymorphic zones in winter coat colour for more than two species (red) and more than three species (brown). &lt;/small&gt;&lt;small class=&#34;image-media media-photo-credit&#34; placeholder=&#34;add photo credit...&#34;&gt;Mills et al. (2018)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;The charts show that parts of the U.S., Canada and Scotland show the largest overlap.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;These regions could be considered &#34;evolutionary rescue zones&#34; where a number of color-changing mammal species could be able to adapt to declining snowfall, said Mills:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;margin-left: 20px;&#34;&gt;&#34;Because areas with the most [coat color] variation evolve most quickly, these &#39;polymorphic&#39; zones emerge as hotspots for rapid evolutionary response to climate change. Here in the polymorphic zones the populations are most likely to rapidly evolve towards winter brown, and to disperse the winter brown genes out into the adjacent winter white populations.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;The species whose range most commonly fall into these zones include the arctic fox, the white-tailed jackrabbit and the long-tailed weasel, the research finds. These species may have the best chance of adapting to declining winter snowfall, Mills said, but it is still too soon to tell what their chances of survival could be:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;margin-left: 20px;&#34;&gt;&#34;To really evaluate risk to various species will require a lot more fieldwork and genetic analyses for other species, like we&#39;ve been doing with snowshoe hares. We&#39;re starting to work with weasels and Arctic fox, but I really hope that this paper initiates researchers around the world to start investigating coat color mismatch.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Picture of Change&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The findings should provide &#34;yet another push to policymakers&#34; to reduce the &#34;global carbon footprint,&#34; Mills said:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;margin-left: 20px;&#34;&gt;&#34;I hope that the picture of white animals on brown snowless ground &#39;paints a thousand words&#39; that shows that with continued human-caused climate change and reduction in snow duration, winter white animals on a brown snowless winter background will be in trouble.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;The research also shows that conserving &#34;evolutionary rescue zones&#34; could help wildlife to survive future climate change, Mills said:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;margin-left: 20px;&#34;&gt;&#34;I hope it also helps [policymakers] see that other short-term, yet effective, options are available for protecting wildlife in the face of climate change.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt;The new study provides striking evidence of how climate change could drive the evolution of new characteristics in animals, said &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.bristol.ac.uk/biology/people/innes-c-cuthill/overview.html&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Prof. Innes Cuthill&lt;/a&gt;, a behavioral ecologist with specialist knowledge of camouflage from the &lt;a href=&#34;http://www.bristol.ac.uk/&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;University of Bristol&lt;/a&gt;, who was not involved in the study. He told Carbon Brief:&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;margin-left: 20px;&#34;&gt;&#34;We have long known that evolution can be rapid, from detailed case studies of particular species in particular locations, but the new research is a great example of how to capture the &#39;big picture&#39; of evolution of colouration in time and space.&#34;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style=&#34;&#34;&gt; &lt;em&gt;Reposted with permission from our media associate &lt;a href=&#34;https://www.carbonbrief.org/animals-with-white-winter-camouflage-could-struggle-to-adapt-to-climate-change&#34; target=&#34;_blank&#34;&gt;Carbon Brief&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/hr&gt;
                    
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                        $tmp = $(children[c]);
                        tmpPriority = getPriority($tmp);

                        if (!$min && tmpPriority <= priority){
                            $min = $tmp;
                        }
                    };

                    $current.data('data-left-node', $min);
                });
                 
                bubbleSort(children);
                
                $el.data('children', children);
            });

            if(!_info.isListeningResize && _overflowBoxes.length) {
                $(window).resize(onResize);
                onResize();
                _info.isListeningResize = true;
            }
        }
        
        function onResize() {
            checkOverflowBoxes();
        }

        function checkOverflowBoxes(overflowBoxes, silent) {
            $.each(overflowBoxes || _overflowBoxes, function(i, $container) {
                var containerWidth = $container.width();
                var $target        = getTarget($container);
                var tmpWidth       = 0;
                var children       = $container.data('children');
                var isTargetActive = false;
                var canAddMore     = true;

                $.each(children, function (i, el) {
                    var $el = $(el);
                    var previousNode = $el.data('data-left-node');
                    if(!previousNode) {
                        $container.prepend($el);
                    } else {
                        $el.insertAfter(previousNode);
                    }
                });

                $.each(children, function (i, el) {
                    var $el = $(el);
                    var elWidth = $el.outerWidth(true);
                    if(tmpWidth + elWidth < containerWidth && canAddMore) {
                        tmpWidth += elWidth;
                    } else {
                        if($target) {
                            $target.append($el);
                        } else {
                            $el.remove();
                        }
                        canAddMore = false;
                        isTargetActive = true;
                    }
                });

                $container.toggleClass(_.statusActive, isTargetActive);
                $target.toggleClass(_.statusActive, isTargetActive);
                triggerEvents($container, isTargetActive, silent);
            });
        }


        // scroll triggers 
        // 
        // usage:
        // 
        // <div class="js-scroll-trigger" data-target="body" data-toggle-class="activate-fixed-header">
        // 

        function createScrollTrigger(selector) {
            $(selector).each(function() {
                var $el = $(this);
                
                if(registerAsLoaded($el)) {
                    return
                }

                // move this to a prototype
                $el.on(ns('setStatus'), function(e, newStatus, silent) {
                    var $target   = getTarget($el, 'body');
                    var classData = getToggleClass($el);
                    $target.toggleClass(classData, newStatus);
                    $el.toggleClass(_.statusActive, newStatus);
                    triggerEvents($el, newStatus, silent);
                });

                _scrollTriggers.push($el);
            });

            if(!_info.isListeningScroll && _scrollTriggers.length) {
                $(window).scroll(checkScrollTriggers);
                checkScrollTriggers();
                _info.isListeningScroll = true;
            }
        }

        function checkScrollTriggers() {
            var scroll = $(window).scrollTop();
            $.each(_scrollTriggers, function(i, $scrollTrigger) {
                var currentStatus = $scrollTrigger.hasClass(_.statusActive);
                var elementTopPosition = Math.max($scrollTrigger.offset().top + $scrollTrigger.outerHeight(true), 1);
                var newStatus     =  elementTopPosition < scroll;

                if(currentStatus != newStatus) {
                    $scrollTrigger.trigger(ns('setStatus'), [newStatus, false]);
                }
            });
        }

        function scrollDirectionListener() {
            var currentScroll_ = $(window).scrollTop();
            var lastScroll_ = currentScroll_;

            return throttle(function() {
                // update scroll values
                lastScroll_ = currentScroll_;
                currentScroll_ = $(window).scrollTop();
                // update scroll direction
                scrollDirection_ = lastScroll_ < currentScroll_ ? 'scrollingDown' : 'scrollingUp';

                $('.js-hidden-panel').each(function() {
                    var offset = this.getAttribute('data-offset') || 0;
                    if(currentScroll_ > offset && scrollDirection_ == 'scrollingDown') {
                        $(this).toggleClass('active', true);
                    } else {
                        $(this).toggleClass('active', false);
                    }
                });
            }, 10);

        }

        $(window).scroll(scrollDirectionListener());

        function ns(str) { // event namespace
            return str + _.eventNamespace;
        }

        function bubbleSort(a) {
            var swapped;
            do {
                swapped = false;
                for (var i=0; i < a.length-1; i++) {
                    if (getPriority($(a[i])) > getPriority($(a[i+1]))) {
                        var temp = a[i];
                        a[i] = a[i+1];
                        a[i+1] = temp;
                        swapped = true;
                    }
                }
            } while (swapped);
        }

        // entry point

        $.fn.domi = function (options) {

            // Iterate and reformat each matched element.
            return this.each(function() {

                var $el = $( this );

                createTab($el.find(_.elTab));
                createToggle($el.find(_.elToggle));
                createOverflowBox($el.find(_.elOverflowBox));
                createScrollTrigger($el.find(_.elScrollTrigger));

            });
        }

        $.fn.domi.status = _info;
        $.fn.domi.hub = _hub;

        // run for all the body elements by default
        $(function () {
            $('body').domi();
        });

        // update link on click with query params feature
        var searchParams = window.location.search;
        var slicedSearchParams = searchParams.slice(1); // remove '?'
        $('body').on('click', '.js-update-with-query-param', function() {
            $(this).removeClass('js-update-with-query-param');
            this.search += (!!this.search ? "&" : "") + slicedSearchParams;
        });

        $('body').on('click', '.js-search-submit', function(event) {
            var input = $(this).siblings('.js-search-input');
            var query = input[0].value;
            var isEmpty = !query;

            if(isEmpty) {
                event.preventDefault();
                input.show();
                input.focus();
            }
        });

        $('body').on('click', '.js-keep-reading', function() {
            $this = $(this);
            var expandable = $this.closest('.js-expandable');
            var isExpanded = expandable.hasClass('expanded');
            expandable.toggleClass('expanded');

            var appearOnExpand = expandable.find('.js-appear-on-expand');
            appearOnExpand.each(function(){
                var container = $(this);
                var scriptsToParse = container.find('script[type=keep-reading-content]');
                scriptsToParse.each(function() {
                    $(this).remove();
                    var y = document.createElement('textarea');
                    y.innerHTML = $(this).html();
                    container.html(y.value);
                });
            });

            if($this.hasClass("js-page-view-and-reload-embeds")) {
                $this.trigger("activate");
            }

            var keepReadingAction = "keep_reading." + (isExpanded ? "view_less" : "view_more");
            if(gaTracker) {
                gaTracker.trackAction(keepReadingAction);
            }
        });

        // RUNNER CLIENT EVENTS
        var $RUNNER_ROOT = $(__RUNNER_PUBLIC__.root);

        // common GA tracker object
        var gaTracker;

        function triggerRunnerEvent(eventName, data) {
            $RUNNER_ROOT && $RUNNER_ROOT.trigger(eventName, data);
        }

        function startScrollUrlUpdaters() {
            var bootstrapPosts = {};
            $('body').toggleClass("updating-url-on-scroll", true);
            var trackPageViewTimeout, trackRMPostView;
            var setNewPageUrl = function (url) {
                window.history.replaceState({}, "", url);
            };

            var trackPostModelPageView = function (postModelJSON) {
                gaTracker && gaTracker.trackPostModelPageView(postModelJSON);
                trackRMPostView && trackRMPostView(postModelJSON.id);
                triggerRunnerEvent(__RUNNER_PUBLIC__.events.URL_CHANGE_PAGE_VIEW);
            };

            function prepareUrl( url, data ) {
              var params = $.param( data );
              if ( params.length > 0 ) {

                // url contains a query string
                if ( url.indexOf( '?' ) > -1 ) {
                  // get last char of url
                  var lastChar = url.substr( url.length - 1 );

                  // Append & to the end of url if required
                  if ( lastChar != '&' && lastChar != '?' ) {
                    url += '&';
                  }
                } else {
                  url += '?';
                }

                url += params;
              }
              return url;
            }

            function getQueryAsJSON(blackList) {
                var pairs = location.search.slice(1).split('&');

                blackList = blackList || [];
                var result = {};
                pairs.forEach(function(pair) {
                    pair = pair.split('=');
                    if(pair[0] && blackList.indexOf(pair[0]) < 0){
                        result[pair[0]] = decodeURIComponent(pair[1] || '');
                    }
                });

                return JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(result));
            }

            var paramBlackList = ['rebelltpage', 'page'];
            var queryParams = getQueryAsJSON(paramBlackList);

            var handleInView = debounce(function(event) {

                $(".js-update-url").each(function() {
                    var $this = $(this),
                        postId = $this.attr("data-elid"),
                        roarAuthors = $this.attr("data-authors"),
                        postModelJSON = bootstrapPosts[postId];

                    if (!postModelJSON.headline) {
                        postModelJSON.headline = $this.attr("data-headline");
                    }
                    if (!postModelJSON.roar_authors) {
                        postModelJSON.roar_authors = $this.attr("data-authors");
                    }

                    if(elementInViewport(this)){
                        // handle case when this feature is inside an slide
                        var parentSlides = $this.data('parentSlides') || $this.data('parentSlides', $this.parents('.slick-slide'));
                        if(parentSlides.length){
                            var isActive = parentSlides.hasClass('slick-active');
                            if(!isActive) {
                                return;
                            }
                        }

                        var url = postModelJSON.post_url.split("?")[0],
                            pageUrl = location.origin + location.pathname;

                        if(url) {
                            if (location.protocol.indexOf('https') > -1) {
                                url = url.replace('http://', 'https://');
                            }
                            if (pageUrl !== url) {
                                url = prepareUrl(url, queryParams);
                                setNewPageUrl(url);
                                clearTimeout(trackPageViewTimeout);
                                postModelJSON.formatted_url = url;
                                trackPageViewTimeout = setTimeout( trackPostModelPageView, 1500, postModelJSON);
                            }
                            return false;
                        }
                    }
                })
            }, 10);

            rblms.require(['core/event_dispatcher', 'bootstrap'], function(eventDispatcher, Bootstrap) {
                var parsePostsBySource = function (data) {
                    if (data.post) {
                        bootstrapPosts[data.post.id] = data.post;
                    }
                    var postsBySource = data.posts_by_source;
                    $.each(postsBySource, function (key, value) {
                        $.each(value, function (index, post) {
                            bootstrapPosts[post.id] = bootstrapPosts[post.id] || post;
                        });
                    });
                    return bootstrapPosts;
                };

                parsePostsBySource(Bootstrap);

                eventDispatcher.on('load-more:sync', handleMorePostsLoaded);
                eventDispatcher.on('listicle:page_view', handleListicleSwitchPage);

                function handleMorePostsLoaded(response) {
                    $('body').domi();
                    loadSectionLoaders();
                    parsePostsBySource(response);
                    checkRunnerLazyLoadedItems();
                }

                function handleListicleSwitchPage(response) {
                    triggerRunnerEvent(__RUNNER_PUBLIC__.events.LISTICLE_CHANGE_PAGE_VIEW);
                }

                trackRMPostView = function(elid) {
                    var postModel = bootstrapPosts[elid];
                    if(postModel) {
                        eventDispatcher.trigger('post_page:shown', postModel);
                    }
                };

                // .js-section-loader-feature
                function loadSectionLoaders() {
                    rblms.require(['jquery.slick'], function(slick) {
                        $( '.js-section-loader-feature').each(function(e) {
                            var $featureConfigEl = $(this);
                            var $el = $featureConfigEl.data('element');

                            // cache element
                            if(!$el) {
                                $el = $featureConfigEl.closest('.js-section-loader-feature-container');
                                $featureConfigEl.data('element', $el);
                            }

                            if(!$el || $el.data('loaded')) {
                                return;
                            }

                            if($el.parents('.js-section-loader-feature').length) {
                                $featureConfigEl.removeClass('js-section-loader-feature');
                                console.log("More Section Loader not loaded because is child of a slider.");
                                return;
                            }

                            var $placeholderWidgetHTML = $('\
                                <div class="widget placeholder-widget timeline-wrapper">\
                                    <article class="timeline-item">\
                                        <div class="animated-background">\
                                            <div class="background-masker avatar"></div>\
                                            <div class="background-masker header-top"></div>\
                                            <div class="background-masker header-left"></div>\
                                            <div class="background-masker header-right"></div>\
                                            <div class="background-masker header-bottom"></div>\
                                            <div class="background-masker subheader-left"></div>\
                                            <div class="background-masker subheader-right"></div>\
                                            <div class="background-masker subheader-bottom"></div>\
                                            <div class="background-masker content-top"></div>\
                                            <div class="image crop-3x2"></div>\
                                        </div>\
                                    </article>\
                                </div>');

                            $el.data("excludePostIds", [$featureConfigEl.data('post-id')]);
                            $el.data("loaded", true);
                            $el.data("firstTime", true);

                            function initSlickEl($el) {
                                $el.slick({
                                    infinite : false,
                                    dots : false,
                                    speed: 200,
                                    cssEase: 'ease-out',
                                    slidesToShow : 1,
                                    slidesToScroll : 1,
                                    adaptiveHeight: false,
                                    autoplay : false,
                                    prevArrow : '',
                                    nextArrow : '',
                                    draggable: false,
                                    arrows: false
                                });
                                $el.slick('slickAdd', $placeholderWidgetHTML);
                                var slideCount = 1;
                                var $widget = $el.closest('.widget');
                                $el.css({'marginBottom': $widget.css('marginBottom')});

                                $el.on( "click", '.js-load-brick-on-click', function(e) {
                                    e.preventDefault();
                                    e.stopPropagation();
                                    $el.slick('slickNext');
                                    return false;
                                });

                                $el.on( "click", '.js-load-brick-on-click a', function(e) {
                                    e.preventDefault();
                                    e.stopPropagation();
                                    $(this).removeAttr('href');
                                    $el.slick('slickNext');
                                    return false;
                                });

                                function resizePlaceholder() {
                                    $placeholderWidgetHTML.hide();
                                    $placeholderWidgetHTML.height($el.innerHeight() + $placeholderWidgetHTML.height() - $placeholderWidgetHTML.outerHeight(true));
                                    $placeholderWidgetHTML.show();
                                }

                                function resetPlaceholderSize() {
                                    $placeholderWidgetHTML.hide();
                                }

                                $el.on('afterChange', function(event, slick, current){
                                    if(event.target !== event.currentTarget) {
                                        return
                                    }
                                    if(current == slideCount) {
                                        loadBrickModel();
                                        
                                            $el.slick('slickRemove', 0);
                                            slideCount--;
                                        
                                    } else {
                                        resetPlaceholderSize();
                                    }
                                    $(window).trigger('checkInviewElements');
                                });

                                $el.on('beforeChange', function(event, slick, current){
                                    if(event.target !== event.currentTarget) {
                                        return
                                    }
                                    resizePlaceholder();
                                });


                                // remove slick on element reorder
                                eventDispatcher.on('reorder:initialized', unloadSlick);

                                function unloadSlick() {
                                    $placeholderWidgetHTML.hide();
                                    $el.slick('unslick');
                                    $placeholderWidgetHTML.remove();
                                }

                                function loadBrickModel() {
                                    if($el.data('loading')){
                                        console.log('already loading');
                                        return;
                                    }
                                    console.log("started loading");
                                    $el.data('loading', true);

                                    $.ajax({
                                        method: "GET",
                                        url: "/res/custom_page/data.js",
                                        data: {
                                            site_id: $featureConfigEl.data('site-id'),
                                            resource_id: $featureConfigEl.data('context'),
                                            layout_name: $featureConfigEl.data('brick'),
                                            exclude_post_id_list: $el.data('excludePostIds').join(",")
                                        }
                                    })
                                      .done(function(data) {
                                        console.log(data);

                                        var moreContentAvailable = false;
                                        if($featureConfigEl.hasClass('js-section-loader-feature-postpage')){
                                            $content = $(data.html);
                                            moreContentAvailable = !!$content.find('.widget').length;
                                        } else {
                                            $content = $(data.html).find('.widget');
                                            moreContentAvailable = !!$content.length;
                                        }


                                        // no more posts !
                                        if(!moreContentAvailable) {
                                            console.log("No more slides");
                                            $el.data('noMoreSlides', true);
                                            $el.slick('slickPrev');
                                            setTimeout(function(){
                                                $el.slick('slickRemove', slideCount);
                                                $el.slick('slickGoTo', slideCount-1);
                                            }, 250);

                                            // track no more post from Slide into GA
                                            if (gaTracker) {
                                                gaTracker.trackAction( "read_one_more.no_more_from_section", {
                                                    "label": $featureConfigEl.data('context')
                                                    });
                                            }

                                            return
                                        }

                                        if($el.data("firstTime")) {
                                            $el.data("firstTime", false);
                                            // add custom brick styles!
                                            $('head').append('<style>' + data.style + '</style>');
                                        }

                                        // track Slide into GA
                                        if (gaTracker) {
                                            gaTracker.trackAction( "read_one_more.load_from_section", {
                                                "label": $featureConfigEl.data('context')
                                                });
                                        }

                                        // stop loading state
                                        $el.data('loading', false);


                                        // slides math
                                        var placeholderSlide = slideCount;
                                        $content.each(function(){
                                            $el.slick('slickAdd', $(this));
                                            slideCount++;
                                        });
                                        $el.slick('slickRemove', placeholderSlide);
                                        $el.slick('slickAdd', $placeholderWidgetHTML);
                                        $el.slick('slickGoTo', placeholderSlide);

                                        // handle new posts
                                        handleMorePostsLoaded(data.bootstrap);

                                        eventDispatcher.trigger('viewRegistry:initViews', $el, data);

                                        $.each(data.bootstrap.posts_by_source, function (key, value) {
                                            $.each(value, function (index, post) {
                                                $el.data('excludePostIds').push(post.id);
                                            });
                                        });

                                        resetPlaceholderSize();
                                    });
                                }
                            }
                            
                                $el.one( "click", '.js-load-brick-on-click', function(e) {
                                    e.preventDefault();
                                    e.stopPropagation();
                                    initSlickEl($el);
                                    $el.slick('slickNext');
                                    return false;
                                });
                            
                        });
                    });
                };

                // init section loaders
                loadSectionLoaders();

            });

            $(window).on('scroll checkInviewElements', handleInView);

            rblms.require(['core/stats/ga_tracker'], function(gaTrkr) {
                gaTracker = gaTrkr;
            });

        }

        if(!$('body').hasClass('js-app-init')) {
            $(window).on('jsAppInit', startScrollUrlUpdaters);
        } else {
            startScrollUrlUpdaters();
        }
    });
});
</script>



    
    
    <script type="text/lazy-javascript" priority="0">
        rblms.define('engine', function () {
            return {"add_tags_from_source": true, "sailthru_create_external_user_on_signup": false, "enable_crop_after_upload": false, "skeleton_path": "runner/", "applenews_article_by_default": false, "sources": [], "instant_article_on_by_default": true, "enable_newsletter_tab_in_ee": true, "enable_community_publish": false, "template_vars": {"additional_signup_info": "", "name": "runner", "sitename": "runner", "twitter": "", "title_patterns": {"postpage": "{headline} - {site_title}", "subpage": "{site_title} - {subpage_title}", "frontpage": "{site_title}"}, "login_form": {"width": 224, "logo_url": "", "height": 77}, "signup_name": "Sign Up to RebelMouse Runner"}, "use_listicle_for_teaser": false, "use_crop_in_listicle_item": true, "rebel_lt_numeration_sort": -1, "enable_copy_post": false, "template_set": "runner", "request_environment_builder": "engine.core.request_environment.RequestEnvironmentBuilder", "use_subheadline": true, "rebel_lt_items_as_posts": false, "mail_settings": {"mail_logo": "/static/img/email/welcome/logo.gif?2", "gif_logo": "/static/img/email/welcome/logo.gif", "from": "No Reply \u003cearly@rebelmouse.com\u003e", "small_logo": "/static/img/email/site_newsletter/rebelmouse-logo.png?2"}, "use_ee_open_preview_in_new_tab": false, "editor_permalink": true, "use_device_preview": false, "material_ui": ["sections", "overview", "river", "who_is_river", "newsletter", "stats/404_redirects"], "pinterest_follow_button_url": false, "image_share_options": ["facebook", "twitter", "pinterest", "tumblr", "email"], "has_supersection": false, "use_post_publish_confirm": false, "use_discovery_project": false, "use_ee_open_link_in_new_window_default": true, "splash_frontpage": false, "subpage_used_as_frontpage_on_dashboard": 0, "fonts": [{"group": "Default Fonts", "name": "Helvetica", "value": "\"Helvetica Neue\", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"}, {"group": "Default Fonts", "name": "Garamond", "value": "Garamond, \"Times New Roman\", serif"}, {"group": "Default Fonts", "name": "Arial", "value": "Arial, \"Helvetica Neue\", Helvetica, sans-serif;"}, {"group": "Default Fonts", "name": "Roboto", "value": "\"Roboto\", sans-serif"}, {"group": "Default Fonts", "name": "Source Sans Pro", "value": "\"Source Sans Pro\", sans-serif"}], "discovery_only": false, "post_types": [], "river_email_events_gathering_time_frame": 600, "skip_river_emails": true, "use_rebel_network": false, "iden": "runner", "server_templates": "whitelabel/", "fb_app_version": "v2.5", "wordpress_importer_enabled": false, "enable_community_sections": false, "use_pin_it_button_on_post_images": true, "listicle_wizard_slide_settings_hide_on": [], "zones": [], "appinvites_settings": {}, "use_ee_pdf_upload": false, "resources_base_href": "https://res.rbl.ms", "use_shortcodes_manager": true, "use_search_by_review": false, "release_channel": "beta", "use_ee_review_section": false, "age_gate_template": "", "use_roar_posts_api": true, "post_headline_scrap_links": false, "use_next_page_article": true, "show_discovery_button": true, "personalization_module": false, "poll_settings": {"placeholders": [{"selector": ".cta-placeholder", "name": "sidebar", "label": "Sidebar"}], "non_full_splash": true, "overrides": {"mobileplaceholder": ".cta-placeholder", "placeholder": "sidebar"}}, "date_formats": {"posts_us": "MMMM DD, YYYY", "posts": "DD MMMM YYYY", "river": "MM/DD/YY", "stats": "MM/DD/YYYY hh:MMA", "node": "D MMM YYYY"}, "infinite_scroll": false, "use_async_listicle_page": false, "post_api": "", "use_unsecure_connections": false, "edit_mode_convert_links": true, "use_expand_link_plugin": false, "ga_custom_dimensions": {}, "use_workflow": false, "main_menu": [{"default": true, "login_required": true, "permission_required": {"on": "parent_site", "permission": "edit_site"}, "title": "Dashboard", "url": "/core/dashboard/overview/?site=", "history": true, "type": 0, "id": "overview", "visibility": true, "order": 1}, {"ico": "main-content", "title": "Add 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