<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><base href="/"><title>As Terrible As Harvey Is, The Galveston Hurricane Of 1900 Was Much, Much Worse</title><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1,user-scalable=no"><link rel="canonical" itemprop="url" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinmurnane/2017/08/27/as-terrible-as-harvey-is-the-galveston-hurricane-of-1900-was-much-much-worse/"><script>!function(e){function n(r){if(t[r])return t[r].exports;var o=t[r]={i:r,l:!1,exports:{}};return e[r].call(o.exports,o,o.exports,n),o.l=!0,o.exports}var r=window.webpackJsonp;window.webpackJsonp=function(t,c,a){for(var f,i,u,d=0,s=[];d<t.length;d++)i=t[d],o[i]&&s.push(o[i][0]),o[i]=0;for(f in c)Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(c,f)&&(e[f]=c[f]);for(r&&r(t,c,a);s.length;)s.shift()();if(a)for(d=0;d<a.length;d++)u=n(n.s=a[d]);return u};var t={},o={6:0};n.e=function(e){function 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	<metrics _ngcontent-c15="" class="fs-text-xs" _nghost-c26=""><time _ngcontent-c26="">Aug 27, 2017 @ 06:00 AM</time>
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<!----><h1 _ngcontent-c15="" class="fs-headline speakable-headline">As Terrible As Harvey Is, The Galveston Hurricane Of 1900 Was Much, Much Worse</h1>

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<div _ngcontent-c20="" innerhtml="<div id=&quot;attachment_8883&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption alignnone&quot;> 
 <div class=&quot;article-body-image&quot;> 
  <a href=&quot;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Landfall_NASA-Sport.jpg&quot;><progressive-image class=&quot;progressive-placeholder&quot; src=&quot;https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FLandfall_NASA-Sport-1200x837.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960&quot; low-res-src=&quot;https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/100x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FLandfall_NASA-Sport-1200x837.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960&quot;></progressive-image></a> 
  <small class=&quot;article-photo-credit&quot;>Credit: NASA Sport</small> 
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    <p class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;>Hurricane Harvey makes landfall.</p> 
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<p>Hurricane Harvey is the first Category 4 hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Hurricane Charley hit southwestern Florida in 2004. The damage and loss from Harvey won’t be known for several days but it is expected to be extensive. The hope right now is that the expectations are wrong and the destruction will be less than feared. But even if those hopes are crushed and Harvey turns out to be worse than expected, it won’t be as bad as the Galveston Hurricane of 1900.</p> 
<p>The Galveston Hurricane and Harvey are similar in many respects. Both were Category 4 hurricanes when they made landfall. Harvey’s sustained winds at landfall were 130 mph; Galveston’s are estimated to have been 145 mph. Harvey made landfall just north of Port Aransas which is 171 miles as the crow flies southeast of Galveston. Both cities are on islands a few miles off the Texas coast.</p> 
<p>One critical differences between the two hurricanes lies in what happened in the days after the storms hit. Galveston experienced sunny skies and a 20 mph wind the day after the storm. The storm continued overland to the west until it turned in a great horseshoe and exited the U.S. through Michigan. Harvey has stalled out and is deluging eastern Texas with torrential rain, dangerous flooding, and tornadoes.</p> 
<p> 
 </p> 
<div id=&quot;attachment_8886&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption alignnone&quot;> 
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  <a href=&quot;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Storm-path_Wikipedia.jpg&quot;><progressive-image class=&quot;progressive-placeholder&quot; src=&quot;https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FStorm-path_Wikipedia-1200x815.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960&quot; low-res-src=&quot;https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/100x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FStorm-path_Wikipedia-1200x815.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960&quot;></progressive-image></a> 
  <small class=&quot;article-photo-credit&quot;>Credit: Wikipedia</small> 
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    <p class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;>The path of the Galveston Hurricane.</p> 
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<p><strong>The Galveston Hurricane</strong></p> 
<p>Harvey may look like the more dangerous hurricane on paper but the consequences of the Galveston Hurricane were much worse.</p> 
<div class=&quot;vestpocket&quot; vest-pocket=&quot;&quot;></div> 
<p>The city of Galveston was demolished when the hurricane struck on Sept. 8, 1900. The highest points in the city when the hurricane hit ranged&amp;nbsp;between seven and nine&amp;nbsp;feet above sea level. The storm surge crested at 15 feet. The hurricane rolled over the island destroying everything in its path.</p> 
<p>Homes were knocked off their foundations and either carried away or reduced to kindling and rubble. Thirty thousand people, almost the entire population of the city, were left homeless. The rest were dead.</p> 
<p>The loss of life in Galveston was horrendous. The death toll is estimated between 6,000 and 12,000. The generally accepted total is 8,000 deaths but no one knows for sure. To gain some context, 1,836 people died as a result of Katrina in 2005. Eight thousand dead is more than the number of American deaths in the Iraq and Afghan wars combined. The Galveston Hurricane is the deadliest natural disaster in the history of the United States.</p> 
<p>There were <a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20071217220036/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/1900storm/644889.html&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;>too many bodies</a> to bury so the corpses were weighted, shipped out into the Gulf of Mexico on barges, and dumped overboard. Shortly thereafter the bodies began to wash back onshore. The survivors and rescue personnel turned to constructing funeral pyres to burn the corpses. The fires burned day and night for weeks.</p> 
<div id=&quot;attachment_8887&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption alignnone&quot;> 
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  <a href=&quot;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/The-remains-of-St.-Patricks-Church_Wikipedia.jpg&quot;><progressive-image class=&quot;progressive-placeholder&quot; src=&quot;https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FThe-remains-of-St.-Patricks-Church_Wikipedia.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960&quot; low-res-src=&quot;https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/100x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FThe-remains-of-St.-Patricks-Church_Wikipedia.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960&quot;></progressive-image></a> 
  <small class=&quot;article-photo-credit&quot;>Credit: Wikipedia</small> 
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    <p class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;>The remains of St. Patrick's Church.</p> 
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<p><strong>The aftermath</strong></p> 
<p>The city of Galveston is built around the natural harbor of Galveston Bay. Before the hurricane hit, it was a booming shipping, banking and commercial center known as the Wall Street of the West. After the city was destroyed, investors concluded the storm threat was too great to warrant substantial reinvestment in Galveston. They focused their attention on&amp;nbsp;Houston after the discovery of oil in Beaumont in 1901 and the dredging of the Houston Ship Channel in 1909.</p> 
<p>Although Galveston never fully recovered its commercial status, the city took extraordinary steps to protect itself from future storms. A sea wall was constructed to shield the city. Begun in 1902 and finished in 1963, the wall is about 10 miles long, 17 feet high at its highest point and 16 feet wide at the base.</p> 
<p>The entire city of <a href=&quot;https://web.archive.org/web/20010124074800/http:/www.1900storm.com:80/storm/storm5.lasso&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;>Galveston is now higher </a>than it was when the hurricane hit. Jacks were used to raise more than 2,100 buildings as much as 17 feet, and sand was pumped from the bay to fill in the empty space. One of the buildings raised was the 3,000-ton St. Patrick’s Church.</p> 
<p>Raising the city and constructing the sea wall worked. In August 1915 another Category 4 hurricane with 135 mph winds and a 21 foot storm surge hit the city. Eleven people were killed.</p> 
<div id=&quot;attachment_8888&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption alignnone&quot;> 
 <div class=&quot;article-body-image&quot;> 
  <a href=&quot;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/80-bodies_Wikipedia.jpg&quot;><progressive-image class=&quot;progressive-placeholder&quot; src=&quot;https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2F80-bodies_Wikipedia.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960&quot; low-res-src=&quot;https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/100x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2F80-bodies_Wikipedia.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960&quot;></progressive-image></a> 
  <small class=&quot;article-photo-credit&quot;>Credit: Wikipedia</small> 
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    <p class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;>80 bodies were found in the debris under this building.</p> 
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<p><strong>The difference between Harvey and the Galveston Hurricane</strong></p> 
<p>Why was the Galveston Hurricane so deadly? In a word – technology, or rather the lack of it. The communication and transportation infrastructure we take for granted wasn’t in place in 1900. Some people in Galveston had heard there was a storm in the Gulf of Mexico, but they didn’t know how big it was, where it was or where it was going. After the storm hit, people in the rest of the country didn’t know what had happened until two days later.</p> 
<p>The Galveston Hurricane crossed over Cuba and entered the Florida Straits on Sept. 5. Cuban forecasters predicted the storm would travel west but the US Weather Bureau disagreed and predicted it would turn northeast and travel up the US coast.</p> 
<p>Having two markedly different predictions about the path of a hurricane is common today. What is different is that locating a hurricane in 1900 was largely a matter of guesswork and luck. There were no satellites or computer models. A storm couldn’t be tracked by air because there were no airplanes; the Wright Brother’s historic flight at Kitty Hawk didn’t occur until 1903. Hurricanes were only located when they passed over land or when a ship at sea happened to come across one. The ship’s information was always out of date because it couldn’t be reported until the ship reached land.</p> 
<div id=&quot;attachment_8889&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption alignnone&quot;> 
 <div class=&quot;article-body-image&quot;> 
  <a href=&quot;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Relief-workers-at-what-was-once-a-street-intersection_Wikipedia.jpg&quot;><progressive-image class=&quot;progressive-placeholder&quot; src=&quot;https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FRelief-workers-at-what-was-once-a-street-intersection_Wikipedia.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960&quot; low-res-src=&quot;https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/100x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FRelief-workers-at-what-was-once-a-street-intersection_Wikipedia.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960&quot;></progressive-image></a> 
  <small class=&quot;article-photo-credit&quot;>Credit: Wikipedia</small> 
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    <p class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;>Relief workers at what was once a street intersection.</p> 
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<p>Even if precise information about the hurricane’s path and strength were available, many people in Galveston probably would not have known it was coming. There was no internet or TV. The first commercial radio broadcast didn’t happen until 1920. There were telephones in east Texas but their use was limited. The <a href=&quot;http://howdyyall.com/Texas/TodaysNews/index.cfm?GetItem=1440&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;>first commercial telephone line in Galveston</a> went live in 1877. It connected the telegraph office and the local newspaper. Galveston now had “instant news” - if the telegraph office received it, and the paper printed it, and people read it.</p> 
<p>There’s no evidence that the local paper warned the inhabitants about the oncoming storm. The day before the storm arrived the Galveston Weather Bureau issued a hurricane warning in the form of two flags run up a flagpole over their office. There’s no evidence that anyone paid very much attention.</p> 
<p>The hurricane took out all of the bridges and took down all of the telegraph lines connecting Galveston with the mainland. The city was completely cut off. The rest of the country didn’t learn&amp;nbsp;about what had happened to Galveston&amp;nbsp;until two days after the storm when messengers reached the telegraph office in Houston. The messengers brought with them an estimate that 500 people had died; the estimate was dismissed as probably exaggerated. Many people who were buried in the debris died during the following days before help arrived.</p> 
<p>Government-funded research or the prevalence of social media can be easy targets for people with an ax to grind because it's easy to lose sight of the forest when all you look at is a leaf on one of the trees. It's good to keep in mind that without NOAA's <a href=&quot;http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;>National Hurricane Center</a> and <a href=&quot;http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hurricane/index.shtml&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;>National Weather Service</a> the science of hurricanes would be less advanced and tracking hurricanes would be less accurate. Without the internet and social media, many people in a deadly hurricane's path would be less well informed about what was heading their way and would not be as able to call out for help when disaster struck.</p> 
<p>The cost of the damage wrought by Harvey may&amp;nbsp;turn out to be much higher than the Galveston Hurricane. Property can be replaced, lives cannot. Without modern technology, Harvey could have surpassed&amp;nbsp;Galveston as America's most deadly natural disaster.</p> 
<div id=&quot;attachment_8891&quot; class=&quot;wp-caption alignnone&quot;> 
 <div class=&quot;article-body-image&quot;> 
  <a href=&quot;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Destroyed-building_ABC-News_YouTube.jpg&quot;><progressive-image class=&quot;progressive-placeholder&quot; src=&quot;https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FDestroyed-building_ABC-News_YouTube-1200x667.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960&quot; low-res-src=&quot;https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/100x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FDestroyed-building_ABC-News_YouTube-1200x667.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960&quot;></progressive-image></a> 
  <small class=&quot;article-photo-credit&quot;>Credit: ABC News/YouTube</small> 
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    <p class=&quot;wp-caption-text&quot;>Destruction left in Huricane Harvey's wake.</p> 
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<p><strong>Hurricane Harvey</strong></p> 
<p>The story of the Galveston Hurricane does not lessen the damage and loss being suffered by the people who are in Harvey’s path. Modern technology forewarned us about Harvey and lessened the loss of life in doing so. We can make use of that same technology to help Harvey’s victims who are going through very hard times right now. If you want to help, you can make a donation to the <a href=&quot;https://www.redcross.org/donate/hurricane-harvey?campname=Harvey&amp;amp;campmedium=aspot&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;>Red Cross</a>, the <a href=&quot;http://disaster.salvationarmyusa.org/&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;>Salvation Army</a>, or the <a href=&quot;https://app.mobilecause.com/vf/CCUSADISASTER&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;>Catholic Charities</a>.</p>"><div id="attachment_8883" class="wp-caption alignnone"> 
 <div class="article-body-image"> 
  <a href="https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Landfall_NASA-Sport.jpg"><progressive-image class="progressive-placeholder" src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FLandfall_NASA-Sport-1200x837.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960" low-res-src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/100x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FLandfall_NASA-Sport-1200x837.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960"></progressive-image></a> 
  <small class="article-photo-credit">Credit: NASA Sport</small> 
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    <p class="wp-caption-text">Hurricane Harvey makes landfall.</p> 
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<p class="speakable-paragraph">Hurricane Harvey is the first Category 4 hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Hurricane Charley hit southwestern Florida in 2004. The damage and loss from Harvey won’t be known for several days but it is expected to be extensive. The hope right now is that the expectations are wrong and the destruction will be less than feared. But even if those hopes are crushed and Harvey turns out to be worse than expected, it won’t be as bad as the Galveston Hurricane of 1900.</p> 
<p>The Galveston Hurricane and Harvey are similar in many respects. Both were Category 4 hurricanes when they made landfall. Harvey’s sustained winds at landfall were 130 mph; Galveston’s are estimated to have been 145 mph. Harvey made landfall just north of Port Aransas which is 171 miles as the crow flies southeast of Galveston. Both cities are on islands a few miles off the Texas coast.</p> 
<p>One critical differences between the two hurricanes lies in what happened in the days after the storms hit. Galveston experienced sunny skies and a 20 mph wind the day after the storm. The storm continued overland to the west until it turned in a great horseshoe and exited the U.S. through Michigan. Harvey has stalled out and is deluging eastern Texas with torrential rain, dangerous flooding, and tornadoes.</p> 
<p> 
 </p> 
<div id="attachment_8886" class="wp-caption alignnone"> 
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  <a href="https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Storm-path_Wikipedia.jpg"><progressive-image class="progressive-placeholder" src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FStorm-path_Wikipedia-1200x815.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960" low-res-src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/100x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FStorm-path_Wikipedia-1200x815.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960"></progressive-image></a> 
  <small class="article-photo-credit">Credit: Wikipedia</small> 
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    <p class="wp-caption-text">The path of the Galveston Hurricane.</p> 
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<p><strong>The Galveston Hurricane</strong></p> 
<p>Harvey may look like the more dangerous hurricane on paper but the consequences of the Galveston Hurricane were much worse.</p> 
<div class="vestpocket" vest-pocket=""></div> 
<p>The city of Galveston was demolished when the hurricane struck on Sept. 8, 1900. The highest points in the city when the hurricane hit ranged&nbsp;between seven and nine&nbsp;feet above sea level. The storm surge crested at 15 feet. The hurricane rolled over the island destroying everything in its path.</p> 
<p>Homes were knocked off their foundations and either carried away or reduced to kindling and rubble. Thirty thousand people, almost the entire population of the city, were left homeless. The rest were dead.</p> 
<p>The loss of life in Galveston was horrendous. The death toll is estimated between 6,000 and 12,000. The generally accepted total is 8,000 deaths but no one knows for sure. To gain some context, 1,836 people died as a result of Katrina in 2005. Eight thousand dead is more than the number of American deaths in the Iraq and Afghan wars combined. The Galveston Hurricane is the deadliest natural disaster in the history of the United States.</p> 
<p>There were <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217220036/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/1900storm/644889.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">too many bodies</a> to bury so the corpses were weighted, shipped out into the Gulf of Mexico on barges, and dumped overboard. Shortly thereafter the bodies began to wash back onshore. The survivors and rescue personnel turned to constructing funeral pyres to burn the corpses. The fires burned day and night for weeks.</p> 
<div id="attachment_8887" class="wp-caption alignnone"> 
 <div class="article-body-image"> 
  <a href="https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/The-remains-of-St.-Patricks-Church_Wikipedia.jpg"><progressive-image class="progressive-placeholder" src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FThe-remains-of-St.-Patricks-Church_Wikipedia.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960" low-res-src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/100x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FThe-remains-of-St.-Patricks-Church_Wikipedia.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960"></progressive-image></a> 
  <small class="article-photo-credit">Credit: Wikipedia</small> 
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    <p class="wp-caption-text">The remains of St. Patrick's Church.</p> 
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<p><strong>The aftermath</strong></p> 
<p>The city of Galveston is built around the natural harbor of Galveston Bay. Before the hurricane hit, it was a booming shipping, banking and commercial center known as the Wall Street of the West. After the city was destroyed, investors concluded the storm threat was too great to warrant substantial reinvestment in Galveston. They focused their attention on&nbsp;Houston after the discovery of oil in Beaumont in 1901 and the dredging of the Houston Ship Channel in 1909.</p> 
<p>Although Galveston never fully recovered its commercial status, the city took extraordinary steps to protect itself from future storms. A sea wall was constructed to shield the city. Begun in 1902 and finished in 1963, the wall is about 10 miles long, 17 feet high at its highest point and 16 feet wide at the base.</p> 
<p>The entire city of <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010124074800/http:/www.1900storm.com:80/storm/storm5.lasso" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Galveston is now higher </a>than it was when the hurricane hit. Jacks were used to raise more than 2,100 buildings as much as 17 feet, and sand was pumped from the bay to fill in the empty space. One of the buildings raised was the 3,000-ton St. Patrick’s Church.</p> 
<p>Raising the city and constructing the sea wall worked. In August 1915 another Category 4 hurricane with 135 mph winds and a 21 foot storm surge hit the city. Eleven people were killed.</p> 
<div id="attachment_8888" class="wp-caption alignnone"> 
 <div class="article-body-image"> 
  <a href="https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/80-bodies_Wikipedia.jpg"><progressive-image class="progressive-placeholder" src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2F80-bodies_Wikipedia.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960" low-res-src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/100x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2F80-bodies_Wikipedia.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960"></progressive-image></a> 
  <small class="article-photo-credit">Credit: Wikipedia</small> 
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    <p class="wp-caption-text">80 bodies were found in the debris under this building.</p> 
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<p><strong>The difference between Harvey and the Galveston Hurricane</strong></p> 
<p>Why was the Galveston Hurricane so deadly? In a word – technology, or rather the lack of it. The communication and transportation infrastructure we take for granted wasn’t in place in 1900. Some people in Galveston had heard there was a storm in the Gulf of Mexico, but they didn’t know how big it was, where it was or where it was going. After the storm hit, people in the rest of the country didn’t know what had happened until two days later.</p> 
<p>The Galveston Hurricane crossed over Cuba and entered the Florida Straits on Sept. 5. Cuban forecasters predicted the storm would travel west but the US Weather Bureau disagreed and predicted it would turn northeast and travel up the US coast.</p> 
<p>Having two markedly different predictions about the path of a hurricane is common today. What is different is that locating a hurricane in 1900 was largely a matter of guesswork and luck. There were no satellites or computer models. A storm couldn’t be tracked by air because there were no airplanes; the Wright Brother’s historic flight at Kitty Hawk didn’t occur until 1903. Hurricanes were only located when they passed over land or when a ship at sea happened to come across one. The ship’s information was always out of date because it couldn’t be reported until the ship reached land.</p> 
<div id="attachment_8889" class="wp-caption alignnone"> 
 <div class="article-body-image"> 
  <a href="https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Relief-workers-at-what-was-once-a-street-intersection_Wikipedia.jpg"><progressive-image class="progressive-placeholder" src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FRelief-workers-at-what-was-once-a-street-intersection_Wikipedia.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960" low-res-src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/100x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FRelief-workers-at-what-was-once-a-street-intersection_Wikipedia.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960"></progressive-image></a> 
  <small class="article-photo-credit">Credit: Wikipedia</small> 
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    <p class="wp-caption-text">Relief workers at what was once a street intersection.</p> 
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<p>Even if precise information about the hurricane’s path and strength were available, many people in Galveston probably would not have known it was coming. There was no internet or TV. The first commercial radio broadcast didn’t happen until 1920. There were telephones in east Texas but their use was limited. The <a href="http://howdyyall.com/Texas/TodaysNews/index.cfm?GetItem=1440" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">first commercial telephone line in Galveston</a> went live in 1877. It connected the telegraph office and the local newspaper. Galveston now had “instant news” - if the telegraph office received it, and the paper printed it, and people read it.</p> 
<p>There’s no evidence that the local paper warned the inhabitants about the oncoming storm. The day before the storm arrived the Galveston Weather Bureau issued a hurricane warning in the form of two flags run up a flagpole over their office. There’s no evidence that anyone paid very much attention.</p> 
<p>The hurricane took out all of the bridges and took down all of the telegraph lines connecting Galveston with the mainland. The city was completely cut off. The rest of the country didn’t learn&nbsp;about what had happened to Galveston&nbsp;until two days after the storm when messengers reached the telegraph office in Houston. The messengers brought with them an estimate that 500 people had died; the estimate was dismissed as probably exaggerated. Many people who were buried in the debris died during the following days before help arrived.</p> 
<p>Government-funded research or the prevalence of social media can be easy targets for people with an ax to grind because it's easy to lose sight of the forest when all you look at is a leaf on one of the trees. It's good to keep in mind that without NOAA's <a href="http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">National Hurricane Center</a> and <a href="http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hurricane/index.shtml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">National Weather Service</a> the science of hurricanes would be less advanced and tracking hurricanes would be less accurate. Without the internet and social media, many people in a deadly hurricane's path would be less well informed about what was heading their way and would not be as able to call out for help when disaster struck.</p> 
<p>The cost of the damage wrought by Harvey may&nbsp;turn out to be much higher than the Galveston Hurricane. Property can be replaced, lives cannot. Without modern technology, Harvey could have surpassed&nbsp;Galveston as America's most deadly natural disaster.</p> 
<div id="attachment_8891" class="wp-caption alignnone"> 
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  <a href="https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Destroyed-building_ABC-News_YouTube.jpg"><progressive-image class="progressive-placeholder" src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/960x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FDestroyed-building_ABC-News_YouTube-1200x667.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960" low-res-src="https://thumbor.forbes.com/thumbor/100x0/smart/https%3A%2F%2Fblogs-images.forbes.com%2Fkevinmurnane%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F08%2FDestroyed-building_ABC-News_YouTube-1200x667.jpg%3Fwidth%3D960"></progressive-image></a> 
  <small class="article-photo-credit">Credit: ABC News/YouTube</small> 
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    <p class="wp-caption-text">Destruction left in Huricane Harvey's wake.</p> 
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<p><strong>Hurricane Harvey</strong></p> 
<p>The story of the Galveston Hurricane does not lessen the damage and loss being suffered by the people who are in Harvey’s path. Modern technology forewarned us about Harvey and lessened the loss of life in doing so. We can make use of that same technology to help Harvey’s victims who are going through very hard times right now. If you want to help, you can make a donation to the <a href="https://www.redcross.org/donate/hurricane-harvey?campname=Harvey&amp;campmedium=aspot" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Red Cross</a>, the <a href="http://disaster.salvationarmyusa.org/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Salvation Army</a>, or the <a href="https://app.mobilecause.com/vf/CCUSADISASTER" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Catholic Charities</a>.</p></div>
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<!----><sig-file _ngcontent-c20=""><div innerhtml="<p><em>Kevin Murnane covers science, technology and video games for Forbes. His blogs are The Info Monkey &amp;amp; Tuned In To Cycling and he's The Info Monkey on Facebook &amp;amp; @TheInfoMonkey on Twitter.</em></p>"><p><em>Kevin Murnane covers science, technology and video games for Forbes. His blogs are The Info Monkey &amp; Tuned In To Cycling and he's The Info Monkey on Facebook &amp; @TheInfoMonkey on Twitter.</em></p></div></sig-file>
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	</app-root><script id="ng-templates-state" type="application/json">{&q;environmentName&q;:&q;prod&q;,&q;is_mobile&q;:false,&q;/forbesapi/content/uri.json?shortcodes=true&a;slides=true&a;type=ng&a;tickers=true&a;bvallpages=true&a;autovpslider=true&a;stream=true&a;compressimages=true&a;mobile=false&a;prgsmobileads=false&a;relativeVideo=true&a;videoplayertype=brightcove_perform_with_keyvalues&a;swimlane=&a;uri=http://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinmurnane/2017/08/27/as-terrible-as-harvey-is-the-galveston-hurricane-of-1900-was-much-much-worse/&q;:{&q;content&q;:{&q;id&q;:&q;content_59a1c9db64aaf9435aebc24e&q;,&q;naturalId&q;:&q;blogAndPostId/blog/post/4267-8877&q;,&q;source&q;:&q;blogs&q;,&q;author&q;:&q;Kevin Murnane&q;,&q;title&q;:&q;As Terrible As Harvey Is, The Galveston Hurricane Of 1900 Was Much, Much Worse&q;,&q;date&q;:1503828000000,&q;body&q;:&q;&l;!--donotpaginate--&g;&l;p&g;[caption id=\&q;attachment_8883\&q; photocredit=\&q;Credit: NASA Sport\&q;  align=\&q;\&q; width=\&q;1200\&q;]&l;a href=\&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Landfall_NASA-Sport.jpg\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;&l;img class=\&q;size-large wp-image-8883\&q; src=\&q;http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Landfall_NASA-Sport-1200x837.jpg?width=960\&q; alt=\&q;\&q; data-height=\&q;837\&q; data-width=\&q;1200\&q;&g;&l;/a&g; Hurricane Harvey makes landfall.[/caption]\r\n\r\nHurricane Harvey is the first Category 4 hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Hurricane Charley hit southwestern Florida in 2004. The damage and loss from Harvey won&a;rsquo;t be known for several days but it is expected to be extensive. The hope right now is that the expectations are wrong and the destruction will be less than feared. But even if those hopes are crushed and Harvey turns out to be worse than expected, it won&a;rsquo;t be as bad as the Galveston Hurricane of 1900.\r\n\r\nThe Galveston Hurricane and Harvey are similar in many respects. Both were Category 4 hurricanes when they made landfall. Harvey&a;rsquo;s sustained winds at landfall were 130 mph; Galveston&a;rsquo;s are estimated to have been 145 mph. Harvey made landfall just north of Port Aransas which is 171 miles as the crow flies southeast of Galveston. Both cities are on islands a few miles off the Texas coast.\r\n\r\nOne critical differences between the two hurricanes lies in what happened in the days after the storms hit. Galveston experienced sunny skies and a 20 mph wind the day after the storm. The storm continued overland to the west until it turned in a great horseshoe and exited the U.S. through Michigan. Harvey has stalled out and is deluging eastern Texas with torrential rain, dangerous flooding, and tornadoes.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\&q;attachment_8886\&q; photocredit=\&q;Credit: Wikipedia\&q;  align=\&q;\&q; width=\&q;1200\&q;]&l;a href=\&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Storm-path_Wikipedia.jpg\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;&l;img class=\&q;size-large wp-image-8886\&q; src=\&q;http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Storm-path_Wikipedia-1200x815.jpg?width=960\&q; alt=\&q;\&q; data-height=\&q;815\&q; data-width=\&q;1200\&q;&g;&l;/a&g; The path of the Galveston Hurricane.[/caption]\r\n\r\n&l;strong&g;The Galveston Hurricane&l;/strong&g;\r\n\r\nHarvey may look like the more dangerous hurricane on paper but the consequences of the Galveston Hurricane were much worse.\r\n\r\nThe city of Galveston was demolished when the hurricane struck on Sept. 8, 1900. The highest points in the city when the hurricane hit ranged&a;nbsp;between seven and nine&a;nbsp;feet above sea level. The storm surge crested at 15 feet. The hurricane rolled over the island destroying everything in its path.\r\n\r\nHomes were knocked off their foundations and either carried away or reduced to kindling and rubble. Thirty thousand people, almost the entire population of the city, were left homeless. The rest were dead.\r\n\r\nThe loss of life in Galveston was horrendous. The death toll is estimated between 6,000 and 12,000. The generally accepted total is 8,000 deaths but no one knows for sure. To gain some context, 1,836 people died as a result of Katrina in 2005. Eight thousand dead is more than the number of American deaths in the Iraq and Afghan wars combined. The Galveston Hurricane is the deadliest natural disaster in the history of the United States.\r\n\r\nThere were &l;a href=\&q;https://web.archive.org/web/20071217220036/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/1900storm/644889.html\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;too many bodies&l;/a&g; to bury so the corpses were weighted, shipped out into the Gulf of Mexico on barges, and dumped overboard. Shortly thereafter the bodies began to wash back onshore. The survivors and rescue personnel turned to constructing funeral pyres to burn the corpses. The fires burned day and night for weeks.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\&q;attachment_8887\&q; photocredit=\&q;Credit: Wikipedia\&q;  align=\&q;\&q; width=\&q;842\&q;]&l;a href=\&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/The-remains-of-St.-Patricks-Church_Wikipedia.jpg\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;&l;img class=\&q;size-full wp-image-8887\&q; src=\&q;http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/The-remains-of-St.-Patricks-Church_Wikipedia.jpg?width=960\&q; alt=\&q;\&q; data-height=\&q;852\&q; data-width=\&q;842\&q;&g;&l;/a&g; The remains of St. Patrick&s;s Church.[/caption]\r\n\r\n&l;strong&g;The aftermath&l;/strong&g;\r\n\r\nThe city of Galveston is built around the natural harbor of Galveston Bay. Before the hurricane hit, it was a booming shipping, banking and commercial center known as the Wall Street of the West. After the city was destroyed, investors concluded the storm threat was too great to warrant substantial reinvestment in Galveston. They focused their attention on&a;nbsp;Houston after the discovery of oil in Beaumont in 1901 and the dredging of the Houston Ship Channel in 1909.\r\n\r\nAlthough Galveston never fully recovered its commercial status, the city took extraordinary steps to protect itself from future storms. A sea wall was constructed to shield the city. Begun in 1902 and finished in 1963, the wall is about 10 miles long, 17 feet high at its highest point and 16 feet wide at the base.\r\n\r\nThe entire city of &l;a href=\&q;https://web.archive.org/web/20010124074800/http:/www.1900storm.com:80/storm/storm5.lasso\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;Galveston is now higher &l;/a&g;than it was when the hurricane hit. Jacks were used to raise more than 2,100 buildings as much as 17 feet, and sand was pumped from the bay to fill in the empty space. One of the buildings raised was the 3,000-ton St. Patrick&a;rsquo;s Church.\r\n\r\nRaising the city and constructing the sea wall worked. In August 1915 another Category 4 hurricane with 135 mph winds and a 21 foot storm surge hit the city. Eleven people were killed.\r\n\r\n&a;nbsp;\r\n\r\n[caption id=\&q;attachment_8888\&q; photocredit=\&q;Credit: Wikipedia\&q;  align=\&q;\&q; width=\&q;977\&q;]&l;a href=\&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/80-bodies_Wikipedia.jpg\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;&l;img class=\&q;size-full wp-image-8888\&q; src=\&q;http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/80-bodies_Wikipedia.jpg?width=960\&q; alt=\&q;\&q; data-height=\&q;862\&q; data-width=\&q;977\&q;&g;&l;/a&g; 80 bodies were found in the debris under this building.[/caption]\r\n\r\n&l;strong&g;The difference between Harvey and the Galveston Hurricane&l;/strong&g;\r\n\r\nWhy was the Galveston Hurricane so deadly? In a word &a;ndash; technology, or rather the lack of it. The communication and transportation infrastructure we take for granted wasn&a;rsquo;t in place in 1900. Some people in Galveston had heard there was a storm in the Gulf of Mexico, but they didn&a;rsquo;t know how big it was, where it was or where it was going. After the storm hit, people in the rest of the country didn&a;rsquo;t know what had happened until two days later.\r\n\r\nThe Galveston Hurricane crossed over Cuba and entered the Florida Straits on Sept. 5. Cuban forecasters predicted the storm would travel west but the US Weather Bureau disagreed and predicted it would turn northeast and travel up the US coast.\r\n\r\nHaving two markedly different predictions about the path of a hurricane is common today. What is different is that locating a hurricane in 1900 was largely a matter of guesswork and luck. There were no satellites or computer models. A storm couldn&a;rsquo;t be tracked by air because there were no airplanes; the Wright Brother&a;rsquo;s historic flight at Kitty Hawk didn&a;rsquo;t occur until 1903. Hurricanes were only located when they passed over land or when a ship at sea happened to come across one. The ship&a;rsquo;s information was always out of date because it couldn&a;rsquo;t be reported until the ship reached land.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\&q;attachment_8889\&q; photocredit=\&q;Credit: Wikipedia\&q;  align=\&q;\&q; width=\&q;855\&q;]&l;a href=\&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Relief-workers-at-what-was-once-a-street-intersection_Wikipedia.jpg\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;&l;img class=\&q;size-full wp-image-8889\&q; src=\&q;http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Relief-workers-at-what-was-once-a-street-intersection_Wikipedia.jpg?width=960\&q; alt=\&q;\&q; data-height=\&q;765\&q; data-width=\&q;855\&q;&g;&l;/a&g; Relief workers at what was once a street intersection.[/caption]\r\n\r\nEven if precise information about the hurricane&a;rsquo;s path and strength were available, many people in Galveston probably would not have known it was coming. There was no internet or TV. The first commercial radio broadcast didn&a;rsquo;t happen until 1920. There were telephones in east Texas but their use was limited. The &l;a href=\&q;http://howdyyall.com/Texas/TodaysNews/index.cfm?GetItem=1440\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;first commercial telephone line in Galveston&l;/a&g; went live in 1877. It connected the telegraph office and the local newspaper. Galveston now had &a;ldquo;instant news&a;rdquo; - if the telegraph office received it, and the paper printed it, and people read it.\r\n\r\nThere&a;rsquo;s no evidence that the local paper warned the inhabitants about the oncoming storm. The day before the storm arrived the Galveston Weather Bureau issued a hurricane warning in the form of two flags run up a flagpole over their office. There&a;rsquo;s no evidence that anyone paid very much attention.\r\n\r\nThe hurricane took out all of the bridges and took down all of the telegraph lines connecting Galveston with the mainland. The city was completely cut off. The rest of the country didn&a;rsquo;t learn&a;nbsp;about what had happened to Galveston&a;nbsp;until two days after the storm when messengers reached the telegraph office in Houston. The messengers brought with them an estimate that 500 people had died; the estimate was dismissed as probably exaggerated. Many people who were buried in the debris died during the following days before help arrived.\r\n\r\nGovernment-funded research or the prevalence of social media can be easy targets for people with an ax to grind because it&s;s easy to lose sight of the forest when all you look at is a leaf on one of the trees. It&s;s good to keep in mind that without NOAA&s;s &l;a href=\&q;http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;National Hurricane Center&l;/a&g; and &l;a href=\&q;http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hurricane/index.shtml\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;National Weather Service&l;/a&g; the science of hurricanes would be less advanced and tracking hurricanes would be less accurate. Without the internet and social media, many people in a deadly hurricane&s;s path would be less well informed about what was heading their way and would not be as able to call out for help when disaster struck.\r\n\r\nThe cost of the damage wrought by Harvey may&a;nbsp;turn out to be much higher than the Galveston Hurricane. Property can be replaced, lives cannot. Without modern technology, Harvey could have surpassed&a;nbsp;Galveston as America&s;s most deadly natural disaster.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\&q;attachment_8891\&q; photocredit=\&q;Credit: ABC News/YouTube\&q;  align=\&q;\&q; width=\&q;1200\&q;]&l;a href=\&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Destroyed-building_ABC-News_YouTube.jpg\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;&l;img class=\&q;size-large wp-image-8891\&q; src=\&q;http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Destroyed-building_ABC-News_YouTube-1200x667.jpg?width=960\&q; alt=\&q;\&q; data-height=\&q;667\&q; data-width=\&q;1200\&q;&g;&l;/a&g; Destruction left in Huricane Harvey&s;s wake.[/caption]\r\n\r\n&l;strong&g;Hurricane Harvey&l;/strong&g;\r\n\r\nThe story of the Galveston Hurricane does not lessen the damage and loss being suffered by the people who are in Harvey&a;rsquo;s path. Modern technology forewarned us about Harvey and lessened the loss of life in doing so. We can make use of that same technology to help Harvey&a;rsquo;s victims who are going through very hard times right now. If you want to help, you can make a donation to the &l;a href=\&q;https://www.redcross.org/donate/hurricane-harvey?campname=Harvey&a;amp;campmedium=aspot\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;Red Cross&l;/a&g;, the &l;a href=\&q;http://disaster.salvationarmyusa.org/\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;Salvation Army&l;/a&g;, or the &l;a href=\&q;https://app.mobilecause.com/vf/CCUSADISASTER\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q;&g;Catholic Charities&l;/a&g;.&l;/p&g;&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;Hurricane Harvey is similar in many ways to the Galveston Hurricane of 1900. One of the marked differences is the role modern technology plays in preventing the horrendous loss of life that occurred in 1900 from being repeated today.&q;,&q;image&q;:&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Landfall_NASA-Sport_640sq-500x500.jpg&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;blog&q;,&q;storyType&q;:&q;post&q;,&q;uri&q;:&q;http://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinmurnane/2017/08/27/as-terrible-as-harvey-is-the-galveston-hurricane-of-1900-was-much-much-worse/&q;,&q;comments&q;:[],&q;visible&q;:true,&q;authors&q;:[{&q;naturalId&q;:&q;blogAuthorId/blog/author/1971423&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Kevin Murnane&q;,&q;avatars&q;:[{&q;size&q;:400,&q;image&q;:&q;https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4610030e03c63c1fb7b5a6971e5a2906?s=400&a;d=mm&a;r=g&q;},{&q;size&q;:136,&q;image&q;:&q;https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4610030e03c63c1fb7b5a6971e5a2906?s=136&a;d=mm&a;r=g&q;},{&q;size&q;:62,&q;image&q;:&q;https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4610030e03c63c1fb7b5a6971e5a2906?s=62&a;d=mm&a;r=g&q;},{&q;size&q;:40,&q;image&q;:&q;https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/4610030e03c63c1fb7b5a6971e5a2906?s=40&a;d=mm&a;r=g&q;}],&q;url&q;:&q;http://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinmurnane/&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;Contributor&q;,&q;profileUrl&q;:&q;/sites/kevinmurnane/&q;,&q;twitterName&q;:&q;https://twitter.com/TheInfoMonkey&q;,&q;authorType&q;:&q;individual&q;,&q;facebookName&q;:&q;100002719939476&q;,&q;linkedIn&q;:&q;https://www.linkedin.com/in/kevin-murnane-b4532233&q;,&q;email&q;:&q;murnane.kevin@gmail.com&q;,&q;blog&q;:false,&q;timestamp&q;:1508439464961,&q;webSite&q;:&q;http://theinfomonkey.com&q;,&q;blogName&q;:&q;Kevin Murnane&q;,&q;topics&q;:[&q;tech&q;,&q;intelligent-tech&q;,&q;business&q;,&q;media--entertainment&q;,&q;data-driven&q;,&q;science&q;],&q;description&q;:&q;I’m a cognitive scientist, retired professor, musician, gamer, and avid cyclist with a B.A in History, an M.S. in History and Philosophy of Science, and a Ph.D. in Cognitive Psychology. In addition to papers in professional scientific journals, I’ve written the book Nutrition for Cyclists: Eating and Drinking Before, During and After the Ride, articles for Ars Technica, Priceonomics, Psychology Today and Massively, and the blogs The Info Monkey and Tuned In To Cycling. Parametric Monkey, my musical identity, can be streamed on Spotify, Google Play Music, YouTube and others. You can find me at The Info Monkey on Facebook, @TheInfoMonkey on Twitter and contact me at murnane.kevin@gmail.com.&q;,&q;primaryBlogNaturalId&q;:&q;blogAuthorId/blog/author/blog-4267&q;,&q;shortUri&q;:&q;http://onforb.es/24fT1UG&q;,&q;displayChannel&q;:&q;technology&q;,&q;contributorSince&q;:1455942404000,&q;slug&q;:&q;kevinmurnane&q;,&q;showNoVestPocket&q;:false,&q;embargo&q;:false,&q;primaryChannelId&q;:&q;channel_3&q;,&q;enableContribContact&q;:true,&q;sigfile&q;:&q;&l;em&g;Kevin Murnane covers science, technology and video games for Forbes. His blogs are The Info Monkey &a; Tuned In To Cycling and he&s;s The Info Monkey on Facebook &a; @TheInfoMonkey on Twitter.&l;/em&g;&q;,&q;enableTwitterFeed&q;:false,&q;disableCanonical&q;:false,&q;disableDigest&q;:false,&q;inactive&q;:true,&q;primaryChannel&q;:{&q;id&q;:&q;channel_3&q;,&q;channelId&q;:&q;channel_3&q;,&q;channelName&q;:&q;Tech&q;,&q;url&q;:&q;/technology/&q;,&q;shortName&q;:&q;Tech&q;},&q;division&q;:&q;FC&q;,&q;allowEmail&q;:false,&q;avatar_map&q;:{}},{&q;naturalId&q;:&q;blogAuthorId/blog/author/blog-4267&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Kevin Murnane&q;,&q;avatars&q;:[{&q;size&q;:0,&q;image&q;:&q;&q;},{&q;size&q;:0,&q;image&q;:&q;&q;},{&q;size&q;:0,&q;image&q;:&q;&q;},{&q;size&q;:0,&q;image&q;:&q;&q;}],&q;url&q;:&q;http://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinmurnane/&q;,&q;profileUrl&q;:&q;http://blogs.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/profile/&q;,&q;twitterName&q;:&q;TheInfoMonkey&q;,&q;authorType&q;:&q;individual&q;,&q;facebookName&q;:&q;100002719939476&q;,&q;linkedIn&q;:&q;https://www.linkedin.com/in/kevin-murnane-b4532233&q;,&q;blog&q;:true,&q;timestamp&q;:1473605122321,&q;topics&q;:[&q;tech&q;,&q;intelligent-tech&q;,&q;business&q;,&q;media--entertainment&q;,&q;data-driven&q;,&q;security&q;,&q;science&q;,&q;games&q;,&q;transformational-tech&q;],&q;primaryBlogNaturalId&q;:&q;blogAuthorId/blog/author/blog-4267&q;,&q;primaryContributor&q;:&q;blogAuthorId/blog/author/1971423&q;,&q;primaryContributorData&q;:{&q;naturalId&q;:&q;blogAuthorId/blog/author/1971423&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Kevin Murnane&q;,&q;avatars&q;:[{&q;size&q;:136,&q;image&q;:&q;http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/4610030e03c63c1fb7b5a6971e5a2906?s=136&a;#038;d=mm&a;#038;r=g&q;},{&q;size&q;:40,&q;image&q;:&q;http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/4610030e03c63c1fb7b5a6971e5a2906?s=40&a;#038;d=mm&a;#038;r=g&q;},{&q;size&q;:400,&q;image&q;:&q;http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/4610030e03c63c1fb7b5a6971e5a2906?s=400&a;#038;d=mm&a;#038;r=g&q;},{&q;size&q;:62,&q;image&q;:&q;http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/4610030e03c63c1fb7b5a6971e5a2906?s=62&a;#038;d=mm&a;#038;r=g&q;}],&q;blog&q;:false,&q;shortBio&q;:&q;I write about technology, science and video games&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;I’m a cognitive scientist, retired professor, musician, gamer, and avid cyclist with a B.A in History, an M.S. in History and Philosophy of Science, and a Ph.D. in Cognitive Psychology. In addition to papers in professional scientific journals, I’ve written the book Nutrition for Cyclists: Eating and Drinking Before, During and After the Ride, articles for Ars Technica, Priceonomics and Massively, and the blogs The Info Monkey and Tuned In To Cycling. My musical name is Parametric Monkey and I can be streamed on Spotify, Soundcloud, YouTube and others. You can find me on Twitter (@TheInfoMonkey) and contact me at murnane.kevin@gmail.com.&q;,&q;allowEmail&q;:false},&q;shortUri&q;:&q;http://onforb.es/24fT1UG&q;,&q;displayChannel&q;:&q;technology&q;,&q;contributorSince&q;:1455924480000,&q;slug&q;:&q;kevinmurnane&q;,&q;showNoVestPocket&q;:false,&q;embargo&q;:false,&q;primaryChannelId&q;:&q;channel_3&q;,&q;enableContribContact&q;:false,&q;enableTwitterFeed&q;:false,&q;disableCanonical&q;:false,&q;disableDigest&q;:false,&q;forbesTwitterProfile&q;:{&q;screenName&q;:&q;TheInfoMonkey&q;,&q;name&q;:&q;Kevin Murnane&q;,&q;profileImageUrl&q;:&q;http://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/540030178743689216/ZR_41_M1.jpeg&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;&q;,&q;createdDate&q;:1346529850000,&q;location&q;:&q;&q;,&q;url&q;:null,&q;expandedUrl&q;:null,&q;displayUrl&q;:null,&q;verified&q;:false},&q;inactive&q;:false,&q;primaryChannel&q;:{&q;id&q;:&q;channel_3&q;,&q;channelId&q;:&q;channel_3&q;,&q;channelName&q;:&q;Tech&q;,&q;url&q;:&q;/technology/&q;,&q;shortName&q;:&q;Tech&q;},&q;allowEmail&q;:false,&q;avatar_map&q;:{}}],&q;channelSection&q;:[{&q;channelId&q;:&q;channel_3&q;},{&q;channelId&q;:&q;channel_3&q;,&q;sectionId&q;:&q;section_16&q;}],&q;slug&q;:&q;Kevin Murnane&q;,&q;blogType&q;:&q;individual&q;,&q;sitePage&q;:&q;forbes.com/technology/blogs/kevinmurnane/index.html&q;,&q;displayChannel&q;:&q;technology&q;,&q;vestPocketList&q;:[{&q;type&q;:&q;slide&q;,&q;uri&q;:&q;https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mlj45jggj/1-detroit/&q;,&q;image&q;:&q;http://specials-images.forbesimg.com/imageserve/026M72T8ElbzS/&q;,&q;title&q;:&q;The 10 Most Dangerous U.S. Cities&q;,&q;naturalId&q;:&q;blogAndSlideId/blog/slide/986-6336&q;,&q;count&q;:36623,&q;reason&q;:&q;MP-G&q;},{&q;type&q;:&q;blogslide&q;,&q;uri&q;:&q;https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2018/02/16/black-panther-breaks-its-first-box-office-records-with-25-2m-thursday/&q;,&q;image&q;:&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/scottmendelson/files/2018/01/MV5BMjA5MjA0MjMwMV5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTgwMTUyNTQ5MjI@._V1_SX1500_CR001500999_AL_-1200x799.jpg&q;,&q;title&q;:&q;Box Office: &s;Black Panther&s; Roars With Record-Breaking $25.2M Thursday&q;,&q;naturalId&q;:&q;blogAndPostId/blog/post/2595-47794&q;,&q;count&q;:156493,&q;reason&q;:&q;PV-D&q;}],&q;generatedId&q;:&q;hfjk45llkk&q;,&q;manualDescription&q;:&q;Hurricane Harvey is similar in many ways to the Galveston Hurricane of 1900. One of the marked differences is the role modern technology plays in preventing the horrendous loss of life that occurred in 1900 from being repeated today.&q;,&q;primaryChannelId&q;:&q;channel_3&q;,&q;vestPocketPosition&q;:6,&q;siteSlug&q;:&q;kevinmurnane&q;,&q;preview&q;:false,&q;showComments&q;:true,&q;timestamp&q;:1504020041907,&q;statsEntities&q;:[{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Disaster_Accident&q;,&q;type&q;:null,&q;relevance&q;:null},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Weather&q;,&q;type&q;:null,&q;relevance&q;:null},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Geography of Texas&q;,&q;type&q;:null,&q;relevance&q;:null},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Galveston Bay Area&q;,&q;type&q;:null,&q;relevance&q;:null},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Galveston, Texas&q;,&q;type&q;:null,&q;relevance&q;:null},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Greater Houston&q;,&q;type&q;:null,&q;relevance&q;:null},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Galveston 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line&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;IndustryTerm&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.2},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Harvey may&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;Person&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.8},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Florida&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;ProvinceOrState&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.2},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;transportation infrastructure&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;IndustryTerm&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.2},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Galveston Weather Bureau&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;Organization&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.2},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;YouTube&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;Company&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.2},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;oil&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;IndustryTerm&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.2},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Harvey won&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;Person&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.2},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Iraq&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;Country&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.2},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;harbor of Galveston Bay&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;Facility&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.2},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Port Aransas&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;Facility&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.2},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;National Weather Service&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;Organization&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.2},{&q;id&q;:null,&q;name&q;:&q;Michigan&q;,&q;type&q;:&q;ProvinceOrState&q;,&q;relevance&q;:0.2}],&q;showNoVestPocket&q;:false,&q;writtenByForbesStaff&q;:false,&q;images&q;:{&q;square&q;:{&q;url&q;:&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Landfall_NASA-Sport_640sq.jpg&q;,&q;width&q;:640,&q;height&q;:640,&q;title&q;:&q;Landfall_NASA Sport_640sq&q;,&q;caption&q;:&q;Hurricane Harvey makes landfall.&q;,&q;description&q;:&q;&q;}},&q;templateType&q;:&q;standard&q;,&q;enableSigfile&q;:true,&q;primaryChannel&q;:{&q;id&q;:&q;channel_3&q;,&q;channelId&q;:&q;channel_3&q;,&q;channelName&q;:&q;Tech&q;,&q;url&q;:&q;/technology/&q;,&q;shortName&q;:&q;Tech&q;},&q;pages&q;:[&q;&l;div id=\&q;attachment_8883\&q; class=\&q;wp-caption alignnone\&q;&g; \n &l;div class=\&q;article-body-image\&q;&g; \n  &l;a href=\&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Landfall_NASA-Sport.jpg\&q;&g;&l;img class=\&q;size-large wp-image-8883\&q; src=\&q;//blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Landfall_NASA-Sport-1200x837.jpg?width=960\&q; alt=\&q;\&q; data-height=\&q;837\&q; data-width=\&q;1200\&q; /&g;&l;/a&g; \n  &l;small class=\&q;article-photo-credit\&q;&g;Credit: NASA Sport&l;/small&g; \n &l;/div&g; \n &l;div article-image-caption=\&q;\&q;&g; \n  &l;div class=\&q;caption-container\&q; ng-class=\&q;caption_state\&q;&g; \n   &l;fbs-accordion current=\&q;0\&q;&g; \n    &l;p class=\&q;wp-caption-text\&q;&g;Hurricane Harvey makes landfall.&l;/p&g; \n   &l;/fbs-accordion&g; \n  &l;/div&g; \n &l;/div&g; \n&l;/div&g; \n&l;p&g;Hurricane Harvey is the first Category 4 hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Hurricane Charley hit southwestern Florida in 2004. The damage and loss from Harvey won’t be known for several days but it is expected to be extensive. The hope right now is that the expectations are wrong and the destruction will be less than feared. But even if those hopes are crushed and Harvey turns out to be worse than expected, it won’t be as bad as the Galveston Hurricane of 1900.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;The Galveston Hurricane and Harvey are similar in many respects. Both were Category 4 hurricanes when they made landfall. Harvey’s sustained winds at landfall were 130 mph; Galveston’s are estimated to have been 145 mph. Harvey made landfall just north of Port Aransas which is 171 miles as the crow flies southeast of Galveston. Both cities are on islands a few miles off the Texas coast.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;One critical differences between the two hurricanes lies in what happened in the days after the storms hit. Galveston experienced sunny skies and a 20 mph wind the day after the storm. The storm continued overland to the west until it turned in a great horseshoe and exited the U.S. through Michigan. Harvey has stalled out and is deluging eastern Texas with torrential rain, dangerous flooding, and tornadoes.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g; \n &l;fbs-ad position=\&q;inread\&q; progressive=\&q;\&q;&g;&l;/fbs-ad&g;&l;/p&g; \n&l;div id=\&q;attachment_8886\&q; class=\&q;wp-caption alignnone\&q;&g; \n &l;div class=\&q;article-body-image\&q;&g; \n  &l;a href=\&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Storm-path_Wikipedia.jpg\&q;&g;&l;img class=\&q;size-large wp-image-8886\&q; src=\&q;//blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Storm-path_Wikipedia-1200x815.jpg?width=960\&q; alt=\&q;\&q; data-height=\&q;815\&q; data-width=\&q;1200\&q; /&g;&l;/a&g; \n  &l;small class=\&q;article-photo-credit\&q;&g;Credit: Wikipedia&l;/small&g; \n &l;/div&g; \n &l;div article-image-caption=\&q;\&q;&g; \n  &l;div class=\&q;caption-container\&q; ng-class=\&q;caption_state\&q;&g; \n   &l;fbs-accordion current=\&q;0\&q;&g; \n    &l;p class=\&q;wp-caption-text\&q;&g;The path of the Galveston Hurricane.&l;/p&g; \n   &l;/fbs-accordion&g; \n  &l;/div&g; \n &l;/div&g; \n&l;/div&g; \n&l;p&g;&l;strong&g;The Galveston Hurricane&l;/strong&g;&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;Harvey may look like the more dangerous hurricane on paper but the consequences of the Galveston Hurricane were much worse.&l;/p&g; \n&l;div class=\&q;vestpocket\&q; vest-pocket=\&q;\&q;&g;&l;/div&g; \n&l;p&g;The city of Galveston was demolished when the hurricane struck on Sept. 8, 1900. The highest points in the city when the hurricane hit ranged&a;nbsp;between seven and nine&a;nbsp;feet above sea level. The storm surge crested at 15 feet. The hurricane rolled over the island destroying everything in its path.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;Homes were knocked off their foundations and either carried away or reduced to kindling and rubble. Thirty thousand people, almost the entire population of the city, were left homeless. The rest were dead.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;The loss of life in Galveston was horrendous. The death toll is estimated between 6,000 and 12,000. The generally accepted total is 8,000 deaths but no one knows for sure. To gain some context, 1,836 people died as a result of Katrina in 2005. Eight thousand dead is more than the number of American deaths in the Iraq and Afghan wars combined. The Galveston Hurricane is the deadliest natural disaster in the history of the United States.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;There were &l;a href=\&q;https://web.archive.org/web/20071217220036/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/1900storm/644889.html\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q; rel=\&q;nofollow\&q;&g;too many bodies&l;/a&g; to bury so the corpses were weighted, shipped out into the Gulf of Mexico on barges, and dumped overboard. Shortly thereafter the bodies began to wash back onshore. The survivors and rescue personnel turned to constructing funeral pyres to burn the corpses. The fires burned day and night for weeks.&l;/p&g; \n&l;div id=\&q;attachment_8887\&q; class=\&q;wp-caption alignnone\&q;&g; \n &l;div class=\&q;article-body-image\&q;&g; \n  &l;a href=\&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/The-remains-of-St.-Patricks-Church_Wikipedia.jpg\&q;&g;&l;img class=\&q;size-full wp-image-8887\&q; src=\&q;//blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/The-remains-of-St.-Patricks-Church_Wikipedia.jpg?width=960\&q; alt=\&q;\&q; data-height=\&q;852\&q; data-width=\&q;842\&q; /&g;&l;/a&g; \n  &l;small class=\&q;article-photo-credit\&q;&g;Credit: Wikipedia&l;/small&g; \n &l;/div&g; \n &l;div article-image-caption=\&q;\&q;&g; \n  &l;div class=\&q;caption-container\&q; ng-class=\&q;caption_state\&q;&g; \n   &l;fbs-accordion current=\&q;0\&q;&g; \n    &l;p class=\&q;wp-caption-text\&q;&g;The remains of St. Patrick&s;s Church.&l;/p&g; \n   &l;/fbs-accordion&g; \n  &l;/div&g; \n &l;/div&g; \n&l;/div&g; \n&l;p&g;&l;strong&g;The aftermath&l;/strong&g;&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;The city of Galveston is built around the natural harbor of Galveston Bay. Before the hurricane hit, it was a booming shipping, banking and commercial center known as the Wall Street of the West. After the city was destroyed, investors concluded the storm threat was too great to warrant substantial reinvestment in Galveston. They focused their attention on&a;nbsp;Houston after the discovery of oil in Beaumont in 1901 and the dredging of the Houston Ship Channel in 1909.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;Although Galveston never fully recovered its commercial status, the city took extraordinary steps to protect itself from future storms. A sea wall was constructed to shield the city. Begun in 1902 and finished in 1963, the wall is about 10 miles long, 17 feet high at its highest point and 16 feet wide at the base.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;The entire city of &l;a href=\&q;https://web.archive.org/web/20010124074800/http:/www.1900storm.com:80/storm/storm5.lasso\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q; rel=\&q;nofollow\&q;&g;Galveston is now higher &l;/a&g;than it was when the hurricane hit. Jacks were used to raise more than 2,100 buildings as much as 17 feet, and sand was pumped from the bay to fill in the empty space. One of the buildings raised was the 3,000-ton St. Patrick’s Church.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;Raising the city and constructing the sea wall worked. In August 1915 another Category 4 hurricane with 135 mph winds and a 21 foot storm surge hit the city. Eleven people were killed.&l;/p&g; \n&l;div id=\&q;attachment_8888\&q; class=\&q;wp-caption alignnone\&q;&g; \n &l;div class=\&q;article-body-image\&q;&g; \n  &l;a href=\&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/80-bodies_Wikipedia.jpg\&q;&g;&l;img class=\&q;size-full wp-image-8888\&q; src=\&q;//blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/80-bodies_Wikipedia.jpg?width=960\&q; alt=\&q;\&q; data-height=\&q;862\&q; data-width=\&q;977\&q; /&g;&l;/a&g; \n  &l;small class=\&q;article-photo-credit\&q;&g;Credit: Wikipedia&l;/small&g; \n &l;/div&g; \n &l;div article-image-caption=\&q;\&q;&g; \n  &l;div class=\&q;caption-container\&q; ng-class=\&q;caption_state\&q;&g; \n   &l;fbs-accordion current=\&q;0\&q;&g; \n    &l;p class=\&q;wp-caption-text\&q;&g;80 bodies were found in the debris under this building.&l;/p&g; \n   &l;/fbs-accordion&g; \n  &l;/div&g; \n &l;/div&g; \n&l;/div&g; \n&l;p&g;&l;strong&g;The difference between Harvey and the Galveston Hurricane&l;/strong&g;&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;Why was the Galveston Hurricane so deadly? In a word – technology, or rather the lack of it. The communication and transportation infrastructure we take for granted wasn’t in place in 1900. Some people in Galveston had heard there was a storm in the Gulf of Mexico, but they didn’t know how big it was, where it was or where it was going. After the storm hit, people in the rest of the country didn’t know what had happened until two days later.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;The Galveston Hurricane crossed over Cuba and entered the Florida Straits on Sept. 5. Cuban forecasters predicted the storm would travel west but the US Weather Bureau disagreed and predicted it would turn northeast and travel up the US coast.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;Having two markedly different predictions about the path of a hurricane is common today. What is different is that locating a hurricane in 1900 was largely a matter of guesswork and luck. There were no satellites or computer models. A storm couldn’t be tracked by air because there were no airplanes; the Wright Brother’s historic flight at Kitty Hawk didn’t occur until 1903. Hurricanes were only located when they passed over land or when a ship at sea happened to come across one. The ship’s information was always out of date because it couldn’t be reported until the ship reached land.&l;/p&g; \n&l;div id=\&q;attachment_8889\&q; class=\&q;wp-caption alignnone\&q;&g; \n &l;div class=\&q;article-body-image\&q;&g; \n  &l;a href=\&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Relief-workers-at-what-was-once-a-street-intersection_Wikipedia.jpg\&q;&g;&l;img class=\&q;size-full wp-image-8889\&q; src=\&q;//blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Relief-workers-at-what-was-once-a-street-intersection_Wikipedia.jpg?width=960\&q; alt=\&q;\&q; data-height=\&q;765\&q; data-width=\&q;855\&q; /&g;&l;/a&g; \n  &l;small class=\&q;article-photo-credit\&q;&g;Credit: Wikipedia&l;/small&g; \n &l;/div&g; \n &l;div article-image-caption=\&q;\&q;&g; \n  &l;div class=\&q;caption-container\&q; ng-class=\&q;caption_state\&q;&g; \n   &l;fbs-accordion current=\&q;0\&q;&g; \n    &l;p class=\&q;wp-caption-text\&q;&g;Relief workers at what was once a street intersection.&l;/p&g; \n   &l;/fbs-accordion&g; \n  &l;/div&g; \n &l;/div&g; \n&l;/div&g; \n&l;p&g;Even if precise information about the hurricane’s path and strength were available, many people in Galveston probably would not have known it was coming. There was no internet or TV. The first commercial radio broadcast didn’t happen until 1920. There were telephones in east Texas but their use was limited. The &l;a href=\&q;http://howdyyall.com/Texas/TodaysNews/index.cfm?GetItem=1440\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q; rel=\&q;nofollow\&q;&g;first commercial telephone line in Galveston&l;/a&g; went live in 1877. It connected the telegraph office and the local newspaper. Galveston now had “instant news” - if the telegraph office received it, and the paper printed it, and people read it.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;There’s no evidence that the local paper warned the inhabitants about the oncoming storm. The day before the storm arrived the Galveston Weather Bureau issued a hurricane warning in the form of two flags run up a flagpole over their office. There’s no evidence that anyone paid very much attention.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;The hurricane took out all of the bridges and took down all of the telegraph lines connecting Galveston with the mainland. The city was completely cut off. The rest of the country didn’t learn&a;nbsp;about what had happened to Galveston&a;nbsp;until two days after the storm when messengers reached the telegraph office in Houston. The messengers brought with them an estimate that 500 people had died; the estimate was dismissed as probably exaggerated. Many people who were buried in the debris died during the following days before help arrived.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;Government-funded research or the prevalence of social media can be easy targets for people with an ax to grind because it&s;s easy to lose sight of the forest when all you look at is a leaf on one of the trees. It&s;s good to keep in mind that without NOAA&s;s &l;a href=\&q;http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q; rel=\&q;nofollow\&q;&g;National Hurricane Center&l;/a&g; and &l;a href=\&q;http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/hurricane/index.shtml\&q; target=\&q;_blank\&q; rel=\&q;nofollow\&q;&g;National Weather Service&l;/a&g; the science of hurricanes would be less advanced and tracking hurricanes would be less accurate. Without the internet and social media, many people in a deadly hurricane&s;s path would be less well informed about what was heading their way and would not be as able to call out for help when disaster struck.&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;The cost of the damage wrought by Harvey may&a;nbsp;turn out to be much higher than the Galveston Hurricane. Property can be replaced, lives cannot. Without modern technology, Harvey could have surpassed&a;nbsp;Galveston as America&s;s most deadly natural disaster.&l;/p&g; \n&l;div id=\&q;attachment_8891\&q; class=\&q;wp-caption alignnone\&q;&g; \n &l;div class=\&q;article-body-image\&q;&g; \n  &l;a href=\&q;https://blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Destroyed-building_ABC-News_YouTube.jpg\&q;&g;&l;img class=\&q;size-large wp-image-8891\&q; src=\&q;//blogs-images.forbes.com/kevinmurnane/files/2017/08/Destroyed-building_ABC-News_YouTube-1200x667.jpg?width=960\&q; alt=\&q;\&q; data-height=\&q;667\&q; data-width=\&q;1200\&q; /&g;&l;/a&g; \n  &l;small class=\&q;article-photo-credit\&q;&g;Credit: ABC News/YouTube&l;/small&g; \n &l;/div&g; \n &l;div article-image-caption=\&q;\&q;&g; \n  &l;div class=\&q;caption-container\&q; ng-class=\&q;caption_state\&q;&g; \n   &l;fbs-accordion current=\&q;0\&q;&g; \n    &l;p class=\&q;wp-caption-text\&q;&g;Destruction left in Huricane Harvey&s;s wake.&l;/p&g; \n   &l;/fbs-accordion&g; \n  &l;/div&g; \n &l;/div&g; \n&l;/div&g; \n&l;p&g;&l;strong&g;Hurricane Harvey&l;/strong&g;&l;/p&g; \n&l;p&g;The story of the Galveston Hurricane does not lessen the damage and loss being suffered by the people who are in Harvey’s path. Modern technology forewarned us about Harvey and lessened the loss of life in doing so. We can make use of that same technology to help Harvey’s victims who are going through very hard times right now. 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