
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage">
    <head>
        
        <title itemprop="name">Hurricane Harvey, why Houston emergency response was so underprepared</title>
        
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" />
        
  <meta charset="utf-8"><meta property="AssetType" content="partnerstory" /><meta property="pageNodeId" content="104676629" /><!-- premium asset !--><meta itemprop="description" name="description" content="Hurricane Harvey is Houston&#039;s third &quot;500-year&quot; flood in the past three years, Vox reports." />
    
<meta itemprop="keywords" name="keywords" content="Natural Disasters, United States, Houston, Catastrophe, Weather, Science, US: News, Natural Disasters, business news">
<meta property="og:type"  content="article" /><meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/28/hurricane-harvey-why-houston-emergency-response-was-so-underprepared.html" /><meta property="og:site_name" content="CNBC" /><meta property="og:image" itemprop="image" content="https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/img/editorial/2017/08/28/104676583-RTX3DKUE.1910x1000.jpg" /><meta property="og:title" content="Why Houston was so underprepared for &#039;500-year flood&#039; Hurricane Harvey" /><meta property="og:description" content="Hurricane Harvey is Houston&#039;s third &quot;500-year&quot; flood in the past three years, Vox reports." /><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /><meta name="twitter:site" content="@CNBC" /><meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/8/28/16211392/100-500-year-flood-meaning" /><meta name="twitter:title" content="The &#039;500-year&#039; flood, explained: why Houston was so underprepared for Hurricane Harvey" /><meta name="twitter:description" content="Hurricane Harvey is Houston&#039;s third &quot;500-year&quot; flood in the past three years, Vox reports." /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/img/editorial/2017/08/28/104676583-RTX3DKUE.1910x1000.jpg" /><link rel="amphtml" href="//www.cnbc.com/amp/2017/08/28/hurricane-harvey-why-houston-emergency-response-was-so-underprepared.html"><meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/cnbc" /><meta property="article:published_time" content="2017-08-28T11:13:02-0400" /><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2017-08-28T13:28:50-0400" /><meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/CNBC" /><meta name="author" content="Dara Lind" /><link href="https://plus.google.com/+CNBC" rel="author" /><meta property="article:section" content="Natural Disasters" /><meta property="article:tag" content="United States" /><meta property="article:tag" content="Houston" /><meta property="article:tag" content="Catastrophe" /><meta property="article:tag" content="Weather" /><meta property="article:tag" content="Science" /><meta property="article:tag" content="US: News" /><meta property="article:tag" content="Natural Disasters" /><meta name="news_keywords" content="Hurricane Harvey, natural disaster, Katrina, storm, Houston, Texas, Trump" /><meta http-equiv="pics-label" content="(pics-1.1 &quot;http://www.icra.org/ratingsv02.html&quot; l gen true for &quot;http://www.msnbc.msn.com&quot; r (nz 1vz 1lz 1oz 1cz 1) &quot;http://www.rsac.org/ratingsv01.html&quot; l gen true for &quot;http://www.msnbc.msn.com&quot; r (l 0n 0s 0v 0))" /><meta name="GOOGLEBOT" content="unavailable_after: 31 Dec 9999 23:59:59 GMT" /><!-- structured data !--><meta itemprop="dateCreated" content="2017-08-28T11:13:03-0400" /><meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2017-08-28T13:28:50-0400" /><meta itemprop="lastReviewed" content="2017-08-28T13:28:50-0400" /><meta itemprop="sourceOrganization" content="CNBC" /><meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-US" /><meta itemprop="specialty" content="Hurricane Harvey, natural disaster, Katrina, storm, Houston, Texas, Trump" /><meta itemprop="primaryImageOfPage" content="https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/img/editorial/2017/08/28/104676583-RTX3DKUE.1910x1000.jpg" /><meta itemprop="isFamilyFriendly" content="true" /><meta itemprop="contentRating" content="NR" /><meta name="tp:PreferredRuntimes" content="universal" /><meta name="tp:PreferredFormats" content="M3U,MPEG4" /><meta name="tp:initialize" content="false" /><meta name="apple-itunes-app" content="app-id=398018310" app-argument="//www.cnbc.com/id/104676629"><meta property="al:ios:app_name" content="CNBC Business News and Finance"><meta property="al:ios:app_store_id" content="398018310"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context": "https://schema.org","@type": "NewsArticle","description": "Hurricane Harvey is Houston&#039;s third &quot;500-year&quot; flood in the past three years, Vox reports.","mainEntityOfPage": "https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/8/28/16211392/100-500-year-flood-meaning","headline": "The &#039;500-year&#039; flood, explained: why Houston was so underprepared for Hurricane Harvey","dateCreated": "2017-08-28T11:13:03-0400","datePublished": "2017-08-28T11:13:03-0400","dateModified": "2017-08-28T13:28:50-0400","author": {"@type": "Person","name": "Dara Lind"},"creator": ["Dara Lind"],"publisher": {"@type": "Organization","name": "CNBC","logo": {"@type": "ImageObject","url": "https://sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/img/cnbc-logo-amp.png","width": 360,"height": 60}},"image":{"@type": "ImageObject","url": "https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/img/editorial/2017/08/28/104676583-RTX3DKUE.720x405.jpg","width": 720,"height": 405},"thumbnailUrl": "https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/img/editorial/2017/08/28/104676583-RTX3DKUE.720x405.jpg","articleSection": "Life","url": "https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/28/hurricane-harvey-why-houston-emergency-response-was-so-underprepared.html","keywords": ["Articles","Life","Weather","Natural Disasters","United States","Houston","Catastrophe","Science","US: News","source:tagname:Vox"]}</script><meta name='parsely-metadata' content='{"nodeid": "104676629","originalImage": "https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/img/editorial/2017/08/28/104676583-RTX3DKUE.jpg"}'>
		


         <!-- Including styles as the first thing on the page-->
        
              <link href="//www.cnbc.com/staticcontent/global.2.css?vn=520" rel="stylesheet">


	<script id="javascript-lazy-loader" data-loader-url="https://js.cnbcfm.com/minify/js" type="text/javascript" src="https://js.cnbcfm.com/minify/js?modules=partner_experience&vn=520"></script>




<!--[if lt IE 9]>
	<script type="text/javascript" src="//www.cnbc.com/staticcontent/html5support.js?vn=520"></script>
<![endif]-->
        
        
       <!-- Styles from Skin -->
                    							    		    			    				    				
					    						    						    							    							    							    							      				      			       		    				
					    						    						    							    								    							    							    							    							      				      			       		    				
					    						    						    							    								    							    							    							    							      				      			       		    				
					    						    						    							    								    							    							    							    							      				      			       		    				
					    						    						    							    								    							    							    							    							      				      			       		    				
					    						    						    							    								    							    							    							    							      				      			       		    				
					    						    						    							    								    							    							    							    							      				      			       		    				
					    						    						    							    								    							    							    							    							      				      			       		       		    		    			    				    				
					    						    						    							    								    							    							    							    							      				      			       		       		    									<link href="//www.cnbc.com/skinjoin?skins=2017%2F03%2F23%2Fcnbc-global.28_20_42_6.css?vn=1518129302|2016%2F04%2F05%2Fright-rail-source-hide_0.css?vn=1460493679|2016%2F05%2F11%2Fhide-feedback.css?vn=1463760405|2016%2F08%2F22%2Fcnbc_nav_skin_8.css?vn=1495142212|2016%2F12%2F30%2Fportfolios-nav-hide.css?vn=1483140728|2017%2F01%2F05%2Ftp_cursor_fix.css?vn=1483638002|2017%2F03%2F07%2Flisticle_fix.css?vn=1489599224|2017%2F07%2F13%2Fcreator-override-fix.css?vn=1499985483|2013%2F07%2F30%2Ftable-fix.1.css?vn=1460487064&preview=" rel="stylesheet">
			
                <!-- End of Styles from skin -->
                
        <script type="text/javascript">
            var postLoadFunctions = {};
            var foresee_enabled = 1
            var dynamic_yield_enabled = 1
                    </script>
        
        
                <link itemprop="url" rel="canonical" href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/8/28/16211392/100-500-year-flood-meaning" />
        
        
                <!-- comScore Identifier: comscorekw=Life -->
<script type="text/javascript">
	CNBC_Comscore = 'Life';
</script>
        <!-- MPS insert_head -->
         	
	<script>
		var mpscall = {
						'site' : 'cnbc.com-relaunch'  ,  

					'content_id' : '104676629'  ,  

					'path' : '/id/104676629'  ,  

					'is_content' : '1'  ,  

					'is_sponsored' : '0'  ,  

					'adunits' : 'Top Banner|Badge A|Badge B|Badge C|Badge D|Flex Ad First|Box Ad 1|Non Iframe Custom|Inline Custom|Movable Box Ad|Responsive Rectangle'  ,  

					'keywords' : '~'  ,  

					'cat' : 'Life|Weather|Natural Disasters'  ,  

					'cag[configuration_franchise]' : 'Natural Disasters'  ,  

					'cag[attribution_source]' : 'Vox'  ,  

					'cag[related_primary]' : 'United States|Houston|Catastrophe|Weather|Science|US: News|Natural Disasters'  ,  

					'cag[type_franchise]' : 'Natural Disasters|Catastrophe|Weather|Science|US: News|Natural Disasters'  ,  

					'cag[type_source]' : 'Vox'  ,  

					'cag[type_place]' : 'United States|Houston'  ,  

					'cag[brand]' : 'none'  ,  

					'cag[template]' : 'story_simple'  ,  

					'cag[device]' : 'web'  ,  

					'hline' : 'Natural Disasters'  ,  

					'type' : 'partnerstory'  ,  

					'template' : 'story_simple'  ,  

					'title' : 'The &amp;#039;500-year&amp;#039; flood, explained: why Houston was so underprepared for Hurricane Harvey'  ,  

					'pubdate' : '1503933183'  ,  

					'stitle' : 'Houston Harvey VOX 170828 EC'  ,  

					'subtype' : 'section'  ,  

					'id' : '104676629'  ,  

					'nid' : '104676629'  

		
		}, mpsopts = {
		  
		"host" : 'mps.cnbc.com',
		"updatecorrelator" : true

		};

		var mps = mps || {};
		mps._ext = mps._ext || {};
		mps._adsheld = [];
		mps._queue = mps._queue || {};
		mps._queue.mpsloaded = mps._queue.mpsloaded || [];
		mps._queue.mpsinit = mps._queue.mpsinit || [];
		mps._queue.gptloaded = mps._queue.gptloaded || [];
		mps._queue.adload = mps._queue.adload || [];
		mps._queue.adclone = mps._queue.adclone || [];
		mps._queue.adview = mps._queue.adview || [];
		mps._queue.refreshads = mps._queue.refreshads || [];
		mps.__timer = Date.now ? Date.now() : (function() { return +new Date })();
		mps.__intcode = "v2";
		if (typeof mps.getAd != "function") mps.getAd = function(adunit) {
		    if (typeof adunit != "string") return false;
		    var slotid = "mps-getad-" + adunit.replace(/\W/g, "");
		    if (!mps._ext || !mps._ext.loaded) {
		        mps._queue.gptloaded.push(function() {
		            typeof mps._gptfirst == "function" && mps._gptfirst(adunit, slotid);
		            mps.insertAd("#" + slotid, adunit)
		        });
		        mps._adsheld.push(adunit)
		    }
		    return '<div id="' + slotid + '" class="mps-wrapper" data-mps-fill-slot="' + adunit + '"></div>'
		};
		(function() {
		    head = document.head || document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0], mpsload = document.createElement("script");
		    mpsload.src = "//" + mpsopts.host + "/fetch/ext/load-" + mpscall.site + ".js?nowrite=2";
		    mpsload.id = "mps-load";
		    head.insertBefore(mpsload, head.firstChild)
		})();

	</script>
		
	




        <!-- end of MPS insert_head -->

        <!-- Global insert_head -->
        <!-- MPS Global Head Insert BEGIN -->
<meta name="referrer" content="unsafe-url">
<link rel='apple-touch-icon' href='//fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/img/mobile/touch/cnbc-logo-sharing-57.jpg' /> <link rel='apple-touch-icon' sizes='72x72' href='//fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/img/mobile/touch/cnbc-logo-sharing-72.jpg' /> <link rel='apple-touch-icon' sizes='114x114' href='//fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/img/mobile/touch/cnbc-logo-sharing-114.jpg' />
<!-- MPS Global Head Insert END -->
        <!-- MPS ASYNC Application Component - Desktop Insert HEAD BEGIN -->
<script type="text/javascript">
window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{c.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(19),c={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(c.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(c.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(c.nrDev=!0))}catch(s){}c.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),c.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),c.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(c,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,o){try{d?d-=1:i("err",[o||new UncaughtException(t,e,n)])}catch(c){try{i("ierr",[c,s.now(),!0])}catch(u){}}return"function"==typeof f&&f.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t){i("err",[t,s.now()])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(20),c=t("ee"),s=t("loader"),f=window.onerror,u=!1,d=0;s.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(p){"stack"in p&&(t(12),t(11),"addEventListener"in window&&t(6),s.xhrWrappable&&t(13),u=!0)}c.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){u&&(d+=1)}),c.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){u&&(this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),c.on("fn-end",function(){u&&!this.thrown&&d>0&&(d-=1)}),c.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,s.now(),!0])})},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){t("loader").features.ins=!0},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){C++,M=y.hash,this[u]=b.now()}function o(){C--,y.hash!==M&&i(0,!0);var t=b.now();this[l]=~~this[l]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+y,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=b.now()})}var c="-start",s="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+c,d="fn"+s,p="cb"+c,h="cb"+s,l="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,y=w.location,b=t("loader");if(w[v]&&b.xhrWrappable){var g=t(9),x=t(10),E=t(8),O=t(6),R=t(12),P=t(7),T=t(13),S=t("ee"),N=S.get("tracer");t(14),b.features.spa=!0;var M,j=w[v],C=0;S.on(u,r),S.on(p,r),S.on(d,o),S.on(h,o),S.buffer([u,d,"xhr-done","xhr-resolved"]),O.buffer([u]),R.buffer(["setTimeout"+s,"clearTimeout"+c,u]),T.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+c]),P.buffer([m+c,m+"-done",m+f+c,m+f+s]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),g.buffer([u]),x.buffer(["propagate",p,h,"executor-err","resolve"+c]),N.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),a(T,"send-xhr"+c),a(S,"xhr-resolved"),a(S,"xhr-done"),a(P,m+c),a(P,m+"-done"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),j("hashchange",i,!0),j("load",i,!0),j("popstate",function(){i(0,C>1)},!0)}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var o=t("ee"),i=t("handle"),a=t(12),c=t(11),s="learResourceTimings",f="addEventListener",u="resourcetimingbufferfull",d="bstResource",p="resource",h="-start",l="-end",m="fn"+h,v="fn"+l,w="bstTimer",y="pushState",b=t("loader");b.features.stn=!0,t(8);var g=NREUM.o.EV;o.on(m,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof g&&(this.bstStart=b.now())}),o.on(v,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof g&&i("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,b.now()])}),a.on(m,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=b.now(),this.bstType=n}),a.on(v,function(t,e){i(w,[e,this.bstStart,b.now(),this.bstType])}),c.on(m,function(){this.bstStart=b.now()}),c.on(v,function(t,e){i(w,[e,this.bstStart,b.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),o.on(y+h,function(t){this.time=b.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),o.on(y+l,function(t){i("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),f in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+s]?window.performance[f](u,function(t){i(d,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(p)]),window.performance["c"+s]()},!1):window.performance[f]("webkit"+u,function(t){i(d,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(p)]),window.performance["webkitC"+s]()},!1)),document[f]("scroll",r,{passive:!0}),document[f]("keypress",r,!1),document[f]("click",r,!1)}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){c.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),c=t(22)(a,!0),s=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1],r=s(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?c(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=r.apply(this,arguments);return o.emit(n+"start",arguments,t),t.then(function(e){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,e],t),e},function(e){throw o.emit(n+"end",[e],t),e})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(19);e.exports=o;var a=window,c="fetch-",s=c+"body-",f=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],u=a.Request,d=a.Response,p=a.fetch,h="prototype";u&&d&&p&&(i(f,function(t,e){r(u[h],e,s),r(d[h],e,s)}),r(a,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;e?e.clone().arrayBuffer().then(function(t){n.rxSize=t.byteLength,o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}):o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t(22)(r);e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window.history,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t(22)(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=a.context(),n=c(t,"executor-",e),r=new f(n);return a.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},a.emit("new-promise",[r,e],e),r}function o(t,e){return e}var i=t(22),a=t("ee").get("promise"),c=i(a),s=t(19),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=a,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){a.emit("propagate",[null,!o],i),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;s(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var i=e.apply(f,arguments),c=f.resolve(i);return c}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&a.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),s(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),a.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=c(t[0],"resolve-",this),t[1]=c(t[1],"resolve-",this)}),a.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),c.inPlace(f.prototype,["then"],"then-",o),a.on("then-start",function(t,e){this.promise=e,t[0]=c(t[0],"cb-",this),t[1]=c(t[1],"cb-",this)}),a.on("then-end",function(t,e,n){this.nextPromise=n;var r=this.promise;a.emit("propagate",[r,!0],n)}),a.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){a.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise)}),a.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=a.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t(22)(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t(22)(i),c="setTimeout",s="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[c,"setImmediate"],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[s],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(s+u,r),i.on(c+u,o)},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",c)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",c)}function i(t){b.push(t),l&&(x?x.then(a):v?v(a):(E=-E,O.data=E))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<b.length;t++)r([],b[t]);b.length&&(b=[])}function c(t,e){return e}function s(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(6);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t(22)(u),p=NREUM.o,h=p.XHR,l=p.MO,m=p.PR,v=p.SI,w="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],b=[];e.exports=u;var g=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(w,o,!1)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(s(h,g),g.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(g.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",c),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),l){var x=m&&m.resolve();if(!v&&!m){var E=1,O=document.createTextNode(E);new l(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===w||a()})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<d;r++)t.removeEventListener(u[r],this.listener,!1);if(!e.aborted){if(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,4===t.readyState){e.status=t.status;var i=o(t,this.lastSize);if(i&&(n.rxSize=i),this.sameOrigin){var s=t.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");s&&(e.cat=s.split(", ").pop())}}else e.status=0;n.cbTime=this.cbTime,f.emit("xhr-done",[t],t),c("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime])}}}function o(t,e){var n=t.responseType;if("json"===n&&null!==e)return e;var r="arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?t.response:t.responseText;return l(r)}function i(t,e){var n=s(e),r=t.params;r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable){var c=t("handle"),s=t(15),f=t("ee"),u=["load","error","abort","timeout"],d=u.length,p=t("id"),h=t(18),l=t(17),m=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(13),f.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,h&&(h>34||h<10)||window.opera||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},!1)}),f.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},i(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),f.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid)}),f.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=l(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"===t.type&&(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{f.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var c=0;c<d;c++)e.addEventListener(u[c],this.listener,!1)}),f.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),f.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+p(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),f.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+p(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),f.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof m&&"load"===t[0]&&f.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),f.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof m&&"load"===t[0]&&f.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),f.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof m&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),f.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&f.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)})}},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,r={};e.href=t,r.port=e.port;var o=e.href.split("://");!r.port&&o[1]&&(r.port=o[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),r.port&&"0"!==r.port||(r.port="https"===o[0]?"443":"80"),r.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,r.pathname=e.pathname,r.protocol=o[0],"/"!==r.pathname.charAt(0)&&(r.pathname="/"+r.pathname);var i=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,a=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return r.sameOrigin=i&&(!e.hostname||a),r}},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n){return function(){return i(t,[f.now()].concat(c(arguments)),e?null:this,n),e?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(19),c=t(20),s=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=u);var d=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],p="api-",h=p+"ixn-";a(d,function(t,e){u[e]=o(p+e,!0,"api")}),u.addPageAction=o(p+"addPageAction",!0),u.setCurrentRouteName=o(p+"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,u.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var l=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(s.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}finally{s.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){l[e]=o(h+e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),i("err",[t,f.now()])}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/s](d+.d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[a])}var o=t("ee"),i=t(20),a="nr@original",c=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;e.exports=function(t,e){function n(t,e,n,o){function nrWrapper(){var r,a,c,s;try{a=this,r=i(arguments),c="function"==typeof n?n(r,a):n||{}}catch(f){p([f,"",[r,a,o],c])}u(e+"start",[r,a,o],c);try{return s=t.apply(a,r)}catch(d){throw u(e+"err",[r,a,d],c),d}finally{u(e+"end",[r,a,s],c)}}return r(t)?t:(e||(e=""),nrWrapper[a]=t,d(t,nrWrapper),nrWrapper)}function f(t,e,o,i){o||(o="");var a,c,s,f="-"===o.charAt(0);for(s=0;s<e.length;s++)c=e[s],a=t[c],r(a)||(t[c]=n(a,f?c+o:o,i,c))}function u(n,r,o){if(!s||e){var i=s;s=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,o,e)}catch(a){p([a,n,r,o])}s=i}}function d(t,e){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var n=Object.keys(t);return n.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(r){p([r])}for(var o in t)c.call(t,o)&&(e[o]=t[o]);return e}function p(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(n){}}return t||(t=o),n.inPlace=f,n.flag=a,n}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?s(t,c,i):i()}function n(n,r,o,i){if(!p.aborted||i){t&&t(n,r,o);for(var a=e(o),c=l(n),s=c.length,f=0;f<s;f++)c[f].apply(a,r);var d=u[y[n]];return d&&d.push([b,n,r,a]),a}}function h(t,e){w[t]=l(t).concat(e)}function l(t){return w[t]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||o(n)}function v(t,e){f(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in u||(u[e]=[])})}var w={},y={},b={on:h,emit:n,get:m,listeners:l,context:e,buffer:v,abort:a,aborted:!1};return b}function i(){return new r}function a(){(u.api||u.feature)&&(p.aborted=!0,u=p.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",s=t("gos"),f=t(19),u={},d={},p=e.exports=o();p.backlog=u},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!x++){var t=g.info=NREUM.info,e=p.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(u.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return u.abort();f(y,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)}),s("mark",["onload",a()+g.offset],null,"api");var n=p.createElement("script");n.src="https://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(n,e)}}function o(){"complete"===p.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+g.offset],null,"api")}function a(){return E.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(c=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),c))-g.offset}var c=(new Date).getTime(),s=t("handle"),f=t(19),u=t("ee"),d=window,p=d.document,h="addEventListener",l="attachEvent",m=d.XMLHttpRequest,v=m&&m.prototype;NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:d.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:m,REQ:d.Request,EV:d.Event,PR:d.Promise,MO:d.MutationObserver};var w=""+location,y={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1039.min.js"},b=m&&v&&v[h]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),g=e.exports={offset:c,now:a,origin:w,features:{},xhrWrappable:b};t(16),p[h]?(p[h]("DOMContentLoaded",i,!1),d[h]("load",r,!1)):(p[l]("onreadystatechange",o),d[l]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",c],null,"api");var x=0,E=t(21)},{}]},{},["loader",2,14,5,3,4]);
;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"356631dc7f",applicationID:"22258555",sa:1}
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
var admantx_url =
document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function(event) {
  mps._queue.mpsloaded.push(function(){
    mps._log('**** LOADED: cnbc-cms-header-insert');
    if (window.mps) {
        if (window.CNBC_Premium && CNBC_Premium.isPremium && document.cookie.indexOf('ispro=true') == -1 && (mps.pagevars.type!="franchise")) {
          mps.nlformtypes = mps.nlformtypes || [];
          mps.nlformtypes.push('paywall');
        }

        //<!-- Omniture s_code path -->
        mps.scodePath="//fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/scripts/omniture/s_code.js?v=1.6.4.1";
        //<!-- end: Omniture s_code path -->

        //<!-- Google PII Fix BEGIN -->
        mps._queue.mpsinit.push(function() {
          (function(){
            mps._urlContainsEmail = function() {
              var _qs = window.location.href;
              if (!_qs) {
                return false;
              }
              var _regex = /([^=&/<>()[].,;:s@"]+(.[^=&/<>()[].,;:s@"]+)*)@(([[0-9]{1,3}.[0-9]{1,3}.[0-9]{1,3}.[0-9]{1,3}])|(([a-zA-Z-0-9]+.)+[a-zA-Z]{2,}))/;
              return _regex.test(_qs);
            };
            if (mps._urlContainsEmail()) {
              mps._debug('[MPS]: email address detected in url, bypass gpt.');
              if (mps.response && mps.response.dart && typeof(mps.response.dart.adunits) === 'object') {
                if (typeof(window._mpspixZ) != 'string') {
                  window._mpspixZ = (function(a){var b="abcdefghiklmnopqrstuvwxyz".split("");a||(a=Math.floor(Math.random()*b.length));for(var c="",d=0;d<a;d++)c+=b[Math.floor(Math.random()*b.length)];return c})(12)
                }
                for (var i in mps.response.dart.adunits) {
                  var pixelurl = ((document.location.protocol === 'https') ? 'https' : 'http') + '://pix.nbcuni.com/a-pii.gif?X=piiblock&S=' + mps.pagevars.instance + '&P=' + mps.pagevars.mpsid + '&A=' + i + '&U=' + encodeURIComponent(window.location.href) + '&_=' + window._mpspixZ;
                  mps.response.dart.adunits[i].data = '<img id="div-gpt-x-0" class="mps-slot" data-mps-slot="x" data-mps-loadset="0" style="width:0;height:0;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:none;" src="' + pixelurl + '"/>';
                }
              }
              mps.cloneAd = function() { return false; }
              return true;
            } else {
              return false;
            }
          })();
        });
        //<!-- Google PII Fix END -->
   }
 });
});
</script>

<!-- Piano Ad Block Detection: BEGIN -->
<script>
    var setAdblockerCookie = function(adblocker) {
        var d = new Date();
        d.setTime(d.getTime() + 60 * 60 * 24 * 30 * 1000);
        document.cookie = "__adblocker=" + (adblocker ? "true" : "false") + "; expires=" + d.toUTCString() + "; path=/";
    }
    var script = document.createElement("script");
    script.setAttribute("async", true);
    script.setAttribute("src", "//www.npttech.com/advertising.js");
    script.setAttribute("onerror", "setAdblockerCookie(true);");
    script.setAttribute("onload", "setAdblockerCookie(false);");
    document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(script);
</script>
<!-- Piano Ad Block Detection: END -->
<!-- ADmantX Head Insert Begin -->
<script>
    var admantx_url = ('https:'==document.location.protocol?'https:':'http:')+'//usasync01.admantx.com/admantx/service?request=' + escape('{"decorator":"template.nbc_template","key":"62263fff3cc1d07f85c7f8261a0c8f7dc096b35f59c82a713f20a9db8d562ff2","method":"descriptor","filter":"default","mode":"async","type":"URL","body":"' + escape(document.location.href) + '"}');

    function admantx_callback(data) {
        if (top.__nbcudigitaladops_inject && top.__nbcudigitaladops_inject.dtprm) {
            if (data && data.admants) {
                if (data.status == "OK") {
                    for (var x = 0; x < data.admants.length; x++) {
                        var kv = 'adg=' + data.admants[x] + ';';
                        top.__nbcudigitaladops_inject.dtprm(kv)
                    }
                } else {
                    top.__nbcudigitaladops_inject.dtprm("asg=othererror;")
                }
            }
        }
    }
    (function() {
        var sct = document.createElement('script');
        sct.src = admantx_url;
        sct.type = 'text/javascript';
        sct.async = 'true';
        var domel = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
        domel.parentNode.insertBefore(sct, domel);
    })();
</script>
<!-- ADmantX Head Insert End -->
<!-- Universal Player Compatibility for IE11 BEGIN -->
<script>
  if(typeof window.MediaSource !== 'function') {
    if(typeof document.getElementsByTagName('meta')['tp:PreferredRuntimes'] === 'object') {
        document.getElementsByTagName('meta')['tp:PreferredRuntimes'].setAttribute("content", "flash,html5");
    }
}
</script>
<!-- Universal Player Compatibility for IE11 END -->
<!-- MPS ASYNC Application Component - Desktop Insert HEAD END -->
        <!-- End Global insert_head -->
                
    <script  type="text/javascript" src= "//www.cnbc.com/staticContent/showads.js"></script>

    
    
    <!-- <script  type="text/javascript" src= "//www.cnbc.com/staticContent/showads.js"></script> -->
    </head>
    <body id="page_story_simple" class='web cnbc large  '>
         
         
        

        
<div class="dart_wrapper dart_ads_noniframe_noniframecustom  badge-ad" id="dart_wrapper_noniframecustom">
	<script>
	var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.gptloaded=mps._queue.gptloaded||[];
	mps._queue.gptloaded.push(function() {
	  (mps && mps.insertAd && mps.insertAd('#dart_wrapper_noniframecustom', 'noniframecustom'));	
	});
	</script> 
</div>
        <!-- begin mps section -->
        
        <!-- end mps section -->

        <!-- BEGIN FRAME -->
            
            <div id="cnbc-contents" class="cnbc-contents">
                
                                                        
                
                                                                                
                    
                                                                                                                
                    <!--BEGIN HEADER -->
<!--for different templates--><!--for different templates--><header id="cnbc-new-header" class=""><div class="main-header"><div class="header-content"><a href="//www.cnbc.com"><img id="cnbc-logo" src="//sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/img/cnbc-hdr-logo2.png" width="189" height="49" title="CNBC" alt="CNBC" /></a><div class="symbol-search"><div class="input-container"><input placeholder="Search Quotes, News &amp; Video"><span class="lookup"><a class="btn-lookup" href="javascript:void(0)"><i class="fa fa-search fa-2"></i></a></span><span class="close-search"><a class="btn-lookup-close" href="javascript:void(0)"><i class="fa fa-times fa-2"></i></a></span></div><div class="lookup-results hide"><ul class="lookup-list"></ul></div></div><div class="ad">
<div class="dart_wrapper dart_ads_noniframe_badgea  badge-ad" id="dart_wrapper_badgea">
	<script>
	var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.gptloaded=mps._queue.gptloaded||[];
	mps._queue.gptloaded.push(function() {
	  (mps && mps.insertAd && mps.insertAd('#dart_wrapper_badgea', 'badgea'));	
	});
	</script> 
</div></div><div class="promo_heavy_container"><div id="promo_100009896_heavy_container" class="promo_heavy_container"></div></div></div></div><div class="main-header-nav"><div class="header-nav-content"><nav class="cnbc-menu">












<script type="text/javascript">window.cnbc = window.cnbc || {};window.cnbc.config = window.cnbc.config || {};window.cnbc.config.product = "web";window.cnbc.config.isWeekendMode = false;</script><a id="sm-logo" href="//www.cnbc.com"><img src="//sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/img/cnbc-hdr-logo2.png" width="123"></a><ul id="nav"><li class="site-set"><a href="//www.cnbc.com/" class="nav-home" data-onclick="#"><span class="homeLabel">HOME</span><span class="icon arrow-down"><i class="fa fa-chevron-down fa-1"></i></span></a><ul class="home-geo-container"><li>EDITION</li></ul></li>	<li class="news"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:news:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/us-news/" class="expandable">News</a><ul>	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:economy:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/economy/">Economy</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:finance:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/finance/">Finance</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:healthcare:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/health-care/">Health Care</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:realestate:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/real-estate/">Real Estate</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:wealth:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/wealth/">Wealth</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:autos:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/autos/">Autos</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:earnings:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/earnings/">Earnings</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:energy:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/energy/">Energy</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:news-life:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/life/">Life</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:media:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/media/">Media</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:politics:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/politics/">Politics</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:retail:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/retail/">Retail</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:commentary:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/commentary/">Commentary</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:specialreports:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/special-reports/">Special Reports</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:asia:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/asia-news/">Asia</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:europe:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/europe-news/">Europe</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:news:cfo-council:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/global-cfo-council/">CFO Council</a></li>
</ul></li>
	<li class="markets"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:markets:markets:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/markets/" class="expandable">Markets</a><ul>	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:markets:premarkets:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/pre-markets/">Pre-Markets</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:markets:us:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/us-markets/">U.S.</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:markets:asia:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/markets-asia-pacific/">Asia</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:markets:europe:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/markets-europe/">Europe</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:markets:stocks:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/stocks/">Stocks</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:markets:commodities:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/commodities/">Commodities</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:markets:currencies:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/currencies/">Currencies</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:markets:bonds:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/bonds/">Bonds</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:markets:funds:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/mutual-funds/">Funds</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:markets:etfs:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/exchange-traded-funds/">ETFs</a></li>
</ul></li>
	<li class="investing"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:investing:investing:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/investing/" class="expandable">Investing</a><ul>	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:investing:tradingnation:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/trading-nation/">Trading Nation</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:investing:tradingtalk:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/trader-talk/">Trader Talk</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:investing:financialadvisors:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/financial-advisors/">Financial Advisors</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:investing:personalfinance:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/personal-finance/">Personal Finance</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:investing:etf-street:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/etf-street/">Etf Street</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:investing:portfolio:104676629" href="http://portfolio.cnbc.com/">Portfolio</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:investing:watchlist:104676629" href="//watchlist.cnbc.com/">Watchlist</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:investing:stockscreener:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/id/15839076">Stock Screener</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:investing:fundscreener:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/id/15839074">Fund Screener</a></li>
</ul></li>
	<li class="tech"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:tech:tech:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/technology/" class="expandable">Tech</a><ul>	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:tech:mobile:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/mobile/">Mobile</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:tech:socialmedia:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/social-media/">Social Media</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:tech:enterprise:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/enterprise/">Enterprise</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:tech:gaming:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/gaming/">Gaming</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:tech:cybersecurity:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/cybersecurity/">Cybersecurity</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:tech:tech-guide:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/tech-guide/">Tech Guide</a></li>
</ul></li>
	<li class="makeit"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:makeit:makeit:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/" class="expandable">Make It</a><ul>	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:makeit:entrepreneurs:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/entrepreneurs/">Entrepreneurs</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:makeit:leadership:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/leadership/">Leadership</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:makeit:careers:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/careers/">Careers</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:makeit:money:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/money/">Money</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:makeit:specials:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/special-reports/">Specials</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:makeit:primetime:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/shows/">Primetime</a></li>
</ul></li>
	<li class="video"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:video:video:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/video/" class="expandable">Video</a><ul>	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:video:topvideo:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/top-video/">Top Video</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:video:latestvideo:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/video-all/">Latest Video</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:video:usvideo:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/us-video/">U.S. Video</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:video:asiavideo:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/asia-video/">Asia Video</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:video:europevideo:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/europe-video/">Europe Video</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:video:ceointerviews:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/video-ceo-interviews/">CEO Interviews</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:video:analystinterviews:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/video-analyst-interviews/">Analyst Interviews</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:video:fullepisodes:104676629" href="http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/">Full Episodes</a></li>
</ul></li>
	<li class="shows"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:shows:shows:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/tv-worldwide/" class="expandable">Shows</a><ul>	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:shows:watchlive:104676629" href="http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/">Watch Live</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:shows:cnbcus:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/tv-worldwide/">CNBC U.S. Business Day</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:shows:cnbcusprime:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/shows/">CNBC U.S. Primetime</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:shows:cnbcasiapacific:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/asia-business-day/">CNBC Asia-Pacific</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:shows:cnbceurope:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/europe-television/">CNBC Europe</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:shows:cnbcworld:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/global-television-shows/">CNBC World</a></li>
	<li ><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:shows:fullepisodes:104676629" href="http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/">Full Episodes</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="more"><div id="hamburger" class="hamburger-menu"><span></span><span></span><span></span></div><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="singleton">More</a><div class="more-container"><div class="more-nav grid"><div class="grid-cell cell1"><div class="grid-col"><ul class="more-mobile-login more"><ul class="log-info unreg-user more"><li id="mobile-signin"><a href="//www.cnbc.com/application/generic/?action=signin">Log In</a></li><li class="pipe"><span>|</span></li><li id="mobile-signup" class="cnbcRegister"><a href="//www.cnbc.com/application/generic/?action=signup">Register</a></li></ul><ul class="log-info reg-user more hide"><li id="mobile-logout"><a href="javascript:void(0);">Log Out</a></li></ul></ul><ul class="more-news more"><li class="header"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:news:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/us-news/" class="expandable">News</a></li><li class="sub-nav-menu"><ul class="more">																	<li class="economy">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/economy/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:economy:104676629">
			Economy
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="finance">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/finance/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:finance:104676629">
			Finance
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="healthcare">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/health-care/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:healthcare:104676629">
			Health Care
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="realestate">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/real-estate/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:realestate:104676629">
			Real Estate
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="wealth">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/wealth/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:wealth:104676629">
			Wealth
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="autos">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/autos/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:autos:104676629">
			Autos
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="news-consumer">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/consumers/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:news-consumer:104676629">
			Consumer
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="earnings">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/earnings/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:earnings:104676629">
			Earnings
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="energy">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/energy/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:energy:104676629">
			Energy
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="news-life">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/life/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:news-life:104676629">
			Life
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="media">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/media/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:media:104676629">
			Media
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="politics">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/politics/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:politics:104676629">
			Politics
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="retail">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/retail/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:retail:104676629">
			Retail
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="commentary">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/commentary/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:commentary:104676629">
			Commentary
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="specialreports">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/special-reports/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:specialreports:104676629">
			Special Reports
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="asia">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/asia-news/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:asia:104676629">
			Asia
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="europe">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/europe-news/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:europe:104676629">
			Europe
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="cfo-council">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/global-cfo-council/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:cfo-council:104676629">
			CFO Council
					</a>
	</li>
</ul></li></ul></div><div class="grid-col"><ul class="more-pro more"><li class="header"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:pro:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/pro" class="expandable">Pro</a></li><li class="sub-nav-menu"><ul class="more">																	<li class="viewall">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/pro"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:viewall:104676629">
			View All
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="pro_franchise">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/pro-story"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:pro_franchise:104676629">
			News & Analysis
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="provideo">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/pro-video"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:provideo:104676629">
			Video
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="protalks">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/protalks"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:protalks:104676629">
			PRO Talks
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="prouncut">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/pro-uncut"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:prouncut:104676629">
			PRO Uncut
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="kensho">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/kensho"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:kensho:104676629">
			Kensho Stats
					</a>
	</li>
														<li class="take_tour">
		<a href="javascript:void(0)" id="pro-tour" >
			Take a Tour
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="subscribe2">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/application/pro"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:subscribe2:104676629">
			Subscribe
					</a>
	</li>
</ul></li></ul><ul class="more-markets more"><li class="header"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:markets:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/markets/" class="expandable">Markets</a></li><li class="sub-nav-menu"><ul class="more">																	<li class="premarkets">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/pre-markets/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:premarkets:104676629">
			Pre-Markets
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="us">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/us-markets/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:us:104676629">
			U.S.
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="asia">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/markets-asia-pacific/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:asia:104676629">
			Asia
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="europe">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/markets-europe/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:europe:104676629">
			Europe
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="stocks">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/stocks/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:stocks:104676629">
			Stocks
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="commodities">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/commodities/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:commodities:104676629">
			Commodities
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="currencies">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/currencies/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:currencies:104676629">
			Currencies
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="bonds">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/bonds/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:bonds:104676629">
			Bonds
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="funds">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/mutual-funds/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:funds:104676629">
			Funds
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="etfs">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/exchange-traded-funds/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:etfs:104676629">
			ETFs
					</a>
	</li>
</ul></li></ul></div><div class="grid-col"><ul class="more-makeit more"><li class="header"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:makeit:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/" class="expandable">Make It</a></li><li class="sub-nav-menu"><ul class="more">																	<li class="entrepreneurs">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/entrepreneurs/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:entrepreneurs:104676629">
			Entrepreneurs
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="leadership">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/leadership/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:leadership:104676629">
			Leadership
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="careers">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/careers/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:careers:104676629">
			Careers
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="money">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/money/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:money:104676629">
			Money
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="specials">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/special-reports/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:specials:104676629">
			Specials
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="primetime">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/shows/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:primetime:104676629">
			Primetime
					</a>
	</li>
</ul></li></ul><ul class="more-investing more"><li class="header"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:investing:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/investing/" class="expandable">Investing</a></li><li class="sub-nav-menu"><ul class="more">																	<li class="tradingnation">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/trading-nation/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:tradingnation:104676629">
			Trading Nation
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="tradingtalk">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/trader-talk/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:tradingtalk:104676629">
			Trader Talk
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="financialadvisors">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/financial-advisors/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:financialadvisors:104676629">
			Financial Advisors
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="personalfinance">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/personal-finance/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:personalfinance:104676629">
			Personal Finance
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="etf-street">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/etf-street/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:etf-street:104676629">
			Etf Street
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="portfolio">
		<a href="http://portfolio.cnbc.com/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:portfolio:104676629">
			Portfolio
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="watchlist">
		<a href="//watchlist.cnbc.com/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:watchlist:104676629">
			Watchlist
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="stockscreener">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/id/15839076"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:stockscreener:104676629">
			Stock Screener
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="fundscreener">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/id/15839074"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:fundscreener:104676629">
			Fund Screener
					</a>
	</li>
</ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="grid-cell cell2"><div class="grid-col"><ul class="more-tech more"><li class="header"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:tech:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/technology/" class="expandable">Tech</a></li><li class="sub-nav-menu"><ul class="more">																	<li class="mobile">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/mobile/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:mobile:104676629">
			Mobile
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="socialmedia">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/social-media/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:socialmedia:104676629">
			Social Media
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="enterprise">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/enterprise/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:enterprise:104676629">
			Enterprise
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="gaming">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/gaming/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:gaming:104676629">
			Gaming
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="cybersecurity">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/cybersecurity/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:cybersecurity:104676629">
			Cybersecurity
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="tech-guide">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/tech-guide/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:tech-guide:104676629">
			Tech Guide
					</a>
	</li>
</ul></li></ul><ul class="more-video more"><li class="header"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:video:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/video/" class="expandable">Video</a></li><li class="sub-nav-menu"><ul class="more">																	<li class="topvideo">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/top-video/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:topvideo:104676629">
			Top Video
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="latestvideo">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/video-all/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:latestvideo:104676629">
			Latest Video
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="usvideo">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/us-video/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:usvideo:104676629">
			U.S. Video
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="asiavideo">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/asia-video/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:asiavideo:104676629">
			Asia Video
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="europevideo">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/europe-video/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:europevideo:104676629">
			Europe Video
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="ceointerviews">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/video-ceo-interviews/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:ceointerviews:104676629">
			CEO Interviews
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="analystinterviews">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/video-analyst-interviews/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:analystinterviews:104676629">
			Analyst Interviews
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="fullepisodes">
		<a href="http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:fullepisodes:104676629">
			Full Episodes
					</a>
	</li>
</ul></li></ul></div><div class="grid-col"><ul class="more-shows more"><li class="header"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:shows:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/tv-worldwide/" class="expandable">Shows</a></li><li class="sub-nav-menu"><ul class="more">																	<li class="cnbcus">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/tv-worldwide/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:cnbcus:104676629">
			CNBC U.S. Business Day
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="cnbcusprime">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/make-it/shows/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:cnbcusprime:104676629">
			CNBC U.S. Primetime
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="cnbcasiapacific">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/asia-business-day/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:cnbcasiapacific:104676629">
			CNBC Asia-Pacific
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="cnbceurope">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/europe-television/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:cnbceurope:104676629">
			CNBC Europe
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="cnbcworld">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/global-television-shows/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:cnbcworld:104676629">
			CNBC World
					</a>
	</li>
</ul></li></ul><ul class="more-special-reports more"><li class="header"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Special Reports:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/special-reports/" class="expandable">Special Reports</a></li><li class="sub-nav-menu"><ul class="more">																	<li class="investor-toolkit">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/investor-toolkit/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Investor Toolkit:104676629">
			Investor Toolkit
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="global-investing-hot-spots">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/global-investing-hot-spots/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Global Investing Hot Spots:104676629">
			Global Investing Hot Spots
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="modern-medicine">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/modern-medicine/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Modern Medicine:104676629">
			Modern Medicine
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="your-money,-your-future">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/your-money-your-future/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Your Money, Your Future:104676629">
			Your Money, Your Future
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="singapore-airshow">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/singapore-airshow-2018/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Singapore Airshow:104676629">
			Singapore Airshow
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="healthy-returns">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/healthy-returns/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Healthy Returns:104676629">
			Healthy Returns
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="along-the-belt-and-road">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/along-the-belt-and-road/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Along the Belt and Road:104676629">
			Along the Belt and Road
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="trading-nation">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/trading-nation/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Trading Nation:104676629">
			Trading Nation
					</a>
	</li>
</ul></li></ul></div><div class="grid-col"><ul class="more-original-series more"><li class="header"><span>Original Series</span></li><li class="sub-nav-menu"><ul class="more">																	<li class="executive-edge">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/executive-edge/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Executive Edge:104676629">
			Executive Edge
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="trading-nation">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/trading-nation/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Trading Nation:104676629">
			Trading Nation
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="futures-now">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/futures-now/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Futures Now:104676629">
			Futures Now
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="retire-well">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/retirewell/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Retire Well:104676629">
			Retire Well
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="the-pulse-@-1-market">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/the-pulse/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:The Pulse @ 1 Market:104676629">
			The Pulse @ 1 Market
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="the-bottom-line">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/the-bottom-line/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:The Bottom Line:104676629">
			The Bottom Line
					</a>
	</li>
</ul></li></ul><ul class="more-cnbc-events more"><li class="header"><span>CNBC Events</span></li><li class="sub-nav-menu"><ul class="more">																	<li class="healthy-returns social ">
		<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/11/08/healthy-returns.html"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Healthy Returns:104676629">
			Healthy Returns
							<i class="webresource"></i>
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="davos">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/davos-world-economic-forum/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Davos:104676629">
			Davos
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="delivering-alpha">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/delivering-alpha-ii/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Delivering Alpha:104676629">
			Delivering Alpha
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="cambridge-cyber-summit">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/securing-our-future/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Cambridge Cyber Summit:104676629">
			Cambridge Cyber Summit
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="emerge-americas">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/emerge-americas/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:eMerge Americas:104676629">
			eMerge Americas
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="iconic-tour">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/iconic-conference/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:iCONIC Tour:104676629">
			iCONIC Tour
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="net-net">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/netnet/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Net Net:104676629">
			Net Net
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class="sohn-conference">
		<a href="//www.cnbc.com/sohn/"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more:Sohn Conference:104676629">
			Sohn Conference
					</a>
	</li>
</ul></li></ul><ul class="more-follow-cnbc more"><li class="header"><span>Follow CNBC</span></li><li class="sub-nav-menu"><ul class="more">																	<li class=" social ">
		<a href="https://www.facebook.com/cnbc"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more::104676629">
			
							<i class="webresource    fa fa-facebook"></i>
					</a>
	</li>
																	<li class=" social ">
		<a href="https://twitter.com/cnbc"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:more::104676629">
			
							<i class="webresource     fa fa-twitter"></i>
					</a>
	</li>
</ul></li></ul><ul class="more-internationalization more"><li class="site-set sub-nav-menu"><ul class=" more home-geo-container"><li class="header">EDITION</li></ul></li></ul><ul class="more-go-up more"><li class="go-up sub-nav-menu"><a href="javascript:void(0)"><i class="fa fa-chevron-circle-up fa-3"></i></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></li></ul>
<div id="featured-menu-container"><div id="login-container"><ul class="log-info" id="unreg-user"><li class="iconContainer login expandable"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="singleton"><i class="fa fa-user fa-2"></i></a><ul><li class="cnbcRegister"><a href="javascript:void(0);">Register</a></li><li><a id="signin" href="javascript:void(0);">Log In</a></li></ul></li></ul><ul id="reg-user" class="log-info hide"><li class="iconContainer login expandable"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="singleton"><i class="fa fa-user fa-2"></i></a><ul class='registered'><li><a href="//www.cnbc.com/account#profile">Profile</a></li><li><a href="//www.cnbc.com/account#newsletter">Email Preferences</a></li><li class="link-pro-user"><a href="//www.cnbc.com/account#pro">PRO</a></li><li><a id="signout" href="javascript:void(0);">Sign Out</a></li></ul></li></ul></div><ul class="log-info"><li class="pro"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:pro:pro:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/pro" data-onclick="#" class="expandable">Pro</a><ul><li class="viewall"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:pro:viewall:104676629" href="/pro">View All</a></li><li class="pro_franchise"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:pro:pro_franchise:104676629" href="/pro-story">News & Analysis</a></li><li class="provideo"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:pro:provideo:104676629" href="/pro-video">Video</a></li><li class="protalks"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:pro:protalks:104676629" href="/protalks">PRO Talks</a></li><li class="prouncut"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:pro:prouncut:104676629" href="/pro-uncut">PRO Uncut</a></li><li class="kensho"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:pro:kensho:104676629" href="/kensho">Kensho Stats</a></li><li class="take_tour"><a href='javascript:void(0)' id="pro-tour">Take a Tour</a></li><li class="subscribe2"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:pro:subscribe2:104676629" href="/application/pro">Subscribe</a></li></ul></li><li class="livetv"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:livetv:livetv:104676629" href="javascript:void(0)" data-onclick="#" class="expandable">LIVE TV</a><ul><li class="watch-cnbc-tv"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:livetv:watch-cnbc-tv:104676629" href="http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/">Watch CNBC TV</a></li><li class="watch-cnbc-pro"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:livetv:watch-cnbc-pro:104676629" href="//www.cnbc.com/application/pro">Watch CNBC Pro</a></li></ul></li><li class="watchlist"><a data-trkNavAttr="navigation:watchlist:watchlist:104676629" href="//watchlist.cnbc.com/"  class="singleton">Watchlist</a></li></ul></div><div id="quickLinks">	<a class="button" id="markets"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:top:markets:104676629"  href="//www.cnbc.com/markets/"><i class="fa fa-markets"></i></a>
	<a class="button" id="video"  data-trkNavAttr="navigation:top:video:104676629"  href="//www.cnbc.com/video/"><i class="fa fa-video"></i></a>
	<a class="button" id="quotesearch"  href="javascript:void(0),"><i class="fa fa-quotesearch"></i></a>
</div></nav></div></div><!--might not need this for make it--><div id="toPopup"><div class="close"><a class="btn_header">X</a></div><div id="popup_content"></div><!--your content end--></div><!--toPopup end--><div id="backgroundPopup"></div><!--might not need this for make it--></header>
<!-- END HEADER -->

                
                

                
                    

                


                


                
                                                    	<div id='cnbc-alert-container-breaking-news' class="news-alert breaking-news hide" >
	<div class="content">
		<div class="news-alert-container">
							<div class="news-alert-title">
					<h2 class="headline">
						<a class="alert-banner" id="breaking-news-link">
							<span class="alert-title"></span>
							<span class='alert-headline'></span>
						</a>
					</h2>
				</div>
					<div class="alert-close-button" id="breaking-news-close-button">&times</div>
				<div style="clear:both;"></div>
					</div>
	</div>
</div>

                                	<div id='cnbc-alert-container-pro-alert' class="news-alert pro-alert hide"  style="display: none;" >
	<div class="content">
		<div class="news-alert-container">
							<div class="news-alert-title">
					<h2 class="headline">
						<a class="alert-banner" id="pro-alert-link">
							<span class="alert-title"></span>
							<span class='alert-headline'></span>
						</a>
					</h2>
				</div>
					<div class="alert-close-button" id="pro-alert-close-button">&times</div>
				<div style="clear:both;"></div>
					</div>
	</div>
</div>

                                	<div id='cnbc-alert-container-watch-live' class="news-alert watch-live hide"  style="display: none;" >
	<div class="content">
		<div class="news-alert-container">
							<div class="news-alert-title">
					<h2 class="headline">
						<a class="alert-banner" id="watch-live-link">
							<span class="alert-title"></span>
							<span class='alert-headline'></span>
						</a>
					</h2>
				</div>
					<div class="alert-close-button" id="watch-live-close-button">&times</div>
				<div style="clear:both;"></div>
					</div>
	</div>
</div>

                                	<div id='cnbc-alert-container-watch-live-international' class="news-alert watch-live-international hide"  style="display: none;" >
	<div class="content">
		<div class="news-alert-container">
							<div class="news-alert-title">
					<h2 class="headline">
						<a class="alert-banner" id="watch-live-international-link">
							<span class="alert-title"></span>
							<span class='alert-headline'></span>
						</a>
					</h2>
				</div>
					<div class="alert-close-button" id="watch-live-international-close-button">&times</div>
				<div style="clear:both;"></div>
					</div>
	</div>
</div>

                                    

                
                

                
                
                

                <div class="cnbc-body " itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/NewsArticle">
                                                                                <!-- MPS iframe:ad -->
                    
  <!-- MPS iframe:ad -->
  
<div class="dart_wrapper dart_ads_noniframe_topbanner  badge-ad" id="dart_wrapper_topbanner">
	<script>
	var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.gptloaded=mps._queue.gptloaded||[];
	mps._queue.gptloaded.push(function() {
	  (mps && mps.insertAd && mps.insertAd('#dart_wrapper_topbanner', 'topbanner'));	
	});
	</script> 
</div>
  
  <!-- end of MPS iframe ad -->

                    
                    <!-- end of MPS iframe ad -->
                    
    
      
		<h2 class="cnbc-clearfix pagehead" id="page_header">
		 <div id="franchise-header-badge">
		
<div class="dart_wrapper dart_ads_noniframe_badgec  badge-ad" id="dart_wrapper_badgec">
	<script>
	var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.gptloaded=mps._queue.gptloaded||[];
	mps._queue.gptloaded.push(function() {
	  (mps && mps.insertAd && mps.insertAd('#dart_wrapper_badgec', 'badgec'));	
	});
	</script> 
</div>
	 </div>
									<a class="header_title last breadcrumb" href="/natural-disasters/">Natural Disasters</a>
		
					    	</h2>

  
    <div class="story-top"><div  class="story-header-left twoCol"><h1 class="title" itemprop="name" >The &#039;500-year&#039; flood, explained: why Houston was so underprepared for Hurricane Harvey</h1>
	<div class="source" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person">
					<span itemprop="name">Dara Lind</span>
			</div>

	
	<time class="datestamp"  itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2017-08-28T11:13:03-0400">	  
		Published 11:13  AM ET Mon, 28 Aug 2017
	</time>
			<time class="datestamp last-pub-date"  itemprop="dateModified" datetime="2017-08-28T13:28:50-0400">
			Updated   1:28  PM ET Mon, 28 Aug 2017
		</time>
	<a href="https://www.vox.com/" target="_blank"><span class="sourcelogo" id="sourcelogo-vox" itemprop="sourceOrganization">Vox</span></a></div><div class="story-header-right">
	<div>
		<div id="social_bar_top" class="gigyasharebar"></div>
		
			
	</div>
</div></div>
  
    
    <section class="cols2">
	    <div class="unit col1">
        
              

  
  
<article>
	<div class="story">
        		<div id="article_body" class="content">            

                                             
	




																
																	
			
							<div class="group-container ">
						
																																		

																																																							
			
			

			
																		

									
																							
																						
						
						
												
													
								<div class="inline-player">
									
<div class="pro-video-chapters fall" trkId="3000649229">
			<div class="handler" style="display:none;">
			<span>
				<span class="tag">show chapters</span><i class="fa fa-chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></i>
			</span>
		</div>
		<ul style="margin-bottom:-298px;display:none">
			</ul>
</div>

									<!-- new asset.tpl begin --><div id='player_0_104676629_0' class="asset  cnbcvideo imgasset desc_size600_400 featuredPromo" data-autoPlay="1">        <span itemscope  itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"  class="video-icon">
                    <a href='/video/2017/08/28/priority-in-hurricane-harvey-response-right-now-is-saving-lives-former-fema-deputy.html' data-VideoID='3000649229' data-VideoType='' class=''  >
                                                <img src="https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/img/editorial/2017/08/28/104676763-RTX3DGL5.600x400.jpg?v=1503935653" alt="A damaged house and car resulting from hurricane Harvey, August 26, 2017." title="Priority in Hurricane Harvey response right now is saving lives: Former FEMA deputy" width='600' height='400' />
                    
                </a>
         <meta itemprop="image" content="https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/img/editorial/2017/08/28/104676763-RTX3DGL5.jpg?v=1503935653" /><meta itemprop="width" content="width='600'" /><meta itemprop="height" content="height='400'" /><meta itemprop="datePublished" content="2017-08-28T11:54:13-0400" /><meta itemprop="dateCreated" content="2017-08-28T11:53:14-0400" /><meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2017-08-28T11:54:14-0400" /><meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2017-08-28T11:53:14-0400" /><meta itemprop="expires" content="2099-12-31" /> <!-- TODO: defaulting to 2099 until we get the expiry date from toolbelt --><meta itemprop="encodingFormat" content="jpg" /><meta itemprop="author" content="Rick Wilking | Reuters" /><meta itemprop="publisher" content="CNBC" /> <meta itemprop="caption" content="A damaged house and car resulting from hurricane Harvey, August 26, 2017." />          </span> 
    
        

    
		 

		
			<a href='/video/2017/08/28/priority-in-hurricane-harvey-response-right-now-is-saving-lives-former-fema-deputy.html' data-VideoID='3000649229' data-VideoType=''  class=' headline-overlay'    data-nodeID='104676677' >
    				<i class="fa fa-video"></i>
				

	<div class="headline"  >
				    	                 
            Priority in Hurricane Harvey response right now is saving lives: Former FEMA deputy<span class=" cnbc-font-icon icon-cnbc-video">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;
			                        <time> 1:28  PM ET Mon, 28 Aug 2017 |  03:22</time>	</div>
					
					

					</a>	 




</div><!-- new asset.tpl end -->
								</div>
													
									
			
			
														<div class="group" itemprop="articleBody">
																		<p>It's difficult to comprehend the scale of the flooding and devastation that Hurricane Harvey and its aftermath are wreaking on the <a href="/houston/">Houston</a> area. Weather experts call the storm <a class="inline_asset" href="https://www.vox.com/2017/8/27/16211428/harvey-flooding-houston-national-weather-service-tweet"> unprecedented</a>, and note that it's gone beyond even the most pessimistic forecasts. In the final reckoning, it's certain that Harvey will be classified a 500-year flood — and maybe even a 1,000-year flood.</p>
															
																													
		

												    														<p>But those terms can be a bit misleading — especially when high-profile people, like the president of the <a href="/united-states/">United States</a>, <a class="inline_asset" href="http://bit.ly/2xqM8op" title="http://bit.ly/2xqM8op">confuse the issue</a> by calling Harvey "a once in 500 year flood."</p>
															
																										    														<p>In theory, a 500-year flood is something that has a 1-in-500 shot of happening in any given year — in other words, the sort of event that's so rare that it might not make sense to plan around the possibility of it happening. The problem is that 500-year floods are happening more often than probability predicts — especially in Houston. And, especially in Houston, prevention planning hasn't evolved to acknowledge that a "500-year" flood isn't really a 1-in-500 chance anymore.</p>
															
																						<div id="inline_movable_ad"></div>
																			    														<p><strong>More from Vox: <br /></strong><a class="inline_asset" href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/8/27/16211642/hurricane-harvey-donations-charities-disaster-relief">Hurricane Harvey: where you can donate to help with disaster relief and recovery</a><br /><a class="inline_asset" href="https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/8/24/16198030/hurricane-harvey-2017-texas-gulf-corpus-christi-galveston-houston">Catastrophic flooding in Houston from Hurricane Harvey: what we know</a><br /><a class="inline_asset" href="https://www.vox.com/2017/8/27/16211124/hurricane-harvey-national-guard-search-and-rescue-houston">The military has been deployed to Houston to search for survivors</a></p>
															
																										    																</div>
					</div>
																	
																	
			
							<div class="group-container ">
												<h4 class="subtitle">&quot;500-year&quot; floods are based not on history, but on probability</h4>
										
			
			
			

			
						
			
														<div class="group" itemprop="articleBody">
																		<p>The severity of floods tends to get put in terms of years: a 100-year flood, a 500-year flood, a 1,000-year flood. But this isn't an assessment of "the worst flood in" that time — places like Houston don't actually have detailed weather records going back to 1017 AD, after all.</p>
															
																										    														<p>The lack of hundreds of years' worth of flood data is actually the reason we have the term <a class="inline_asset" href="https://training.fema.gov/hiedu/docs/hazrm/handout 3-5.pdf">"100-year" flood</a> to begin with. When the government decided to map flood-prone areas to improve the National Flood Insurance Program in the early 1970s, the maps couldn't just use the worst flood ever recorded in a given area to judge what a "bad flood" would look like — because some areas had more records than others, and besides, just because a bad flood hadn't happened yet didn't mean it couldn't.</p>
															
																										    														<p>Instead, the standard set for mapping flood-prone areas was a compromise between the existing Army Corps of Engineers standards for dams and levees, and the (much more modest) standards that most communities had set for flood prevention. The areas deemed at risk of a bad flood were the areas that had about a 1 percent chance of flooding in any given year: in other words, the areas that would flood approximately one year out of every 100.</p>
															
																										    														<p>A 500-year flood is based on the same principle: Experts estimate that in any given year, there's a 1-in-500 (0.2 percent) chance a flood this bad will strike a particular area. In theory, that means that over 500 years, that will happen once: so there will be one flood that bad over a 500-year period.</p>
															
																										    														<p>Of course, different areas flood at different frequencies. So how bad a flood has to get to qualify as a 1-in-500-year flood is going to vary depending on where you're judging it — and a flood will probably qualify as a "500-year" occurrence in some locations but not others. This table, for example, shows the flooding in various locations in the Houston area in April 2016. You can see that the flood reached 500-year levels in certain places, but in others it was the sort of event meteorologists would predict to happen every 10 years.</p>
															
																										    														<p>When it comes to planning for future floods, you have to get a little more abstract. So FEMA maps out 100- and 500-year "floodplains" — the places that would get flooded by the kind of rainfall that has a 1 percent chance (or 0.2 percent chance) of falling on an area in any given year.</p>
															
																										    														<p>But probability never works out perfectly in practice (as you know if you've ever flipped a coin twice and gotten heads or tails both times). And it's especially hard to get the probability of an event perfect when the circumstances keep changing — as they do when we're talking about weather events, which become more or less common depending on the underlying climate. And current climate change trends could easily increase the chance of bad flooding — there's more <blockquote class="embed-container twitter-tweet">
<a class="inline_asset" href="https://twitter.com/KHayhoe/status/900810732635336705" target="_self">water vapor in the atmosphere</a>
</blockquote>now (ready to condense into storm clouds and precipitation), for example, than there was 70 years ago.</p>
															
																										    														<p>As a result, FEMA has to keep updating its assessments of the floodplains — i.e., which locations should think of flooding as a 1 percent possibility, and which should think of it as something with a 0.2 percent chance of happening in any given year. The FEMA maps for Harris County had just been updated in late 2016. However, the city of Houston itself is working off a Hazard Mitigation Plan it developed in 2012 — based on where FEMA was <em>then </em>saying the city's 100-year and 500-year floodplains were located.</p>
															
																										    														<p>In the meantime, the reality of Houston's flooding has already shown the old models to be out of date. An area of West Houston called Memorial City, for example, was outside Houston's 500-year floodplain but <a class="inline_asset" href="https://www.upi.com/Boom-town-flood-town-How-Houstons-development-increases-flood-risk/9161481127606/"> flooded three times in the past decade</a>: in 2009, 2015, and 2016.</p>
															
																										    																</div>
					</div>
																	
																	
			
							<div class="group-container ">
												<h4 class="subtitle">It&#039;s hard to design policy around preventing damage for something with a 1-in-500 chance of occurring...</h4>
										
			
			
			

			
						
			
														<div class="group" itemprop="articleBody">
																		<p>Anti-flood policy tends to focus on 100-year floods, not 500-year ones. Many mortgage lenders require any homeowner living in a 100-year floodplain to buy flood insurance (homeowners with federally backed mortgages have to have flood insurance, as well). But homeowners living in a 500-year floodplain don't typically have to purchase flood insurance — after all, 500-to-1 odds are pretty long odds.</p>
															
																										    														<p>Similarly, it's hard to make city policies to prepare for remote events. In Houston, for example, the city's current Hazard Mitigation Plan calls to discourage people from building homes in the 100-year floodplain, but it doesn't say anything about the 500-year floodplain.</p>
															
																										    														<p>There's a simple, probability-based reason for this. Everything that a person (or city) can do carries some amount of risk, and if a city prevents any activity that might be risky, it won't be able to allow people to build new houses at all. So if something really only has a 1-in-500 chance of occurring, it's not necessarily logical to force people to change their plans because of it.</p>
															
																										    																</div>
					</div>
																	
																	
			
							<div class="group-container ">
												<h4 class="subtitle">...but certain areas are seeing &quot;500-year&quot; floods pretty frequently these days</h4>
										
			
			
			

			
						
			
														<div class="group" itemprop="articleBody">
																		<p>What if storms happen more often than probability suggests they would, though? What if a place gets hit with more than one 100-year storm over a 10-year period — or even in consecutive years?</p>
															
																										    														<p>The US appears to be getting hit with major storms with unusual frequency. From August 2015 to August 2016, there were eight 500-year flood events recorded by the National Weather Service. There were six "1,000-year" floods in the US over the five years from 2010 to 2014; in 2015 and 2016, though, there were at least three each year.</p>
															
																										    														<p>Looking at the US as a whole can be a bit misleading — it's a big country, and probability suggests that if there are a few thousand flood-prone locations around the country, a few places a year will experience 1-in-1,000 events. But what's more suggestive are the places that keep getting hit with the kind of severe flooding that's supposed to be uncommon — places like Houston.</p>
															
																										    														<p>Tomball, Texas, Public Works director David Esquivel <a class="inline_asset" href="https://communityimpact.com/houston/tomball-magnolia/city-county/2017/03/02/cities-counties-take-steps-prepare-flood-season/"> told a local paper there this year</a> that the Houston area had "two 500-year storms back to back": over Memorial Day weekend of 2015 and early April 2016. That means that Hurricane Harvey constitutes the third "500-year" flood in three years.</p>
															
																										    														<p>Theoretically, the odds of a 1-in-500 event occurring three straight times are one in 125 million. Because Houston is a big city and the same spots aren't necessarily reaching 500-year levels each time, those odds don't <em>quite</em>apply — but we're still, as the Memorial City example shows, talking about events that FEMA estimates to be vanishingly unlikely.</p>
															
																										    														<p>Either Houston is incredibly unlucky or the risk of severe flooding is a lot more serious than the FEMA modeling has predicted — and the odds of a flood as bad as the ones Houston has seen for the past few years are actually much higher than 1 in 500.</p>
															
																										    														<p>Houston isn't the only city to get hit by "historic" floods with rapid frequency. Cedar Rapids, Iowa, got hit with a 500-year flood in 2008, followed by a 100-year flood in 2016.</p>
															
																										    														<p>After the 2008 flood, the city <a class="inline_asset" href="http://www.sasaki.com/blog/view/849/">worked to develop a central greenway</a> that could be used to protect residents from future floods, and a plan to put up temporary barriers. That plan worked to mitigate the damage done by the 100-year flood of 2016. But <a class="inline_asset" href="http://www.thegazette.com/subject/news/flood-2016/lessons-learned-from-floods-of-2008-helped-cedar-rapids-this-time-20160930"> city officials acknowledged</a> that if they'd been hit with a second 500-year flood in nine years, their planning wouldn't have been sufficient to protect them.</p>
															
																										    																</div>
					</div>
																	
																	
			
							<div class="group-container last">
												<h4 class="subtitle">Houston wasn&#039;t even prepared for a 15-year flood</h4>
										
			
			
			

			
						
			
														<div class="group" itemprop="articleBody">
																		<p>Houston is not Cedar Rapids. For nearly a decade — ever since Hurricane Ike narrowly missed Houston in 2008 — city and state officials and experts have been warning that Houston wasn't even prepared for a 15-year storm.</p>
															
																										    														<p>In 2016, <a class="inline_asset" href="https://www.texastribune.org/hell-and-high-water/">ProPublica and the Texas Tribune</a> collaborated on a project detailing how bad the damage from an Ike-caliber storm would be — and how little Houston had done to mitigate it. "We've done nothing to shore up the coastline, to add resiliency ... to do anything," Phil Bedient, a Rice University professor who co-directs the Storm Surge Prediction, Education, and Evacuation from Disasters (SSPEED) Center, told ProPublica.</p>
															
																										    														<p>Even the things the city of Houston was trying to do weren't working — the mitigation plan called to discourage building within the 100-year floodplain, but 7,000 homes were built since 2010 in low-lying areas of the city. And while the Army Corps of Engineers and Harris County had <a class="inline_asset" href="https://www.projectbrays.org/about-project-brays/">launched a partnership</a> to widen channels and build bridges in the Brays Bayou area to reduce the impact of flooding, the city was unable to muster the resources to build new seawall or floodgates — which Bedient and other experts agreed would be needed to mitigate the damage of a 100-year or 500-year storm.</p>
															
																										    														<p>In April 2017, George P. Bush, the commissioner of the Texas General Land Office, <a class="inline_asset" href="http://www.glo.texas.gov/the-glo/news/press-releases/2017/april/images/presidenttrumpcoastalletter.pdf?utm_source=Trump+letter&amp;utm_campaign=Trump+letter&amp;utm_medium=email"> wrote to the White House</a> asking President Trump to allocate $15 billion for a "coastal barrier system" to protect Houston and Galveston — what the press called a "hurricane wall."</p>
															
																										    														<p>The proposed system was designed to a "100-year-flood" standard, not a 500-year-flood one. But it still likely would have been better than what the city currently has.</p>
															
																										    														<p>In 2015, Bedient <a class="inline_asset" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2015/09/the-disaster-next-time/403063/"> told the Atlantic's David Graham</a> that "I'm actually fairly optimistic that something will be done, because it needs to be done." But when Graham <a class="inline_asset" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2017/08/hurricane-harvey-predictions/537933/"> interviewed him the week before Harvey hit</a>, Bedient conceded that "something" hadn't turned into much. "I don't think much has been done to mitigate flooding in the past two years," he told Graham.</p>
															
																										    														<p>In other words, for two years in a row, Houston saw 500-year floods and didn't do enough to prepare for the next one. Now it's dealing with what could be a 1,000-year flood — the sort of storm that no city could ever prepare for, but that could absolutely cripple a city that wasn't even prepared for a much smaller and more common disaster.</p>
															
																										    														<p>If 500-year floods actually came only once every 500 years, Houston's reaction would be understandable. But it's clear that something is deeply wrong with how the US judges flooding risk. And when floods are hitting a city 500 times more often than probability predicts, it's reasonable to expect that local and federal officials will start taking the possibility of the next "500-year" storm as something that could come next year.</p>
															
																										    																</div>
					</div>
	
            		</div>

         
        
        
		        

        <div id="taboola_article_you_may_like">
        <script>
    var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.mpsinit=mps._queue.mpsinit||[]; 
    mps._queue.mpsinit.push(function() { 
      mps.insertComponent('#taboola_article_you_may_like', 'taboola-article-you-may-like') 
    }); 
</script>
        </div>
    </div>
</article>




    
   

  
          <div><div id="social-tools-panel"></div></div>
      

  
              

  
          <div id="mps_article_insert_footer">
        <script>
    var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.mpsinit=mps._queue.mpsinit||[]; 
    mps._queue.mpsinit.push(function() { 
      mps.insertComponent('#mps_article_insert_footer', 'article-insert-footer') 
    }); 
</script>
      </div>
      

  
  
    		<div class="adcom_wrapper" id="ad-com-content-one">
		 <script>
    var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.mpsinit=mps._queue.mpsinit||[]; 
    mps._queue.mpsinit.push(function() { 
      mps.insertComponent('#ad-com-content-one', 'ad.com-content-one') 
    }); 
</script>
	</div>

  

  


  
          
		


	


      


      
  
		


	


  
  

  
				
					

  
  
  
  
</div>
	    <div class="unit col2">
			

    			

	


	
	<div class="sbc_wrapper" id="sbc-rightrail">
    <script>
    var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.mpsinit=mps._queue.mpsinit||[]; 
    mps._queue.mpsinit.push(function() { 
      mps.insertComponent('#sbc-rightrail', 'sbc-rightrail') 
    }); 
</script>
</div>
			
<div class="dart_wrapper dart_ads_noniframe_topflex  badge-ad" id="dart_wrapper_topflex">
	<script>
	var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.gptloaded=mps._queue.gptloaded||[];
	mps._queue.gptloaded.push(function() {
	  (mps && mps.insertAd && mps.insertAd('#dart_wrapper_topflex', 'topflex'));	
	});
	</script> 
</div>
				<div class="adcom_wrapper" id="ad-com-rightrail-top">
		 <script>
    var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.mpsinit=mps._queue.mpsinit||[]; 
    mps._queue.mpsinit.push(function() { 
      mps.insertComponent('#ad-com-rightrail-top', 'ad.com-rightrail-top') 
    }); 
</script>
	</div>

	
			<div id="prtnr_mod_stories"></div>
		<div id="prtnr_mod_money"></div>
			
			<div id="article-insert-sidebar">
		<script>
    var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.mpsinit=mps._queue.mpsinit||[]; 
    mps._queue.mpsinit.push(function() { 
      mps.insertComponent('#article-insert-sidebar', 'article-insert-sidebar') 
    }); 
</script>
		</div>
	

 

 


	

 	

 

 

 

 


	<!-- empty container to move promo medium here for xfinity experience page -->
	<div id="promo_medium_section_bottom"></div>


 


								
            
        	    	    	    	    		    		
    		
    			
                    			                <div class="widget">
					<div id="chartbeatWidget_102535788" class="chartbeat_data_module"></div>
	


	</div>
                    
    
			


			<div class="adcom_wrapper" id="ad-com-rightrail-bottom">
		 <script>
    var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.mpsinit=mps._queue.mpsinit||[]; 
    mps._queue.mpsinit.push(function() { 
      mps.insertComponent('#ad-com-rightrail-bottom', 'ad.com-rightrail-bottom') 
    }); 
</script>
	</div>

			<div id="movable_box_ad_target"></div>
	
	</div>
    </section>
    
    


                                        
                    
                                                                                            <div class="loaderOverlayMobile" style="position:absolute !important;left:-3000px;top:-3000px;"><p><img src=//sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/img/loader-2.gif></img></p></div>
                        <div class="player-lazy-loaded-mobile">
                          
<div class="tpContainer">
	<div class="tpLayout">
		<div class="tpPlayer" id="player"
			tp:allowFullScreen="true"
			tp:skinUrl="https://sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/ThePlatform/pdk/skins/cnbc/cnbc.json"
			tp:showNav="false"
			tp:allowRss="true"
			tp:ccflag ="0"
			tp:ccdefaults = '{"textAlign" : "left","fontSize" : 2}'
							tp:layoutUrl="//sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/ThePlatform/data/cnbc_layout_universal.xml"
						tp:allowLink="true"
			tp:showFullTime="true"
			tp:controlBackgroundColor="0x131313"
			tp:backgroundColor="0x131313"
			tp:controlFrameColor="0x545759"
			tp:frameColor="0x545759"
			tp:textBackgroundColor="0x000000"
			tp:controlHighlightColor="0xbbbbbb"
			tp:controlHoverColor="0xFFFFFF"
			tp:loadProgressColor="0x5D9070"
			tp:controlSelectedColor="0x808080"
			tp:playProgressColor="0x00CCFF"
			tp:scrubberFrameColor="0x00CCFF"
			tp:controlColor="0x808080"
			tp:textColor="0xCCCCCC"
			tp:scrubberColor="0xBEBEBE"
			tp:scrubTrackColor="0xBEBEBE"
			tp:pageBackgroundColor="0x131313"
			tp:controlDisabledColor="0x808080"
			tp:showBitrate="true"
			tp:showCopyright="true"
			tp:carouselAutoPlay="false"
			tp:showSubtitles="true"
			tp:cnbcPlayerType="article"
			tp:showCarousel="false"
			tp:endCard="none"
									tp:plugin13="type=control|URL=https://sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/ThePlatform/pdk/swf/CNBCAdBannerPlugIn.swf"
						tp:plugin12="type=control|URL=https://sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/ThePlatform/pdk/swf/CNBCMiniScrubberPlugIn.swf"
															tp:plugin9="type=tracking|url=https://secure-dcr.imrworldwide.com/novms/tp/3/ggtp500.js|priority=1|vcid=c14|clientid=us-800148"
									tp:plugin0="type=tracking|url=https://sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/ThePlatform/samples/cnbc/plugins/newrelic-video-theplatform.min.js?vn=3"
						tp:showMetadata="true"
			tp:plugin1="type=tracking|url=https://secure-us.imrworldwide.com/novms/tp/3/ggtp390.swf|clientid=us-800148|vcid=c14"
						tp:plugin2="type=tracking|url=https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/c2/plugins/streamsense_plugin_theplatform.swf|c2=1000004|priority=1|persistentlabels=c4%3DCNBC.com VOD"
			tp:plugin3="type=tracking|url=https://sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/ThePlatform/samples/cnbc/plugins/streamsense_plugin_theplatform.js?vn=4|c2=1000004|priority=1|persistentlabels=c4%3DCNBC.com VOD"
						tp:plugin4="type=adcomponent|url=https://pdk.theplatform.com/5.7.15/pdk/swf/freewheel.swf|playerProfileHTML5=169843%3Anbcu_mobileweb_js_cs_moat_https|siteSectionId=cnbc_inline_vod|pemURLsSeparator=%2C|isLive=false|customVideoAssetIdField=externalAdvertiserId|networkId=169843|exitFullscreenOnPause=false|priority=1|playerProfileFlash=169843%3Anbcu_cnbc_web_flash_moat_https|adManagerUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmssl.fwmrm.net%2Fp%2Fnbcu_live%2FAdManager.%7Bext%7D|serverUrl=https%3A%2F%2F29773.v.fwmrm.net%2Fad%2Fp%2F1|playerProfile=nbcu_mobileweb_js_cs_moat_https"
			tp:plugin5="type=adcomponent|url=https://sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/ThePlatform/samples/cnbc/plugins/freewheel_EM-1566.js|playerProfileHTML5=169843%3Anbcu_mobileweb_js_cs_moat_https|siteSectionId=cnbc_inline_vod|pemURLsSeparator=%2C|customVideoAssetIdField=externalAdvertiserId|networkId=169843|exitFullscreenOnPause=false|priority=1|playerProfileFlash=169843%3Anbcu_cnbc_web_flash_moat_https|adManagerUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fmssl.fwmrm.net%2Fp%2Fnbcu_live%2FAdManager.%7Bext%7D|serverUrl=https%3A%2F%2F29773.v.fwmrm.net|playerProfile=nbcu_mobileweb_js_cs_moat_https"
						>
			<noscript class="tpError">To view this site, you need to have JavaScript enabled in your browser, and either the Flash Plugin or an HTML5-Video enabled browser. Download <a href="http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer/" target="_black">the latest Flash player</a> and try again.</noscript>
		</div>
	</div>
</div>
					 

                            <div class="docked-card metadata">
                               <div class="metadata-status">
                                   <p class="label">Playing</p>
                                   <h3 class="headline"></h3>
                                   <img id="social_tools_player_docked_share" class="share" src="//sc.cnbcfm.com/applications/cnbc.com/staticcontent/img/playerAssets/social-icon-share-2x.png" alt="">
                               </div>
                               <div class="dockable-share-card">
                                   <p class="label_share">Share this video...</p>
                                   <div id="dockable-social-tools"></div>
                                   <div id="dockable-cnbc-share-url" class="cnbc-input"></div>
                                   <div class="close-button"><span>&times;</span></div>
                               </div>
                                <div class="dockable-end-card">
                                    <p class="label">Watch Next...</p>
                                    <h3 class="headline"></h3>
                                </div>
                            </div>

                        </div>
                                                            </div>

                

                
                
                    

    
        						
        
                                    
        
        
        
                
        
                
        
        
		


                
                
                 
                
                    

                
                
					                                                                          <!-- BEGIN Footer -->
<footer class="cnbc-new-footer-res"><div class="sec-footer-wrapper" id="cnbc-footer-responsive" data-fragmentLazyLoad="true"><div class="sec-footer-container"><div class="sec-footer-links"><ul><li><div id="oba-link-container" style="display:inline;"></div></li></ul></div></div></div></footer>
<!-- END FOOTER -->

                
                
            </div>

            
                <div id="movable_box_ad_container" class="hide">
                    
<div class="dart_wrapper dart_ads_noniframe_movablebox  badge-ad" id="dart_wrapper_movablebox">
	<script>
	var mps=mps||{}; mps._queue=mps._queue||{}; mps._queue.gptloaded=mps._queue.gptloaded||[];
	mps._queue.gptloaded.push(function() {
	  (mps && mps.insertAd && mps.insertAd('#dart_wrapper_movablebox', 'movablebox'));	
	});
	</script> 
</div>
                </div>
            

        <!-- END FRAME -->
        
<script id="twitter-wjs" type="text/javascript" async defer src="//platform.twitter.com/widgets.js"></script>
        <script type="text/javascript">
            CNBC_Settings = {
    baseurls : {"register_base":"https://register.cnbc.com","login_base":"https://login.cnbc.com","show_schedule_service_base":"http://compass.cnbc.com/compass/xml/nextshow","cnbc_prod_urls":"pub.app20.cnbc.com|pub.app21.cnbc.com|pub.app22.cnbc.com|pub.app23.cnbc.com|pub.app24.cnbc.com|pub.app25.cnbc.com|pub.app26.cnbc.com|pub.app27.cnbc.com|pub.app28.cnbc.com","syndication_base":"http://syndication.cnbc.com/","bb_rhythmvideo_url_base":"rtsp://cnbc.rtsp.rnmd.net:554/adservice/","rhythm_siteid":"cnbc_web","optional_optin":"101","surf_base":"https://surf.nbcuni.com","pub_base_protocol_agnostic":"//www.cnbc.com","upLynk_service_base_url":"//vapi.cnbc.com/videoservice/getstream.do?partnerId=14","upLynk_default_live_channel":"UPLYNK-US","video_token_timestamp":"60","twitter_platform_base":"//platform.twitter.com","vapi_partner_service_base_url":"//vapi.cnbc.com/videoservice/getstream.do?partnerId=20071","php_vapi_service_base_url":"/services/phvapi?channel=","cnbc_base_secure":"https://www.cnbc.com","sc_base_protocol_agnostic":"//sc.cnbcfm.com","quoteservicebase":"//quote.cnbc.com/quote-html-webservice/quote.htm","chartbase":"//api-chart.cnbc.com/api/chart/chart.asp","cnbc_base":"//www.cnbc.com","static_content_base":"//sc.cnbcfm.com","ticker_base":"//ticker.cnbc.com","comments_base":"//comments.cnbc.com/comments","watchlist_base":"//watchlist.cnbc.com","detail_quote_base":"//www.cnbc.com/quotes/","symlookup_base":"//symlookup.cnbc.com","searchbase":"//search.cnbc.com/rs/search/view.html","itv_quote_url":"//quote.cnbc.com/quote-html-webservice/quote.htm?requestMethod=itv&exthrs=1&noform=1&fund=1&output=jsonp&&extendedMask=1&partnerId=2&symbols=","advanced_symlookup_URL":"//www.cnbc.com/id/15837272?q=","baseFeed":"//feed.theplatform.com/f/gZWlPC/CNBC_prod_global","poll_base":"https://www-aws.cnbc.com/services/polls","detailedquotebasenative":"//data.cnbc.com/quotes/","cnbcvideo_url_base":"//www.cnbc.com/video/","detailed_quote_base_http_only":"https://data.cnbc.com/quotes/","cnbcvideo_url_base_http_only":"https://www.cnbc.com/video/","cnbc_base_http_only":"https://www.cnbc.com","premium_video_feed":"//www.cnbc.com/id/46/services/premium/video/data?token=","wsod_api_base_url":"https://api-chart.cnbc.com","pro_base":"//www.cnbc.com/application/pro","detailedquotebase":"//www.cnbc.com/quotes/?symbol=","cnbc_base_host":"cnbc.com","theplatform_pdk_base":"//pdk.theplatform.com/5.7.15/pdk/tpPdk.js","amp_video_origin":"amp-video.cnbc.com","nid":101},
	wl360CoreServicesBaseUrl: 'https://wl.cnbc.com/wl/api/',
	wl360ResourceBundleUrl: 'https://register.cnbc.com/svc/api/message',
	wl360ResourceBundleAppKey: 'common_messages',
	wl360ServiceTimeout: 9000,
	wl360QuoteApiUrl: 'https://quote.cnbc.com/quote-html-webservice/',
	wl360EnableAddToWatchlist: '1',
	wl360PartnerId: 14,
	surf_key : 'cnbc',
	mobileQuotePageRefreshInterval: '900',
	mobileQuoteBlurRefreshInterval: '0',
	regionConfig: {"USA":{"edition":"USA","nid":"100746233","link":"/","name":"U.S. Edition", "msgName":"U.S.","mobileMsgName":"U.S.","mobileAlternate":"WORLD", "menuName":"U.S."},"WORLD":{"edition":"WORLD","nid":"100746255","link":"/id/100746255","name":"INTL Edition","msgName":"new international","mobileMsgName":"International","mobileAlternate":"USA", "menuName":"INTL"}},
	searchPartnerId: '2000',	
	chartbeat_service : '102527204',
	chartbeat_service_data : '',
	chartbeat_refresh_interval : '300',
	webQuotePageRefreshInterval: '600',
	webQuoteBlurRefreshInterval: '60',
	surf_on : 'on',
	templateName: 'story_simple',
	isNative: '',
	productName: 'web'
		,dockPlayer: '1'
			,video_gallery_config: {"double_tray_first_tray":"0","double_tray_all_trays":"0","sliding_tab":"1","is_universal_player":"1","full_episodes_links":"[{ 'fastmoney': { 'icon': 'icon-fast-money' ,'url': 'http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/fast-money'},'madmoney': { 'icon': 'icon-mad-money' ,'url': 'http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/mad-money'},'americangreed': { 'icon': 'icon-prime' ,'url': 'http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/american-greed'},'cnbcoriginals': { 'icon': 'icon-prime'  ,'url': 'http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/cnbc-originals'}, 'consumedtherealrestaurantbusiness': { 'icon': 'icon-prime'  ,'url': 'http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/consumed-the-real-restaurant-business'}, 'restaurantstartup': { 'icon': 'icon-prime'  ,'url': 'http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/restaurant-startup'}, 'secretlivesofthesuperrich': { 'icon': 'icon-prime'  ,'url': 'http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/secret-lives-of-the-super-rich'}, 'sharktank': { 'icon': 'icon-prime'  ,'url': 'http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/shark-tank'}, 'theprofit': { 'icon': 'icon-prime'  ,'url': 'http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv/the-profit'}}]","watch_live_tv":"http://www.cnbc.com/live-tv"}
			,pageNodeId: 104676629  // this property added for consistancy with Desktop, `nodeId` is depricated and must be retired
			,nodeType: 'partnerstory'
						,franchise : {
		  id: '10000980',
		  title: 'Natural Disasters'
		}
				,homepageTrackingConfig:{header:true, footer:true, lead:true, secondaryLead:true, view:true, topicTown:true, dontMiss:true, marketData:true, madMoney:true, futuresNow:true, mostPopular:true, currencies:true, market:true, tradingNation:true}
				,is_universal_live_player: 1
				,brand: "cnbc"
		,jsVersion: "520"
};
                    </script>

        
																																																																																																																																																															<script type="text/javascript">
	CNBC_Settings.tags = ["United States","Houston","Catastrophe","Weather","Science","US: News","Natural Disasters"];
</script>



                    <script type="text/javascript" src="//pdk.theplatform.com/5.7.15/pdk/tpPdk.js"></script>
                          <script type="text/javascript" src="https://surf.nbcuni.com/rdk/surf.js.php" data-rdk-url="/rdk/" data-config-key="cnbc"></script>
                
        <script type="text/javascript">
                        	
                        
                








            
            	        	                	                
																			
			
	

	        
            

            
            
            
	

            	
					
			

	        	            
	        
			

			
		
            
		
            
                                                
                            
			
            
            /* JSInits */

            
                    
    

            

						

            			     		

                          
            
                window.cnbc = window.cnbc || {};
window.cnbc.pageModules = (window.cnbc.pageModules || []).concat([
	    {
	moduleId : 'xfinityExperienceSurf',
	initOn : 'load'
}
    ,	    {
	  'moduleId' : 'socialBar',
	  'initOn' : 'load',
	  'initData' : {
	  	templateName : 'story_simple',
	  	gigya_api_key : '2_Jx5rsFp18pauXYlKGzHQVpbahcR1iJ30bbyfqZsn69A6vbt3dQ7gYFCESWKMM1sP',
			socialBarTitle : 'Why Houston was so underprepared for \'500-year flood\' Hurricane Harvey',
			containerID: 'social-tools-panel',
			pos : 'bottom',
		}
	}
    ,	    {
	moduleId : 'scrollPanel',
	initOn : 'load',
	initData : {
 		container: 'social-tools-panel' // element that will contain tabs. value can be a string (must be an element's ID), a DOM element or jQuery object -- Required
 		,transTime:50
		,respectiveContainer: true
		,hideIndex: true
	}
}
    ,	    {
	  'moduleId' : 'socialBar',
	  'initOn' : 'load',
	  'initData' : {
	  	templateName : 'story_simple',
	  	gigya_api_key : '2_Jx5rsFp18pauXYlKGzHQVpbahcR1iJ30bbyfqZsn69A6vbt3dQ7gYFCESWKMM1sP',
			socialBarTitle : 'Why Houston was so underprepared for \'500-year flood\' Hurricane Harvey',
			containerID: 'social_bar_top',
			pos : 'top',
		}
	}
    ,	    {
	moduleId : 'tableSorter',
	initOn : 'view',
	moduleDomSelector : 'table.csvData, article table.quoteTable'
}
    ,	    {
		moduleId : 'Polls',
		initOn : 'load'
	}
    ,	    {
	moduleId : 'TaboolaRecirculationModule',
	
		initOn : 'load',
	
	initData : {
		
			taboola_url : '//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/cnbc/loader.js'
		
		,taboolaParam: ''
	}
}
    ,	    {
	moduleId : 'TwitterPlatform',
	
		initOn : 'view',
		moduleDomSelector : '.twitter-timeline, .twitter-tweet'
	
}
    ,	    {
		moduleId : 'chartbeatMostPopular',
		initOn : 'view',
		moduleDomSelector : '#chartbeatWidget_102535788',
		initData : {
			refreshInterval : 300,
			chartbeatUrl : '//www.cnbc.com/id/102535788/services/mostpopular',
			containerId: 'chartbeatWidget_102535788'	,
			templateName: 'story_simple'		
		}
	}
    ,	    {
      moduleId : 'englargedImage',
      initOn : 'load',
      initData : {
      }
    }
    ,	    {
		moduleId: 'desktopVideoPlayer',
		
				initOn: 'load',
		
		moduleDomSelector: 'div.cnbcvideo.featuredPromo',
		initData: {
			playerId: 'player'
			,baseFeed: '//feed.theplatform.com/f/gZWlPC/CNBC_prod_global'
			,defaultVideoId: ''
			,relativeVideos: false
			,premiumUser : ''
			,premiumContent : ''
			,proTabData: '0'
			,premiumFeedUrl: '//www.cnbc.com/id/46/services/premium/video/data?token='
			,errorMsgContainerHTML: '<div class="player-error-placeholder"><div class="error-msg"><p>YOUR BROWSER IS NOT SUPPORTED.</p><p><a href="//www.cnbc.com/id/101957793" target="_blank">Please upgrade to watch video.</a></p></div></div>'
			,videoErrorMsgContainerHTML: '<div class="player-error-placeholder"><div class="error-msg"><p>The requested video is unable to play.</p><p>The video does not exist in the system.</p></div></div>'
			,marketingPageURL: 'https://www.cnbc.com/application/pro'
			,adblockErrorMsgContainerHTML: '<div class="player-error-placeholder"><div class="error-msg"><p>We’re not able to play this video if an ad blocker is enabled.</p><p>Please disable your ad blocker on CNBC and reload the page to start the video.</p></div></div>'
			,product: 'inlineDesktop'
			,mutedAutoplay: false
		}
	}
    ,	    {
			moduleId : 'tinypassConfig',
			initOn : 'load',
			initData : {
				    "config": {       "aid": "o19WonOrHQ",       "rid": "PRO",       "endpoint": "https://buy.tinypass.com/api/v3",       "trackPages": true,       "debug" : false,       "signUpPage": "/pro-login-page"    },
       			"product": "web",
       			"templateName": "story_simple",
       			"containerSelector": "articlePayload",
       			"contentSection": "Natural Disasters",
       			"contentAuthor": "",
       			"contentCreated": "2017-08-28T11:13:03-0400"
				}
		}
    ,	    {
	moduleId : 'signin',
	initOn : 'load',
	initData : {
		source : 'default',
		flow : 'header'
	}
}
    ,	    {
            		moduleId : 'pageVideoMetaData',
            		initOn : 'load'
            	}
    ,	    {
        
            moduleId : 'internationalization',
        
        
            initOn : 'load',
           
        initData : {
            config    : {"USA":{"edition":"USA","nid":"100746233","link":"/","name":"U.S. Edition", "msgName":"U.S.","mobileMsgName":"U.S.","mobileAlternate":"WORLD", "menuName":"U.S."},"WORLD":{"edition":"WORLD","nid":"100746255","link":"/id/100746255","name":"INTL Edition","msgName":"new international","mobileMsgName":"International","mobileAlternate":"USA", "menuName":"INTL"}}
            
        }
    }
    ,	    {
	  moduleId : 'symbolLookup',
	  initOn : 'focus mouseover',
	  moduleDomSelector : '.symbol-search input'
	}
    ,	    {
		moduleId : 'navigation',
		initOn : 'load'
	}
    ,	    {
	moduleId : 'footerdefault',
	initOn : 'view',
	moduleDomSelector : '#cnbc-footer-responsive'
}
    ,	    {
			moduleId : 'quoteStreaming',
			initOn : 'load',
			initData : {
				showInlineQuotes : false,
				showTableChart : true,
				showFutureChart : false,
				showTickerChart : false,
				showTickerNG : false,
				showTableChartNG : false,
				chartApiUrl : '//api-chart.cnbc.com/api/chart/chart.asp',
				quoteService : '//quote.cnbc.com/quote-html-webservice/quote.htm',
				quoteServiceParams : 'requestMethod=quick&exthrs=1&noform=1&fund=1&output=jsonp&symbols=',
				partnerId : 2,
				quoteUrl : '//quote.cnbc.com/quote-html-webservice/quote.htm' + '?partnerId=' + 2 + '&' + 'requestMethod=quick&exthrs=1&noform=1&fund=1&output=jsonp&symbols=',
				futureQuoteUrl : '//quote.cnbc.com/quote-html-webservice/fvquote.htm',
				futureQuoteParams : 'requestMethod=quick&noform=1&realtime=0&client=fairValue&output=jsonp&symbols=',
				futureUrl :  '//quote.cnbc.com/quote-html-webservice/fvquote.htm' + '?' + 'requestMethod=quick&noform=1&realtime=0&client=fairValue&output=jsonp&symbols=',
				settings : {
					streaming : true,
					streamingInterval : 10000
				}
			}
		}
    ,	    {
	moduleId : 'tabletFriendlyTouch',
	initOn : 'load'
}
    ,	    {
	  'moduleId' : 'lazyLoadFunctions',
      'initOn' : 'load'
	}
    ,	    {
                	moduleId : 'alerts',
                	initOn : 'load',
                	initData : {
                		alertInterval : 30,
						playerurl : '/watch-live-universal?forceStreamAkamai=true&premium=1&popout=true&autoplay=true&',
                        isMobile : false
					}
                }
    ,	    {
				moduleId : 'proAccountNotification',
				initOn : 'load'
			}
    ,	    {
    	moduleId : 'persistentSiteHeader',
    	initOn : 'load',
    	initData : {
    		product : 'web',
    		products : {
    			web : 'web',
    			mobile : 'mobile-touch'
    		}
    	}
    }
    ,	    {
	moduleId : 'lazyloadFragment',
	initOn : 'load'	
}
    ,	    {
	moduleId : 'lazyImageLoader',
	initOn : 'load'
}
    	]);
            

            </script>
        
		  <script id="javascript-lazy-loader" data-loader-url="https://js.cnbcfm.com/minify/js" type="text/javascript" src="https://js.cnbcfm.com/minify/js?modules=core&vn=520"></script>
		

        <!--  Scripts from the skin -->
                    							    		    			    				    				
					    						    					      			       		    				
					    						    					      			       		    				
					    						    					      			       		    				
					    						    					      			       		    				
					    						    					      			       		    				
					    						    					      			       		    				
					    						    					      			       		    				
					    						    					      			       		       		    		    			    				    				
					    						    					      			       		       		    				
                <!-- End of Scripts from the skin -->

        <!-- Global insert_cmsfooter -->
        <!-- MPS Global Footer Insert BEGIN -->
<!-- Start BounceX Tag -->
        <script>
        (function(d) {
            var e = d.createElement('script');
            e.src = d.location.protocol + '//bounceexchange.com/tag/1021/i.js';
            e.async = true;
            d.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(e);
        }(document));
        </script>
<!-- End BounceX Tag -->

<!-- Quantcast Tag -->
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
  mps._queue.mpsloaded.push(function(){
    mps._log('**** LOADED: Quantcast - cnbc-global-footer-insert');
    if (window.mps) {
        var _qevents = _qevents || [];

        function nbcQuantcast() {
        var lb = "CNBC";
        lb+=(typeof mps.pagevars.cats[1] =="string" && mps.pagevars.cats[1].length > 0) ? ".Section." + mps.pagevars.cats[1]:"";
        lb+=(typeof mps.pagevars.cats[2] =="string" && mps.pagevars.cats[2].length > 0) ? ",CNBC." + "Sub Section." + mps.pagevars.cats[2]:"";
        return lb;
        }

        (function() {
        var elem = document.createElement('script');
        elem.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://secure" : "http://edge") + ".quantserve.com/quant.js";
        elem.async = true;
        elem.type = "text/javascript";
        var scpt = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
        scpt.parentNode.insertBefore(elem, scpt);
        })();

        _qevents.push({
            qacct:"p-9eJ8k4iSzux46",
            labels: nbcQuantcast()
        });
    }
  });
 });
</script>

<noscript>
<div style="display:none;">
<img src="//pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-9eJ8k4iSzux46.gif" border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="Quantcast"/>
</div>
</noscript>
<!-- End Quantcast tag -->
<!-- START Parse.ly Include: DOM-Free -->
<script>
(function(d) {
  var site = CNBC_Settings.baseurls.cnbc_base_host||"cnbc.com", // replace with the domain of your site (e.g. parsely.com)
      b = d.body,
      e = d.createElement("div");
  e.innerHTML = '<span id="parsely-cfg" data-parsely-site="'+site+'"></span>';
  e.id = "parsely-root";
  e.style.display = "none";
  b.appendChild(e);
})(document);
(function(s, p, d) {
  var h=d.location.protocol, i=p+"-"+s,
      e=d.getElementById(i), r=d.getElementById(p+"-root"),
      u=h==="https:"?"d1z2jf7jlzjs58.cloudfront.net"
      :"static."+p+".com";
  if (e) return;
  e = d.createElement(s); e.id = i; e.async = true;
  e.src = h+"//"+u+"/p.js"; r.appendChild(e);
})("script", "parsely", document);
</script>
<script src="https://fm.cnbc.com/applications/cnbc.com/resources/files/2017/12/07/parsely_data_4.js"></script>
<!-- END Parse.ly Include: DOM-Free -->

<!-- AB Admiral BEGIN -->
<script id="ab-admiral">(function(a,b,c,d,e){e=a.createElement(b);a=a.getElementsByTagName(b)[0];e.async=1;e.src=c;a.parentNode.insertBefore(e,a)})(document,'script','//nervoussummer.com/40cad7fabed6c884e79a4e286d192a42212f95b4a2dcfe41771324064f6510a6d465b805e1308a6de2f29b32fce73dffe3ba2710980cb2e99b39d282fc0917');</script>
<!-- AB Admiral END -->

<!-- MPS Global Footer Insert END -->
        <!-- MPS ASYNC Application Component - Desktop Insert FOOTER BEGIN -->
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){
  mps._queue.mpsloaded.push(function(){
    mps._log('**** LOADED: cnbc-cms-footer-insert');
      //<!-- begin FRANCHISE ONLY Ad Refresh -->
      if (mps.pagevars.type == 'franchise' && mps.pagevars.hline != "US Homepage" && mps.pagevars.hline != "International Homepage") {
          if (mps._detect) mpsopts.activerefresh = 1;
          if (mps.pagevars.cats.indexOf('markets') != -1) {
              mps.refreshAdsInterval(120, ['topbanner', 'topflex']);
              window.console && console.log('--[executed]--> MPS Set Ad Refresh (120s)');
          } else {
              mps.refreshAdsInterval(60, ['topbanner', 'topflex']);
              window.console && console.log('--[executed]--> MPS Set Ad Refresh (60s)');
          }
      }
      //<!-- end FRANCHISE ONLY Ad Refresh -->
      (function() {
          if ('mps' in window && mps.pagevars && CNBC_Settings.templateName == 'slideshow_one_page') {
              setInterval(function() {
                  mps.refreshAds('topflex');
              }, 60000);
          }
      })();

      //<!-- Global Web Index: BEGIN -->
      (function() {
          var js = document.createElement('script');
          js.src = '//gwiqcdn.globalwebindex.net/gwiq/gwiq.js';
          js.type = 'text/javascript';
          js.async = 'true';
          js.onload = js.onreadystatechange = function() {
              var rs = this.readyState;
              if (rs && rs != 'complete' && rs != 'loaded') return;
              try {
                  mps.gwiqSect = mps.pagevars.hline.replace(/\s+/g, "_").replace(/[\W]+/g, "");
                  gwiq.asyncjs("cid=c0234&section=" + mps.gwiqSect);
              } catch (e) {}
          };
          var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];
          s.parentNode.insertBefore(js, s);
      })();
  });
});
</script>
<!-- Global Web Index: END -->
<!-- Sharethrough Load: BEGIN -->
<script type="text/javascript" async defer src="//native.sharethrough.com/assets/sfp.js"></script>
<!-- Sharethrough Load: END -->
<!-- MPS ASYNC Application Component - Desktop Insert FOOTER END -->
        <!-- End Global insert_cmsfooter -->

        <!-- Wires Redirect Popup -->
        

        <!-- End Wires Redirect Popup -->
        

    </body>
</html>
