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<title>Why This Hurricane Season Has Been So Catastrophic</title>
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    <h1 class="main-title md-title mt_col-12 mt_col-lg-9"><span itemprop="headline">Why This Hurricane Season Has Been So Catastrophic</span>
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        <h2>After Harvey, Irma, and Maria, we look at why this hurricane season has been so active.</h2>
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                        <span itemprop="caption">On Sept. 4 at 17:24 UTC, NASA-NOAA's Suomi NPP satellite captured this view of Hurricane Irma as a Category 4 hurricane approaching the Leeward Islands.</span>
                    
                    
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    <div class="byline-component__publish"><p>PUBLISHED <time itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2017-09-22T09:45:00-0400">September 22, 2017</time></p></div>

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<p>Just as Hurricane Harvey wrapped up its devastation of Houston, Irma got into line behind it and quickly built into the strongest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history. Now, Maria leaves a broken Caribbean in its wake: Dominica's rooftops and rainforests <a href="http://edition.cnn.com/2017/09/20/world/hurricane-maria-dominica/index.html">have been ripped to shreds</a>, and Puerto Rico may be <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41340392">without power for months</a> as a result of the storm. (<a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/natural-disasters/hurricanes/">Learn more about how hurricanes work</a>.)</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Itâs hard to avoid comparisons to the last time two such <a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/features/how-to-survive-natural-disaster-storm-hurricane-expert-tips/">powerful storms threatened</a> U.S. landfall in the catastrophic 2005 hurricane season, 12 years ago.</p></div>
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<p>As in 2005, when Katrina and Rita devastated the Gulf Coast in rapid succession, the country is staring down the barrel of multiple hurricanes making landfall. In the face of multiple major storms, a reasonable person might wonder why this season seems worse for U.S. cities, and why the last dozen years brought fewer large hurricanes to U.S. shores.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>If you have a question about this hurricane season compared with recent years, weâve got you covered:</p></div>
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<h2>How active was 2017âs hurricane season forecast to be?</h2></div>
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<p>Above average. The <a href="http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/hurricane.shtml">U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)</a>, <a href="https://source.colostate.edu/forecast-team-continues-predict-average-2017-atlantic-hurricane-season/">Colorado State University,</a> and the Weather Channel all estimated that this year, weâd likely see more hurricanes than usual spawning in the Atlantic Ocean. NOAAâs Climate Prediction Center forecasted that weâd see between 14 to 19 named storms and five to nine hurricanes this season.</p></div>
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<p>In comparison, the average hurricane season from 1981 to 2010 featured 12 named storms and six hurricanes.</p></div>
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<h2>Why is this season so active?</h2></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>In short: atmospheric conditions were hurricane-friendly, and surface sea temperatures were warmer than usual. The Climate Prediction Center says that multiple conditions, such as a strong west African monsoon, have aligned to make the Caribbean Sea and part of the tropical Atlanticâa storm-spawning area called the âMain Development Regionââparticularly well-suited to hurricanes.</p></div>
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<p><a href="https://emanuel.mit.edu/">Kerry Emanuel</a>, an atmospheric scientist at MIT who studies hurricanes, says that two factors stand out. For one, thereâs currently little difference in wind speeds near the surface and those roughly 10 miles up, which ensures that miles-tall hurricanes can form and remain stable. Whatâs more, the tropical Atlantic is exhibiting high âthermal potential,â meaning that water can rapidly evaporate into the atmosphere.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>â[Thermal potential] is a thermodynamic speed limit on hurricanes,â Emanuel says. âThe greater the speed limit, the more favorable conditions are for hurricanes to form, and the more powerful they can get.â</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Whatâs more, El Ni&ntilde;o is stuck in neutral this year, <a href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-08/el-nino-s-odds-dim-and-an-active-atlantic-hurricane-season-looms">improving Atlantic hurricanesâ prospects</a>. When this warming of the equatorial Pacific is active, there tends to be more wind shear and less thermal potential over the Atlantic, hurting hurricanesâ chances of survival. (<a href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/proof/2017/09/hurricane-irma-florida-caribbean/">See the latest pictures of Hurricane Irma as the historic storm makes landfall</a>.)</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<h2>It feels like it has been a long time since weâve had a year like this. Was there really a âdroughtâ of hurricanes for more than a decade?</h2></div>
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<p>The phrase âlandfall droughtâ refers to the fact that before Harvey, it had been nearly 12 years since a hurricane rated Category 3 or above made landfall in the U.S., going back to Hurricane Wilma in 2005.</p></div>
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<p>Depending on how you define a Category 3 hurricane, this stretch had been the longest since at least 1900.</p></div>
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<h2>What caused the drought?</h2></div>
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<p>Largely, itâs an artifact of how we measure hurricanes. As Hart and colleagues <a href="http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00185.1">demonstrated in a 2016 study</a>, if you slightly tweak the definitions of hurricane categories, the âdroughtâ mostly vanishes.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Itâs worth noting that the category system, which bins hurricanes by their maximum wind speeds, is just one way to measure hurricane intensity. By loss of life or economic toll, thereâs been less of a drought to speak of.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>âTell the folks who survived [2007âs Category 2] Hurricane Ike that that wasnât a major hurricaneâit destroyed a large part of the Texas coastline,â says Emanuel. âTell folks that Sandy wasnât a major eventâ¦ and it wasnât even a hurricane.â</p></div>
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<h2>All that said, is this season unusual?</h2></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>The longer it goes, the more severe it seems to get.</p></div>
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<p>For starters, Irma made landfall in the Florida Keys as a Category 4 hurricaneâthe second Category 4 storm to make landfall on the continental U.S. this year. Such a vicious one-two punch hasn't hit the U.S. in over a century, though 1954 came close, says Florida State University meteorologist <a href="http://moe.met.fsu.edu/">Robert Hart</a>. That year, the Category 4 Hurricane Hazel devastated the Carolinas, and two Category 3 hurricanes just missed landfall.</p></div>
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<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>But focusing on only the continental U.S. obscures the utter devastation that this hurricane season has brought to the Caribbean. <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/09/15/on-tiny-barbuda-a-300-year-old-civilization-has-been-extinguished/?utm_term=.922b2697aba6">Irma effectively wiped out civilization on the island of Barbuda</a>, which had been continually inhabited for 300 years. The U.S. and British Virgin Islands <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/after-irma-a-once-lush-gem-in-the-us-virgin-islands-reduced-to-battered-wasteland/2017/09/12/b49532e0-9736-11e7-af6a-6555caaeb8dc_story.html?utm_term=.3c5437f24500">have suffered horrific damage</a>. Puerto Rico faced massive power outages in the wake of Irmaâand Maria may deprive the island of power for months.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Now, in less than a day, Maria has intensified from Category 1 to Category 5, battering Dominica at full strength, with Puerto Rico still in its sights. <a href="http://grist.org/article/hurricane-maria-poses-a-catastrophic-threat-to-the-caribbean/">According to meteorologist Eric Holthaus</a>, no Category 5 hurricane has struck Dominica since at least 1851. Prior to Maria, no Category 4 storm had made landfall in Puerto Rico <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/20/us/hurricane-maria-puerto-rico.html?mcubz=0&amp;_r=0">since 1932</a>.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>âThere are no words left to describe this season,â <a href="https://twitter.com/EricHolthaus/status/909901626659491841">Holthaus said on Twitter</a> hours before Maria slammed into Dominica.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<h2>Does a more active season mean that more hurricanes will hit land?</h2></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Not quite. Forecasters caution that within a single year, thereâs no solid relationship between the number of storms in a hurricane season and the number of landfalls. Thatâs because local weather conditions govern hurricanesâ specific paths to landfallâand forecasters can estimate those only a few days in advance.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>That said, Emanuel notes that on 100-year timescales, the number of hurricanes and number of landfalls correlate. However, he emphasizes the year-to-year role of chance.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>âAndrew, which occurred in 1992, was at the time the most expensive hurricane ever to hit the U.S., [and] that occurred in one of the quietest years weâve seen the Atlantic, as a whole,â he says.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<h2>So do seasonal hurricane forecasts really mean anything?</h2></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Yes, but theyâre more useful to forecasters than the public, says Emanuel. He laments that people sometimes base key decisions, such as whether to purchase insurance, on forecasts calling for âquietâ seasonsâdespite the fact that even seasons with few hurricanes can yield highly destructive storms, such as 1992âs Hurricane Andrew. âThe seasonal forecast is so widely misinterpreted that itâs actually counterproductive,â he says.<br /> <br /> &quot;While the seasonal forecasts are useful across a broad range of demographics, one canât simply and solely determine their own personal preparation based on those seasonal forecasts,&quot; adds Hart, who also points to Andrew's example.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Forecasts predicting landfall for a current hurricane, however, are another matter.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>âPeople who are potentially in the path of a hurricane really need to pay attention and absolutely need to follow direction of emergency managers,â Emanuel says. âIf youâre told to get out, get outâdonât mess around.â</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<h2>How does climate change figure into the picture?</h2></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Itâs complicated, but thereâs reason to think that a changing climate will have at least some impact on hurricane season activity. (<a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/hurricane-harvey-climate-change-global-warming-weather/">Discover how climate change likely strengthened Hurricane Harvey</a>.)</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>&quot;When it comes to next yearâs hurricane activity seasonal prediction, anthropogenic impacts are not a primary concern, as the change due to anthropogenic effects from this year to next year is obviously small,&quot; says Hart. &quot;However, in the decades and century to come, it could easily become the primary concern for driving hurricane activity.&quot;</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>The <a href="ftp://ftp.oar.noaa.gov/LCI/Advisory_Committee_of_the_Sustained_National_Climate_Assessment/Meetings/2017_MarchMeeting/USGCRP_CSSR-TOD_ALL.pdf">sweeping U.S. Climate Science Special Report</a>, prepared ahead of the U.S. governmentâs 2018 National Climate Assessment, says that detecting climate changeâs fingerprints on hurricane behavior is challenging. Because hurricanes are rare events, there arenât many data points for scientists to examine for a trend.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>That said, in coming decades, predictions based on warming suggest that average-intensity tropical cyclonesâAtlantic hurricanes includedâwill likely get more intense. Emanuel adds that thereâs âpretty good consensusâ that high-intensity (Category 3, 4, or 5) hurricanes <a href="ftp://texmex.mit.edu/pub/emanuel/PAPERS/Emanuel_BAMS_2017.pdf">will also become more common in coming decades</a>.<br /> </p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>It's unclear whether the total number of hurricanes will increase or decrease. More than 70 percent of tropical cyclones worldwide are Category 1 or 2 storms, and these weaker storms may or may not become less common in future decades.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Emanuel and the report both say that on average, individual hurricanes will drop more precipitation in the future, since warmer air can hold more water vapor. We are likely beginning to see this act out today: Every scientist contacted by National Geographic for <a href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/08/hurricane-harvey-climate-change-global-warming-weather/">a previous story </a>agreed that Hurricane Harveyâs record-breaking rain was almost certainly shaped by rising temperatures from human activity.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<p>Future storm surges may also worsen, says Emanuelâpartly because the intense hurricanes that cause them will be more numerous, and partly because of sea level rise.</p></div>
<div class="parbase smartbody section text">
<blockquote>
 Editor's note: This story was originally published on September 6, 2017, and was last updated on September 22, 2017.
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