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    <title>Seven Hard Lessons Federal Responders to Harvey Learned From Katrina - The New York Times</title>
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                        			<h1 itemprop="headline" id="headline" class="headline">Seven Hard Lessons Federal Responders to Harvey Learned From Katrina</h1>
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<p class="byline-dateline"><span class="byline" itemprop="author creator" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"  itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/by/dave-philipps">By <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/dave-philipps" title="More Articles by DAVE PHILIPPS"><span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="DAVE PHILIPPS" itemprop="name" data-twitter-handle="David_Philipps">DAVE PHILIPPS</span></a></span><time class="dateline" datetime="2017-09-08T00:32:48-04:00" itemprop="dateModified" content="2017-09-08T00:32:48-04:00">SEPT. 7, 2017</time>
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<p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="277" data-total-count="277">HOUSTON — During <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/h/hurricane_katrina/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="More articles about Hurricane Katrina." class="meta-classifier">Hurricane Katrina</a>, as residents of New Orleans were left stranded in the floodwaters, thousands of firefighters who had assembled to help rescue people instead spent days <a href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-09-07-firefighters-ga-katrina_x.htm">wad</a><a href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-09-07-firefighters-ga-katrina_x.htm">ing through</a> <a href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-09-07-firefighters-ga-katrina_x.htm">paperwork</a> and completing training on federal sexual harassment policies.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="501" data-total-count="778">Disasters, of course, are never smooth. Last week in Houston, some residents reported trouble getting through to 911, and many said calls to officials for help went unanswered. And plenty of volunteers who splashed into the floods saw a tangle of miscommunication, wrenching delays and plain old incompetence. Now many are watching to see how the federal government will handle Hurricane Irma, one of the most powerful Atlantic storms ever recorded, as it appears ready to hit Puerto Rico and Florida.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="331" data-total-count="1109">But in Houston, so far, there has not been the same lack of preparation and stumbling leadership that contributed to the estimated 1,800 deaths in Hurricane Katrina. Emergency management experts say the differences can be attributed to a handful of key changes made in the aftermath of the storm that sped response and saved lives.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="262" data-total-count="1371">“What we learned in Katrina can be seen directly in Houston,” said William Lokey, who was the <a href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/organizations/f/federal_emergency_management_agency/index.html?inline=nyt-org" title="More articles about Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), U.S." class="meta-org">Federal Emergency Management Agency</a>’s coordinating officer for the response to Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. “At every level the response is more robust.”</p><div id="story-ad-1" class="story-ad ad ad-placeholder nocontent robots-nocontent ">
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<p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="112" data-total-count="1483" id="story-continues-1">Here are seven ways in which the federal response to Hurricane Harvey built on lessons learned from New Orleans.</p><figure id="media-100000005412307" class="media photo embedded layout-large-horizontal media-100000005412307 ratio-tall" data-media-action="modal" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE3-master675.jpg" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" aria-label="media" role="group">
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<h4 class="story-subheading story-content" data-para-count="38" data-total-count="1521">Most of the paperwork was already done</h4><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="212" data-total-count="1733">When federal authorities requested military help for New Orleans, it took four days to get approval, while memorandums and cost estimates shuttled between the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Pentagon.</p>        <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-2">Continue reading the main story</a>
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        <p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="274" data-total-count="2007" id="story-continues-3">After Katrina, FEMA staff led an effort to get military authorizations pre-written and approved, so when another disaster hit, troops would require only a nod from authorities to move into action. Other agencies also now have agreements in place to eliminate needless delay.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="286" data-total-count="2293">The advantage was clear during Harvey for rescuers like the Marine Corps Reserve’s 4th Reconnaissance Battalion in San Antonio. When civilian rescuers needed help, the battalion’s special operations Marines faced little delay heading into the flood zone with their inflatable boats.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="298" data-total-count="2591">“The chain of command, all the way up to Secretary Mattis, just said ‘Go save lives, we’ve got your back,’” the battalion commander Lt. Col. Jeffrey Buffa said. “I told them I could get everyone on the road by 5 a.m.; the three-star general I was talking to said, ‘Make it 4:30.’”</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="289" data-total-count="2880">The Marines joined thousands of troops in boats, trucks, helicopters and planes that got quick approval to join the effort, and helped an army of civilian authorities and impromptu citizen rescue crews. Over the next several days, the reconnaissance battalion rescued more than 500 people.</p><figure id="media-100000005412308" class="media photo embedded layout-large-horizontal media-100000005412308 ratio-tall" data-media-action="modal" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/00RESPONSE5/00RESPONSE5-master675.jpg" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" aria-label="media" role="group">
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<h4 class="story-subheading story-content" data-para-count="46" data-total-count="2926">Responders have better plans and more training</h4><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="240" data-total-count="3166">The failures of Katrina prompted a <a href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL33729.pdf">cascade of reforms</a> by Congress. Chief among them was a requirement that communities create a workable disaster plan and train local officials to work with state and federal officials when disaster strikes.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="396" data-total-count="3562">Since then, FEMA has spent more than $2 billion to train and prepare local authorities, said Kathleen Fox, FEMA’s acting deputy administrator overseeing disaster preparedness. At the time of Katrina, a survey by the agency found that only about 40 percent of communities had confidence in their plans. That number has grown to 80 percent, she said, adding, “We’ve made enormous progress.”</p><div id="story-ad-2" class="story-ad ad ad-placeholder nocontent robots-nocontent ">
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<h4 class="story-subheading story-content" data-para-count="60" data-total-count="3622">Federal and locals responders now work off the same playbook</h4><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="321" data-total-count="3943" id="story-continues-4">Local and federal authorities now go through the same disaster training and largely work from the same playbook, which means they speak a common language and can work together, said Francisco Sanchez, a spokesman for the Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Management in Harris County, Tex., which includes Houston.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="107" data-total-count="4050">Because of this, there is less of the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/05/us/nationalspecial/after-failures-government-officials-play-blame-game.html?mcubz=0&amp;_r=0">blame and miscommunication</a> that crippled the response during Katrina.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="291" data-total-count="4341">In New Orleans, local and federal leaders grew frustrated and lashed out at each other. “We wanted soldiers, helicopters, food and water,” Denise Bottcher, press secretary for the governor of Louisiana, said about FEMA at the time. “They wanted to negotiate an organizational chart.”</p><figure id="media-100000005412310" class="media photo embedded layout-large-horizontal media-100000005412310 ratio-tall" data-media-action="modal" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/07/us/00RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE2-master675.jpg" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" aria-label="media" role="group">
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<p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="48" data-total-count="4389">Now local and federal responders train together.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="384" data-total-count="4773">“We practice and practice all the time,” Mr. Sanchez said. “We have strong relationships with our federal and local counterparts.” During Harvey the county’s emergency operations center buzzed with more than 100 people from dozens of different entities, he said. “But you would be hard-pressed to find anyone in the room who did not know a majority of the people there.”</p><h4 class="story-subheading story-content" data-para-count="43" data-total-count="4816">Emergency supplies were already in position</h4><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="291" data-total-count="5107">During Katrina, debris and flooding kept trucks of water and food from reaching stricken neighborhoods. Few supplies had been stored beforehand at designated shelters like the Superdome. Before Harvey, FEMA pre-positioned supplies before flooding — a practice managers say is now standard.</p><div class="newsletter-signup hidden auto-newsletter variant-1-hidden " id="newsletter-promo" data-newsletter-productCode="" data-newsletter-productTitle="" aria-labeledby="newsletter-promo-heading">
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<p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="257" data-total-count="5364">Though it was difficult to reach many people during Harvey, evacuees brought to shelters in Houston found plenty of food, water, cots and blankets. So-called mega-shelters were also set up in surrounding cities in case Houston’s shelters were overwhelmed.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="440" data-total-count="5804">Planners have also started to accommodate pets. During Katrina, thousands of people refused to evacuate without their dogs and cats. In response, Congress <a href="https://www.congress.gov/109/plaws/publ308/PLAW-109publ308.pdf">passed a law</a> requiring emergency managers to make provisions for animals in emergency plans. Because of that, the main animal shelter in Houston evacuated kennels before Harvey to make room for animals from flooded homes. The city also set up kennels at the city’s convention center.</p><h4 class="story-subheading story-content" data-para-count="59" data-total-count="5863">Hospitals and nursing homes are better equipped to evacuate</h4><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="515" data-total-count="6378">After Katrina, the Department of Health and Human Services created <a href="https://www.cms.gov/Newsroom/MediaReleaseDatabase/Press-releases/2016-Press-releases-items/2016-09-08.html">strict new federal rules</a>, finalized in 2016, that required nearly all medical facilities <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/10/us/medicare-requirements-disaster-readiness.html">receiving Medicaid and Medicare</a> to have emergency plans and train for them. During Harvey, ambulance teams fanned out in a coordinated effort to transfer the sick and frail from storm-crippled nursing homes and hospitals to other facilities in the region. Coordinators said the operation, while not without bumps, was a vast improvement over previous efforts.</p><figure id="media-100000005412311" class="media photo embedded layout-large-horizontal media-100000005412311 ratio-tall" data-media-action="modal" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE4/00RESPONSE4-master675.jpg" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" aria-label="media" role="group">
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<p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="376" data-total-count="6754">“Our goal with the senior citizens and those fragile elderly patients is only to have to move them once,” said Lori Upton, a director of preparedness at the Southeast Texas Regional Advisory Council, as she worked at the Houston emergency center to match patients with institutions able to accept them. “Get them to a warm, dry spot where folks can take care of them.”</p><div id="story-ad-3" class="story-ad ad ad-placeholder nocontent robots-nocontent ">
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<h4 class="story-subheading story-content" data-para-count="50" data-total-count="6804">FEMA directors must have experience with disasters</h4><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="443" data-total-count="7247" id="story-continues-5">After Katrina, Congress passed a law requiring the director of FEMA to have years of management experience in the field, so that political appointees with no disaster experience, like Michael D. Brown, who became the <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/13/us/nationalspecial/after-days-of-criticism-emergency-director-resigns.html?mcubz=0&amp;_r=0">face of mismanagement</a> during that storm, could never lead the agency again. Directors in recent years, including the current head, <a href="https://www.fema.gov/brock-long">Brock Long</a>, all helped coordinate large disaster responses before taking control of the agency.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="227" data-total-count="7474">“We practice for the worst of the worst, the biggest of the big, and it has served us well,” Kevin Hannes, the federal incident commander overseeing the response from FEMA’s operations center in Austin, Tex., said Friday.</p><h4 class="story-subheading story-content" data-para-count="44" data-total-count="7518">It’s O.K. to enlist the help of the public</h4><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="282" data-total-count="7800">In the past, disaster management training warned against using volunteer rescuers, saying they were a potential liability. But now managers are trained to react quickly when a growing disaster overwhelms existing plans, and have begun to see citizens as an untapped emergency force.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="343" data-total-count="8143">During Katrina, authorities turned away volunteer rescuers in boats. But last week, as it became clear that rising floodwaters would overwhelm government rescue efforts, Judge Ed Emmett, the chief executive of Harris County, asked anyone with a boat to help. The ragtag flotilla that formed has been credited with rescuing thousands of people.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="195" data-total-count="8338">“I got pushback on the boat decision,” Mr. Emmett said in an interview. “I violated almost every bureaucratic move in the book this week. But I think the decision saved many, many lives.”</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="348" data-total-count="8686">As waters receded at the end of the week, and the success of the rescue effort began to sink in, emergency management experts said that Harvey, like Katrina, would be instructive for how the nation performs emergency response, and that in the future many managers would be practicing how to best use citizen volunteers when the worst disasters hit.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="342" data-total-count="9028">“That is probably the biggest change in recent years,” said William Carwile, who was FEMA’s associate administrator for response and recovery until he retired in 2013. “The realization that disaster response is not just a government response, it is a societal response. The federal government has a role, and so does everyone else.”</p><footer class="story-footer story-content">
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                        <div class="story-info"><p>Sheri Fink contributed reporting from Houston.</p></div>

        
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