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    <title data-rh="true">Seven Hard Lessons Federal Responders to Harvey Learned From Katrina - The New York Times</title><meta data-rh="true" itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-US"/><meta data-rh="true" name="robots" content="noarchive"/><meta data-rh="true" name="articleid" itemprop="identifier" content="100000005406713"/><meta data-rh="true" name="description" itemprop="description" content="A number of key changes made in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina sped response and saved lives during and after Harvey."/><meta data-rh="true" name="byl" content="By Dave Philipps"/><meta data-rh="true" name="thumbnail" itemprop="thumbnailUrl" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08response/00response-thumbStandard.jpg"/><meta data-rh="true" name="news_keywords" content="Hurricane Harvey,Hurricane Katrina,FEMA,Houston"/><meta data-rh="true" name="usageTerms" itemprop="usageTerms" content="http://www.nytimes.com/content/help/rights/sale/terms-of-sale.html"/><meta 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href="mailto:?subject=NYTimes.com%3A%20Seven%20Hard%20Lessons%20Federal%20Responders%20to%20Harvey%20Learned%20From%20Katrina&amp;body=From%20The%20New%20York%20Times%3A%0A%0ASeven%20Hard%20Lessons%20Federal%20Responders%20to%20Harvey%20Learned%20From%20Katrina%0A%0AA%20number%20of%20key%20changes%20made%20in%20the%20aftermath%20of%20Hurricane%20Katrina%20sped%20response%20and%20saved%20lives%20during%20and%20after%20Harvey.%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F07%2Fus%2Fhurricane-harvey-katrina-federal-responders.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Email"><i aria-label="Email" class="SectionBarShare-shareIcon--2Rcfq SectionBarShare-email--2FAK7"></i></a></li><li class="SectionBarShare-shareItem--2tuw6"><div class="ButtonModal-container--3hzMP"><button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="More sharing options" class="SectionBarShare-shareButton--2f1RP"><i class="SectionBarShare-shareIcon--2Rcfq 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itemID="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08response/00response-articleLarge.jpg?quality=30&amp;auto=webp" itemType="http://schema.org/ImageObject"><div class="ResponsiveMedia-container--G2JS6 ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi"><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Image</span><img alt="" class="Image-image--2zb04" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08response/00response-articleLarge.jpg?quality=30&amp;auto=webp" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08response/00response-articleLarge.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08response/00response-jumbo.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08response/00response-popup.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 650w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08response/00response-superJumbo.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 2048w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 60vw, 100vw"/></div><figcaption class="ResponsiveMedia-caption--1dUVu Media-caption--wlc0l ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi" itemProp="caption description"><span class="ResponsiveMedia-captionText--2WFdF Media-captionText--2e27a">An airman dropping off supplies at a staging area in Beaumont, Tex., last week.</span><span class="ResponsiveMedia-credit--3F-q_ Media-credit--1ZFho" itemProp="copyrightHolder"><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Credit</span><span>Christopher Lee for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption></figure><div class="styles-bylineTimestamp--2J2fe styles-toneNews--29Vp_"><div class="elementStyles-byline--33rWc styles-byline--Dn1Bu styles-toneNews--29Vp_"><div class="Byline-bylineGroup--2XIy_"><p class="">By<!-- --> <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/by/dave-philipps" class="Byline-bylineAuthor--d8i20 elementStyles-authors--voZdU">Dave Philipps</a></p></div></div><time class="Timestamp-timestamp--3FJff elementStyles-timestamp--26VGL styles-timestamp--KJFCK" dateTime="2017-09-07" itemProp="datePublished" content="2017 - 09 - 07">Sept. 7, 2017</time></div></header><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">HOUSTON — During Hurricane Katrina, as residents of New Orleans were left stranded in the floodwaters, thousands of firefighters who had assembled to help rescue people instead spent days <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-09-07-firefighters-ga-katrina_x.htm" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">wading through</a> <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2005-09-07-firefighters-ga-katrina_x.htm" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">paperwork</a> and completing training on federal sexual harassment policies.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Disasters, of course, are never smooth. Last week in Houston, some residents reported trouble getting through to 911, and many said calls to officials for help went unanswered. And plenty of volunteers who splashed into the floods saw a tangle of miscommunication, wrenching delays and plain old incompetence. Now many are watching to see how the federal government will handle Hurricane Irma, one of the most powerful Atlantic storms ever recorded, as it appears ready to hit Puerto Rico and Florida.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">But in Houston, so far, there has not been the same lack of preparation and stumbling leadership that contributed to the estimated 1,800 deaths in Hurricane Katrina. Emergency management experts say the differences can be attributed to a handful of key changes made in the aftermath of the storm that sped response and saved lives.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“What we learned in Katrina can be seen directly in Houston,” said William Lokey, who was the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s coordinating officer for the response to Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. “At every level the response is more robust.”</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Here are seven ways in which the federal response to Hurricane Harvey built on lessons learned from New Orleans.</p><figure class="ResponsiveMedia-media--32g1o ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi ResponsiveMedia-sizeMedium--3hVlk ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi" aria-label="media" role="group" itemProp="associatedMedia" itemID="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE3-articleLarge.jpg?quality=30&amp;auto=webp" itemType="http://schema.org/ImageObject"><div class="ResponsiveMedia-container--G2JS6 ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi"><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Image</span><img alt="" class="Image-image--2zb04" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE3-articleLarge.jpg?quality=30&amp;auto=webp" srcSet="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE3-articleLarge.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE3-jumbo.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE3-popup.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 650w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE3-superJumbo.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 2048w" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 60vw, 100vw"/></div><figcaption class="ResponsiveMedia-caption--1dUVu Media-caption--wlc0l ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi" itemProp="caption description"><span class="ResponsiveMedia-captionText--2WFdF Media-captionText--2e27a">Members of Utah Task Force 1, an urban search-and-rescue team with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, in Katy, Tex.</span><span class="ResponsiveMedia-credit--3F-q_ Media-credit--1ZFho" itemProp="copyrightHolder"><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Credit</span><span>Barbara Davidson for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption></figure><h2 class="Heading2-heading2--2UY6W elementStyles-heading2--slXZ7 elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Most of the paperwork was already done</h2><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">When federal authorities requested military help for New Orleans, it took four days to get approval, while memorandums and cost estimates shuttled between the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Pentagon.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">After Katrina, FEMA staff led an effort to get military authorizations pre-written and approved, so when another disaster hit, troops would require only a nod from authorities to move into action. Other agencies also now have agreements in place to eliminate needless delay.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">The advantage was clear during Harvey for rescuers like the Marine Corps Reserve’s 4th Reconnaissance Battalion in San Antonio. When civilian rescuers needed help, the battalion’s special operations Marines faced little delay heading into the flood zone with their inflatable boats.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“The chain of command, all the way up to Secretary Mattis, just said ‘Go save lives, we’ve got your back,’” the battalion commander Lt. Col. Jeffrey Buffa said. “I told them I could get everyone on the road by 5 a.m.; the three-star general I was talking to said, ‘Make it 4:30.’”</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">The Marines joined thousands of troops in boats, trucks, helicopters and planes that got quick approval to join the effort, and helped an army of civilian authorities and impromptu citizen rescue crews. Over the next several days, the reconnaissance battalion rescued more than 500 people.</p><figure class="ResponsiveMedia-media--32g1o ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi ResponsiveMedia-sizeMedium--3hVlk ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi" aria-label="media" role="group" itemProp="associatedMedia" itemID="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/00RESPONSE5/00RESPONSE5-articleLarge.jpg?quality=30&amp;auto=webp" itemType="http://schema.org/ImageObject"><div class="ResponsiveMedia-container--G2JS6 ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi"><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Image</span><div class="LazyImage-imageContainer--26dUd"><img alt="" class="Image-image--2zb04 LazyImage-lazyload--1mWsm" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/00RESPONSE5/00RESPONSE5-articleLarge.jpg?quality=30&amp;auto=webp" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 60vw, 100vw" data-srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/00RESPONSE5/00RESPONSE5-articleLarge.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/00RESPONSE5/00RESPONSE5-jumbo.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/00RESPONSE5/00RESPONSE5-popup.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 650w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/00RESPONSE5/00RESPONSE5-superJumbo.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 2048w"/></div></div><figcaption class="ResponsiveMedia-caption--1dUVu Media-caption--wlc0l ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi" itemProp="caption description"><span class="ResponsiveMedia-captionText--2WFdF Media-captionText--2e27a">Jeremy VanAusdall, with the FEMA search-and-rescue team Texas Task Force 1, over the Brazos River near Houston last week.</span><span class="ResponsiveMedia-credit--3F-q_ Media-credit--1ZFho" itemProp="copyrightHolder"><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Credit</span><span>Barbara Davidson for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption></figure><h2 class="Heading2-heading2--2UY6W elementStyles-heading2--slXZ7 elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Responders have better plans and more training</h2><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">The failures of Katrina prompted a <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL33729.pdf" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">cascade of reforms</a> by Congress. Chief among them was a requirement that communities create a workable disaster plan and train local officials to work with state and federal officials when disaster strikes.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Since then, FEMA has spent more than $2 billion to train and prepare local authorities, said Kathleen Fox, FEMA’s acting deputy administrator overseeing disaster preparedness. At the time of Katrina, a survey by the agency found that only about 40 percent of communities had confidence in their plans. That number has grown to 80 percent, she said, adding, “We’ve made enormous progress.”</p><h2 class="Heading2-heading2--2UY6W elementStyles-heading2--slXZ7 elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Federal and locals responders now work off the same playbook</h2><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Local and federal authorities now go through the same disaster training and largely work from the same playbook, which means they speak a common language and can work together, said Francisco Sanchez, a spokesman for the Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Management in Harris County, Tex., which includes Houston.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Because of this, there is less of the <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/05/us/nationalspecial/after-failures-government-officials-play-blame-game.html?mcubz=0&amp;_r=0" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">blame and miscommunication</a> that crippled the response during Katrina.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">In New Orleans, local and federal leaders grew frustrated and lashed out at each other. “We wanted soldiers, helicopters, food and water,” Denise Bottcher, press secretary for the governor of Louisiana, said about FEMA at the time. “They wanted to negotiate an organizational chart.”</p><figure class="ResponsiveMedia-media--32g1o ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi ResponsiveMedia-sizeMedium--3hVlk ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi" aria-label="media" role="group" itemProp="associatedMedia" itemID="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/07/us/00RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE2-articleLarge.jpg?quality=30&amp;auto=webp" itemType="http://schema.org/ImageObject"><div class="ResponsiveMedia-container--G2JS6 ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi"><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Image</span><div class="LazyImage-imageContainer--26dUd"><img alt="" class="Image-image--2zb04 LazyImage-lazyload--1mWsm" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/07/us/00RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE2-articleLarge.jpg?quality=30&amp;auto=webp" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 60vw, 100vw" data-srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/07/us/00RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE2-articleLarge.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/07/us/00RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE2-jumbo.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/07/us/00RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE2-popup.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 650w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/07/us/00RESPONSE2/00RESPONSE2-superJumbo.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 2048w"/></div></div><figcaption class="ResponsiveMedia-caption--1dUVu Media-caption--wlc0l ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi" itemProp="caption description"><span class="ResponsiveMedia-captionText--2WFdF Media-captionText--2e27a">A member of the Texas Army National Guard in Port Arthur, Tex.</span><span class="ResponsiveMedia-credit--3F-q_ Media-credit--1ZFho" itemProp="copyrightHolder"><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Credit</span><span>Erin Trieb for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption></figure><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Now local and federal responders train together.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“We practice and practice all the time,” Mr. Sanchez said. “We have strong relationships with our federal and local counterparts.” During Harvey the county’s emergency operations center buzzed with more than 100 people from dozens of different entities, he said. “But you would be hard-pressed to find anyone in the room who did not know a majority of the people there.”</p><h2 class="Heading2-heading2--2UY6W elementStyles-heading2--slXZ7 elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Emergency supplies were already in position</h2><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">During Katrina, debris and flooding kept trucks of water and food from reaching stricken neighborhoods. Few supplies had been stored beforehand at designated shelters like the Superdome. Before Harvey, FEMA pre-positioned supplies before flooding — a practice managers say is now standard.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Though it was difficult to reach many people during Harvey, evacuees brought to shelters in Houston found plenty of food, water, cots and blankets. So-called mega-shelters were also set up in surrounding cities in case Houston’s shelters were overwhelmed.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Planners have also started to accommodate pets. During Katrina, thousands of people refused to evacuate without their dogs and cats. In response, Congress <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://www.congress.gov/109/plaws/publ308/PLAW-109publ308.pdf" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">passed a law</a> requiring emergency managers to make provisions for animals in emergency plans. Because of that, the main animal shelter in Houston evacuated kennels before Harvey to make room for animals from flooded homes. The city also set up kennels at the city’s convention center.</p><h2 class="Heading2-heading2--2UY6W elementStyles-heading2--slXZ7 elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">Hospitals and nursing homes are better equipped to evacuate</h2><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">After Katrina, the Department of Health and Human Services created <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://www.cms.gov/Newsroom/MediaReleaseDatabase/Press-releases/2016-Press-releases-items/2016-09-08.html" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">strict new federal rules</a>, finalized in 2016, that required nearly all medical facilities <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/10/us/medicare-requirements-disaster-readiness.html" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">receiving Medicaid and Medicare</a> to have emergency plans and train for them. During Harvey, ambulance teams fanned out in a coordinated effort to transfer the sick and frail from storm-crippled nursing homes and hospitals to other facilities in the region. Coordinators said the operation, while not without bumps, was a vast improvement over previous efforts.</p><figure class="ResponsiveMedia-media--32g1o ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi ResponsiveMedia-sizeMedium--3hVlk ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi" aria-label="media" role="group" itemProp="associatedMedia" itemID="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE4/00RESPONSE4-articleLarge.jpg?quality=30&amp;auto=webp" itemType="http://schema.org/ImageObject"><div class="ResponsiveMedia-container--G2JS6 ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi"><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Image</span><div class="LazyImage-imageContainer--26dUd"><img alt="" class="Image-image--2zb04 LazyImage-lazyload--1mWsm" src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE4/00RESPONSE4-articleLarge.jpg?quality=30&amp;auto=webp" sizes="((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 60vw, 100vw" data-srcset="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE4/00RESPONSE4-articleLarge.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 600w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE4/00RESPONSE4-jumbo.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 1024w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE4/00RESPONSE4-popup.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 650w,https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/08/us/08RESPONSE4/00RESPONSE4-superJumbo.jpg?quality=100&amp;auto=webp 2048w"/></div></div><figcaption class="ResponsiveMedia-caption--1dUVu Media-caption--wlc0l ResponsiveMedia-toneNews--pMwMi" itemProp="caption description"><span class="ResponsiveMedia-captionText--2WFdF Media-captionText--2e27a">Supplies at a city distribution point in Port Arthur.</span><span class="ResponsiveMedia-credit--3F-q_ Media-credit--1ZFho" itemProp="copyrightHolder"><span class="accessibility-visuallyHidden--OUeHR">Credit</span><span>Eric Thayer for The New York Times</span></span></figcaption></figure><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“Our goal with the senior citizens and those fragile elderly patients is only to have to move them once,” said Lori Upton, a director of preparedness at the Southeast Texas Regional Advisory Council, as she worked at the Houston emergency center to match patients with institutions able to accept them. “Get them to a warm, dry spot where folks can take care of them.”</p><h2 class="Heading2-heading2--2UY6W elementStyles-heading2--slXZ7 elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">FEMA directors must have experience with disasters</h2><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">After Katrina, Congress passed a law requiring the director of FEMA to have years of management experience in the field, so that political appointees with no disaster experience, like Michael D. Brown, who became the <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/13/us/nationalspecial/after-days-of-criticism-emergency-director-resigns.html?mcubz=0&amp;_r=0" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">face of mismanagement</a> during that storm, could never lead the agency again. Directors in recent years, including the current head, <a rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" href="https://www.fema.gov/brock-long" title="" class="styles-link--1Tap3">Brock Long</a>, all helped coordinate large disaster responses before taking control of the agency.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“We practice for the worst of the worst, the biggest of the big, and it has served us well,” Kevin Hannes, the federal incident commander overseeing the response from FEMA’s operations center in Austin, Tex., said Friday.</p><h2 class="Heading2-heading2--2UY6W elementStyles-heading2--slXZ7 elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">It’s O.K. to enlist the help of the public</h2><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">In the past, disaster management training warned against using volunteer rescuers, saying they were a potential liability. But now managers are trained to react quickly when a growing disaster overwhelms existing plans, and have begun to see citizens as an untapped emergency force.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">During Katrina, authorities turned away volunteer rescuers in boats. But last week, as it became clear that rising floodwaters would overwhelm government rescue efforts, Judge Ed Emmett, the chief executive of Harris County, asked anyone with a boat to help. The ragtag flotilla that formed has been credited with rescuing thousands of people.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“I got pushback on the boat decision,” Mr. Emmett said in an interview. “I violated almost every bureaucratic move in the book this week. But I think the decision saved many, many lives.”</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">As waters receded at the end of the week, and the success of the rescue effort began to sink in, emergency management experts said that Harvey, like Katrina, would be instructive for how the nation performs emergency response, and that in the future many managers would be practicing how to best use citizen volunteers when the worst disasters hit.</p><p class="Paragraph-paragraph--2eXNE elementStyles-paragraph--3EIcW elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">“That is probably the biggest change in recent years,” said William Carwile, who was FEMA’s associate administrator for response and recovery until he retired in 2013. “The realization that disaster response is not just a government response, it is a societal response. The federal government has a role, and so does everyone else.”</p><div class="bottom-of-article"><div class="elementStyles-addendums--1S4tV elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft"></div><div class="elementStyles-extendedInformation--3NG2u elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft"> <p>Sheri Fink contributed reporting from Houston.</p></div><div class="elementStyles-printInformation--2VtfI elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft">A version of this article appears in print on <!-- -->, on Page <!-- -->A<!-- -->9<!-- --> of the New York edition<!-- --> with the headline: <!-- -->Lessons From Hurricane Katrina Helped in Houston<span>. <a href="http://www.nytreprints.com/">Order Reprints</a> | <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/pages/todayspaper/index.html">Today’s Paper</a> | <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp8HYKU.html?campaignId=48JQY">Subscribe</a></span></div><div role="toolbar" aria-label="Social Media Share buttons, Save button, and Comments Panel with current comment count" class="SectionBarShare-shareMenu--2ndEi SectionBarShare-toneNews--1a-Gj SectionBarShare-bottom--3ONdV"><ul class="SectionBarShare-shareNetworks--2k4ev"><li class="SectionBarShare-shareItem--2tuw6"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/dialog/feed?app_id=9869919170&amp;link=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F07%2Fus%2Fhurricane-harvey-katrina-federal-responders.html&amp;smid=fb-share&amp;name=Seven%20Hard%20Lessons%20Federal%20Responders%20to%20Harvey%20Learned%20From%20Katrina&amp;redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Facebook"><i aria-label="Share on Facebook" class="SectionBarShare-shareIcon--2Rcfq SectionBarShare-facebook--K5FwP"></i></a></li><li class="SectionBarShare-shareItem--2tuw6"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F07%2Fus%2Fhurricane-harvey-katrina-federal-responders.html&amp;text=Seven%20Hard%20Lessons%20Federal%20Responders%20to%20Harvey%20Learned%20From%20Katrina" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Twitter"><i aria-label="Share on Twitter" class="SectionBarShare-shareIcon--2Rcfq SectionBarShare-twitter--1duan"></i></a></li><li class="SectionBarShare-shareItem--2tuw6"><a href="mailto:?subject=NYTimes.com%3A%20Seven%20Hard%20Lessons%20Federal%20Responders%20to%20Harvey%20Learned%20From%20Katrina&amp;body=From%20The%20New%20York%20Times%3A%0A%0ASeven%20Hard%20Lessons%20Federal%20Responders%20to%20Harvey%20Learned%20From%20Katrina%0A%0AA%20number%20of%20key%20changes%20made%20in%20the%20aftermath%20of%20Hurricane%20Katrina%20sped%20response%20and%20saved%20lives%20during%20and%20after%20Harvey.%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F07%2Fus%2Fhurricane-harvey-katrina-federal-responders.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Email"><i aria-label="Email" class="SectionBarShare-shareIcon--2Rcfq SectionBarShare-email--2FAK7"></i></a></li><li class="SectionBarShare-shareItem--2tuw6"><div class="ButtonModal-container--3hzMP"><button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="More sharing options" class="SectionBarShare-shareButton--2f1RP"><i class="SectionBarShare-shareIcon--2Rcfq SectionBarShare-shareMenu--2ndEi"></i></button></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="elementStyles-relatedcoverage--2yOLg elementStyles-toneNews--sRTft"><header class="elementStyles-sectionHeader--1SHX7"><h3 class="elementStyles-sectionHeading--1XYke">Related Coverage</h3></header><div class="elementStyles-sectionBody--1PxOi"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/us/houston-harvey-disaster-lessons.html" class="RelatedCoverageNode-relatedcoveragenode--1pfao RelatedCoverageNode-firstNode--1maOa"><div class="RelatedCoverageNode-contentContainer--2Lq-E"><div class="RelatedCoverageNode-textContent--1GnR9"><p class="Label-label--28y05 RelatedCoverageNode-kicker--1Txv3"></p><div class="RelatedCoverageNode-textAlignment--HYYAy"><div><h2 class="Heading2-heading2--2UY6W RelatedCoverageNode-header--2WQ1P">In Houston, a Terrifying Real-Life Lesson for Disaster-Prone Cities</h2></div><time class="Timestamp-timestamp--3FJff RelatedCoverageNode-timestamp--lXko3" dateTime="2017-09-05" itemProp="datePublished" content="2017 - 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