<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--[if (gt IE 9)|!(IE)]> <!--> <html lang="en" class="no-js section-us format-medium tone-news app-article page-theme-standard has-top-ad type-size-small has-large-lede" itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html" itemtype="http://schema.org/NewsArticle"  itemscope xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <!--<![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 9]> <html lang="en" class="no-js ie9 lt-ie10 section-us format-medium tone-news app-article page-theme-standard has-top-ad type-size-small has-large-lede" xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if IE 8]> <html lang="en" class="no-js ie8 lt-ie10 lt-ie9 section-us format-medium tone-news app-article page-theme-standard has-top-ad type-size-small has-large-lede" xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <![endif]-->
<!--[if (lt IE 8)]> <html lang="en" class="no-js lt-ie10 lt-ie9 lt-ie8 section-us format-medium tone-news app-article page-theme-standard has-top-ad type-size-small has-large-lede" xmlns:og="http://opengraphprotocol.org/schema/"> <![endif]-->
<head>
    <title>High Levels of Carcinogen Found in Houston Area After Harvey - The New York Times</title>
        <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://static01.nyt.com/favicon.ico" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144×144" href="https://static01.nyt.com/images/icons/ios-ipad-144x144.png" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114×114" href="https://static01.nyt.com/images/icons/ios-iphone-114x144.png" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://static01.nyt.com/images/icons/ios-default-homescreen-57x57.png" />
<meta name="sourceApp" content="nyt-v5" />
<meta id="applicationName" name="applicationName" content="article" />
<meta id="foundation-build-id" name="foundation-build-id" content="" />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html" />
<link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="http://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html" />
<link rel="alternate" media="handheld" href="http://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html" />
<meta property="al:android:url" content="nytimes://reader/id/100000005411041" />
<meta property="al:android:package" content="com.nytimes.android" />
<meta property="al:android:app_name" content="NYTimes" />
<meta name="twitter:app:name:googleplay" content="NYTimes" />
<meta name="twitter:app:id:googleplay" content="com.nytimes.android" />
<meta name="twitter:app:url:googleplay" content="nytimes://reader/id/100000005411041" />
<link rel="alternate" href="android-app://com.nytimes.android/nytimes/reader/id/100000005411041" />
<meta property="al:iphone:url" content="nytimes://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html" />
<meta property="al:iphone:app_store_id" content="284862083" />
<meta property="al:iphone:app_name" content="NYTimes" />
<meta property="al:ipad:url" content="nytimes://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html" />
<meta property="al:ipad:app_store_id" content="357066198" />
<meta property="al:ipad:app_name" content="NYTimes" />
<meta name="robots" content="noarchive" />
<meta itemprop="alternativeHeadline" name="hdl_p" content="" />
<meta name="channels" content="" />
<meta itemprop="description" name="description" content="Air sampling near a Valero Energy refinery in the Manchester district showed elevated levels of benzene, which has been linked to health problems." />
<meta name="genre" itemprop="genre" content="News" />
<meta itemprop="identifier" name="articleid" content="100000005411041" />
<meta itemprop="usageTerms" name="usageTerms" content="https://www.nytimes.com/content/help/rights/sale/terms-of-sale.html" />
<meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-US" />
<meta name="hdl" content="High Levels of Carcinogen Found in Houston Area After Harvey" />
<meta name="col" content="" id="column-name" />
<meta name="pdate" content="20170906" />
<meta name="utime" content="20170907013232" />
<meta name="ptime" content="20170906074258" />
<meta name="DISPLAYDATE" content="Sept. 6, 2017" />
<meta name="dat" content="Sept. 6, 2017" />
<meta name="lp" content="Air sampling near a Valero Energy refinery in the Manchester district showed elevated levels of benzene, which has been linked to health problems." />
<meta name="msapplication-starturl" content="http://www.nytimes.com" />
<meta name="cre" content="The New York Times" />
<meta name="slug" content="07benzene" />
<meta property="article:collection" content="https://static01.nyt.com/services/json/sectionfronts/us/index.jsonp" />
<meta name="sectionfront_jsonp" content="https://static01.nyt.com/services/json/sectionfronts/us/index.jsonp" />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html" />
<meta property="og:type" content="article" />
<meta property="og:title" content="High Levels of Carcinogen Found in Houston Area After Harvey" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Air sampling near a Valero Energy refinery in the Manchester district showed elevated levels of benzene, which has been linked to health problems." />
<meta property="article:published" itemprop="datePublished" content="2017-09-06T07:42:58-04:00" />
<meta property="article:modified" itemprop="dateModified" content="2017-09-07T01:32:32-04:00" />
<meta property="article:section" itemprop="articleSection" content="U.S." />
<meta property="article:section-taxonomy-id" itemprop="articleSection" content="23FD6C8B-62D5-4CEA-A331-6C2A9A1223BE" />
<meta property="article:section_url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/section/us" />
<meta property="article:top-level-section" content="us" />
<meta property="fb:app_id" content="9869919170" />
<meta name="twitter:site" value="@nytimes" />
<meta property="twitter:url" content="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html" />
<meta property="twitter:title" content="High Levels of Carcinogen Found in Houston Area After Harvey" />
<meta property="twitter:description" content="Air sampling near a Valero Energy refinery in the Manchester district showed elevated levels of benzene, which has been linked to health problems." />
<meta name="author" content="Hiroko Tabuchi" />
<meta name="tone" content="news" id="article-tone" />
<meta name="byl" content="By HIROKO TABUCHI" />
<meta name="PT" content="article" />
<meta name="CG" content="us" />
<meta name="SCG" content="" />
<meta name="PST" content="News" />
<meta name="tom" content="News" />
<meta name="edt" content="The New York Times on the Web" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/06/us/00benzene_web1/00benzene_web1-facebookJumbo.jpg" />
<meta property="twitter:image:alt" content="A Valero Energy refinery in Houston on Thursday. High levels of the carcinogen benzene were detected near the refinery, health officials said." />
<meta property="twitter:image" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/06/us/00benzene_web1/00benzene_web1-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg" />
<meta name="twitter:card" value="summary_large_image" />
<meta property="article:author" content="https://www.nytimes.com/by/hiroko-tabuchi" />
<meta name="twitter:creator" value="HirokoTabuchi" />
<meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/hirokotabuchinyt" />
<meta property="article:tag" content="Hazardous and Toxic Substances" />
<meta name="des" content="Hazardous and Toxic Substances" />
<meta property="article:tag" content="Valero Energy Corporation" />
<meta name="org" content="Valero Energy Corporation" />
<meta property="article:tag" content="Hurricane Harvey (2017)" />
<meta name="des" content="Hurricane Harvey (2017)" />
<meta property="article:tag" content="Houston (Tex)" />
<meta name="geo" content="Houston (Tex)" />
<meta name="keywords" content="Hazardous and Toxic Substances,Valero Energy Corporation,Hurricane Harvey (2017),Houston (Tex)" />
<meta name="news_keywords" content="HazMat,Valero Energy,Hurricane Harvey,Houston" />
<meta name="thumbnail_150" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/06/us/00benzene_web1/00benzene_web1-thumbLarge.jpg" />
<meta name="thumbnail_150_height" content="150" />
<meta name="thumbnail_150_width" content="150" />
<meta itemprop="thumbnailUrl" name="thumbnail" content="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/06/us/00benzene_web1/00benzene_web1-thumbStandard.jpg" />
<meta name="thumbnail_height" content="75" />
<meta name="thumbnail_width" content="75" />
<meta name="video:playerId" content="" />
<meta name="video:noShareToolsPlayerId" content="" />
<meta name="video:publisherId" content="" />
<meta name="video:publisherReadToken" content="" />
<meta name="dfp-ad-unit-path" content="us" />
<meta name="dfp-amazon-enabled" content="false" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.nytimes.com/svc/oembed/json/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F06%2Fus%2Fharvey-houston-valero-benzene.html" title="High Levels of Carcinogen Found in Houston Area After Harvey" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="5281959998" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="1002391179791389" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="105307012882667" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="123334484346296" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="142271415829971" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="1453472561556218" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="153491058028703" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="1545690368981813" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="1606969219532748" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="173455642668373" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="176999952314969" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="181548405298864" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="340711315527" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="5518834980" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="689907071131476" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="751965821517958" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="8254939527" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="98934992430" />
<meta property="fb:pages" content="993603507345855" />
    
            <link id="legacy-zam5nzz" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://typeface.nyt.com/css/zam5nzz.css" media="all" />
    <!--[if (gt IE 9)|!(IE)]> <!-->
        <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="https://g1.nyt.com/assets/article/20180213-181600/css/article/story/styles.css" />
    <!--<![endif]-->
    <!--[if lte IE 9]>
        <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="screen" href="https://g1.nyt.com/assets/article/20180213-181600/css/article/story/styles-ie.css" />
    <![endif]-->
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print" href="https://g1.nyt.com/assets/article/20180213-181600/css/article/story/styles-print.css" />
                <!--  begin abra  -->
<script>
var NYTD=NYTD||{};NYTD.Abra=function(t){"use strict";function n(t){var n=i[t];return n&&n[1]||null}function e(t,n){if(t){var e,o,r=n[0],i=n[1],u=0,c=0;if(1!==i.length||4294967296!==i[0])for(e=a(t+" "+r)>>>0,u=0,c=0;o=i[u++];)if(e<(c+=o[0]))return o}}function o(n,e,o,a){s+="subject="+n+"&test="+encodeURIComponent(e)+"&variant="+encodeURIComponent(o||0)+"&url="+encodeURIComponent(t.location.href)+"&instant=1&skipAugment=true\n",a&&f.push(a),c||(c=t.setTimeout(r,0))}function r(){var n=new t.XMLHttpRequest,e=f;n.withCredentials=!0,n.open("POST",u),n.onreadystatechange=function(){var t,o;if(4==n.readyState)for(t=200==n.status?null:new Error(n.statusText);o=e.shift();)o(t)},n.send(s),s="",f=[],c=null}function a(t){for(var n,e,o,r,a,i,u,c=0,s=0,f=[],l=[n=1732584193,e=4023233417,~n,~e,3285377520],h=[],p=t.length;s<=p;)h[s>>2]|=(s<p?t.charCodeAt(s):128)<<8*(3-s++%4);for(h[u=p+8>>2|15]=p<<3;c<=u;c+=16){for(n=l,s=0;s<80;n=[0|[(i=((t=n[0])<<5|t>>>27)+n[4]+(f[s]=s<16?~~h[c+s]:i<<1|i>>>31)+1518500249)+((e=n[1])&(o=n[2])|~e&(r=n[3])),a=i+(e^o^r)+341275144,i+(e&o|e&r|o&r)+882459459,a+1535694389][0|s++/20],t,e<<30|e>>>2,o,r])i=f[s-3]^f[s-8]^f[s-14]^f[s-16];for(s=5;s;)l[--s]=l[s]+n[s]|0}return l[0]}var i,u,c,s="",f=[];return n.init=function(n,r){var a,c,s,f,l,h=[],p=(t.document.cookie.match(/(^|;) *nyt-a=([^;]*)/)||[])[2],d=(t.document.cookie.match(/(^|;) *ab7=([^;]*)/)||[])[2],m=new RegExp("[?&]abra(=([^&#]*))"),g=m.exec(t.location.search);if(g&&g[2]&&(d=d?g[2]+"&"+d:g[2]),i)throw new Error("can't init twice");if(u=r,i={},d)for(d=decodeURIComponent(d).split("&"),a=0;a<d.length;a++)l=d[a].split("="),l[0]in i||(i[l[0]]=[,l[1],1],o("ab-alloc",l[0],l[1]),l[1]&&h.push(l[0]+"="+l[1]));for(a=0;a<n.length;a++)s=n[a],(c=s[0])in i||(f=e(p,s)||[],i[c]=f,f[1]&&h.push(c.replace(/[^\w-]/g)+"="+(""+f[1]).replace(/[^\w-]/g)),f[2]&&o("ab-alloc",c,f[1]));h.length&&t.document.documentElement.setAttribute("data-nyt-ab",h.join(" "))},n.reportExposure=function(n,e){var r=i[n];r&&r[2]?o("ab-expose",n,r[1],e):e&&t.setTimeout(function(){e(null)},0)},n}(this);
</script>
<script>NYTD.Abra.init([["www-story-reader-satisfaction",[[21474837,"Control",1],[21474836,"VariantA",1],[4252017623,null,0]]],["www-signup-favor-test",[[2147483648,"0",1],[2147483648,"1",1]]],["www-fixed-nav-subscribe-test",[[4294967296,"1",1]]],["www-ad-diagnostic",[[21474837,"1",0],[4273492459,null,0]]],["www-fabrik-off",[[4294967296,"1",1]]],["www-auto-newsletter",[[4294967296,"1",1]]],["www-STORY_3bundlePayflow-v3",[[4294967296,"1",1]]],["www-STRIK-nl-regi",[[1434519077,"control",1],[1430224110,"1",1],[1430224109,"2",1],[0,null,0]]],["www-indexAsHeaderBidder",[[4294967296,"2",1]]],["abra_dfp",[[3865470567,"control",1],[429496729,"test",1]]],["EC_SampleTest",[[2147483648,"variantA",0],[2147483648,"variantB",0]]]], '//et.nytimes.com/')</script>
<!--  end abra  -->

<script>
/* ABRA reporting for Vi rollout. Please don't hand-edit this minified snippet. <https://github.com/nytm/vi-rollout-abra-reporting-js> (67c2140 @ Mon Dec 11 17:51:59 EST 2017) */ function reportViRolloutToABRA(t,e,o){"use strict";var i,a,n,r,s="";if(e&&(/^mobile\./.test(window.location.hostname)?(i=(document.cookie.match(/(?:^|;) *vi=([^;]*)/)||[,""])[1],a=(document.cookie.match(/(?:^|;) *nyt\.np\.vi=([^;]*)/)||[,""])[1],n=/^b1/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi&variant=vi":/^z1/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi&variant=0":/^a2/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi2&variant=hp-st":/^b2/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi2&variant=hp":/^c2/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi2&variant=st":/^z2/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi2&variant=0":/^1\|/.test(a)?"WP_ProjectVi&variant=vi":/^2\|/.test(a)?"WP_ProjectVi&variant=0":null):/^www\./.test(window.location.hostname)&&(i=(document.cookie.match(/(?:^|;) *vi_www_hp=([^;]*)/)||[,""])[1],n=/^a2/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_www_hp&variant=hp-st":/^b2/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_www_hp&variant=hp":/^c2/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_www_hp&variant=st":/^d2/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_www_hp&variant=hp-2":/^y2/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_www_hp&variant=0-2":/^z2/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_www_hp&variant=0":null),n&&(s+="subject=ab-alloc&test="+n+"&url="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.href)+"&instant=1&skipAugment=true\n")),o&&(/^mobile\./.test(window.location.hostname)?(i=(document.cookie.match(/(?:^|;) *vistorymobile=([^;]*)/)||[,""])[1],r=/^a/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_Story_Mobile&variant=st":/^b/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_Story_Mobile&variant=sth":/^c/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_Story_Mobile&variant=mw":/^z/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_Story_Mobile&variant=mwh":null):/^www\./.test(window.location.hostname)&&(i=(document.cookie.match(/(?:^|;) *vistory=([^;]*)/)||[,""])[1],r=/^a/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_story_desktop&variant=sd":/^b/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_story_desktop&variant=sdh":/^c/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_story_desktop&variant=nyt5":/^z/.test(i)?"WP_ProjectVi_story_desktop&variant=nyt5h":null),r&&(s+="subject=ab-alloc&test="+r+"&url="+encodeURIComponent(window.location.href)+"&instant=1&skipAugment=true\n")),s){var c=new XMLHttpRequest;c.withCredentials=!0,c.open("POST",t),c.send(s)}}
</script>
<script>
  reportViRolloutToABRA(
    '//et.nytimes.com/',
    false,
    true  );
</script>
                <script id="page-config-data" type="text/json">
{"pageconfig":{"ledeMediaSize":"large","keywords":["article-medium"],"collections":{"sections":["us","health","climateandenvironment"]}}}</script>
<script id="display_overrides">
            []    </script>

			    <script type="text/javascript">
        (function() {
            var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
            var mediaDotNet = 'https://contextual.media.net/bidexchange.js?cid=8CU2553YN&amp;https=1';
            var indexBid = 'https://js-sec.indexww.com/ht/p/183760-203795517182556.js';
            var timeout = 300;

            function loadScript(tagSrc) {
                if (tagSrc.substr(0, 4) !== 'http') {
                    var isSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol;
                    tagSrc = (isSSL ? 'https:' : '') + tagSrc;
                }
                var scriptTag = document.createElement('script'),
                    placeTag = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
                scriptTag.type = 'text/javascript';
                scriptTag.async = true;
                scriptTag.src = tagSrc;
                s.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptTag, s);
            }

            function loadGPT() {
                if (!window.advBidxc.isAdServerLoaded) {
                    loadScript('//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js');
                    window.advBidxc.isAdServerLoaded = true;
                }
            }

            window.advBidxc = window.advBidxc || {};
            window.advBidxc.renderAd = function () {};
            window.advBidxc.startTime = new Date().getTime();
            window.advBidxc.customerId = "8CU2553YN"; //Media.net Customer ID
            window.advBidxc.timeout = 300;
            window.advBidxc.loadGPT = setTimeout(loadGPT, window.advBidxc.timeout);

            // append index
            var a = document.createElement("script");
            a.type = "text/javascript";
            a.async = true;
            a.src = indexBid;
            s.parentNode.insertBefore(a, s);

            // append media.net
            var b = document.createElement("script");
            b.type = "text/javascript";
            b.async = true;
            b.src = mediaDotNet;
            s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);
        })();
    </script>

    <!-- Amazon Bidder version 2 Initialization Script -->
    <script type="text/javascript">
        //Load the ApsTag JavaScript Library
        !function(a9,a,p,s,t,A,g){if(a[a9])return;function q(c,r){a[a9]._Q.push([c,r])}a[a9]={init:function(){q("i",arguments)},fetchBids:function(){q("f",arguments)},setDisplayBids:function(){},targetingKeys:function(){return[]},_Q:[]};A=p.createElement(s);A.async=!0;A.src=t;g=p.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];g.parentNode.insertBefore(A,g)}("apstag",window,document,"script","//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js");

        apstag.init({
            pubID: '3030',
            adServer: 'googletag'
        });
    </script>


	<script type="text/json" id="trending-link-json">
	</script>

<!--esi
<script id="user-info-data" type="application/json">
<esi:include src="/svc/web-products/userinfo-v3.json" />
</script>
-->
<script id="magnum-feature-flags" type="application/json">["limitFabrikSave","moreFollowSuggestions","unfollowComments","scoopTool","videoVHSCover","videoVHSShareTools","videoVHSLive","videoVHSNewControls","videoVHSEmbeddedOnly","allTheEmphases","freeTrial","dedupeWhatsNext","trendingPageLinks","sprinklePaidPost","headerBidder","standardizeWhatsNextCollection","onlyLayoutA","simple","simpleExtendedByline","collectionsWhatsNext","mobileMediaViewer","podcastInLede","MovieTickets","MoreInSubsectionFix","seriesIssueMarginalia","serverSideCollectionUrls","multipleBylines","fabrikWebsocketsOnly","translationLinks","papihttps","verticalFullBleed","updateRestaurantReservations","mapDining","newsletterInlineModule","PersonalizationApiUpdate","apsTagEnabled","removeInternationalEdition","headlineBalancer","clientSideABRA","newsletterTitleTracking","surveyInterstitial","removeFBMessengerPromo","removeMarginaliaAbTest","paidpostSprinklingFix","abraOverrideVersion","headlineBalancerEverywhere","signupFavor","lazyloadOakImages","mapleFreeTrial","adQuerySupportForMultipleUserAddedKeywords","removeSectionDependentAdLogicForJanuary","oakUpdateAdStride","autoPlaceNewsletter","piiBlockDFP","adExclusiveIERibbonCheck","FlexAdDoubleHeightTracking","didScroll","supportedByAdFullBleed","anchorsHttps","oakBylineMargin","TopFlexAdSiteWide","BundlePayFlow","loadArticleOptimizely","oakStyleTouchups","oakBasicHeader","serveOakOnVI","opinionHeadline","indexAsHeaderBidder","newsletterRegiTest","bookReviewBuyButton","caslOpt","sectionBasedAmp","abraInCustomParams","jkiddScript","blueKai","showNewDealbookLogo","commentsUserDataUpdateDisabled","tMagazineFontTest"]</script>
<script>
var require = {
    baseUrl: 'https://g1.nyt.com/assets/',
    waitSeconds: 20,
    paths: {
        'foundation': 'article/20180213-181600/js/foundation',
        'shared': 'article/20180213-181600/js/shared',
        'article': 'article/20180213-181600/js/article',
        'application': 'article/20180213-181600/js/article/story',
        'videoFactory': 'https://static01.nyt.com/js2/build/video/2.0/videofactoryrequire',
        'videoPlaylist': 'https://static01.nyt.com/js2/build/video/players/extended/2.0/appRequire',
        'auth/mtr': 'https://static01.nyt.com/js/mtr',
        'auth/growl': 'https://static01.nyt.com/js/auth/growl/default',
        'vhs': 'https://static01.nyt.com/video/vhs/build/vhs-2.x.min',
        'vhs3': 'https://static01.nyt.com/video-static/vhs3/vhs.min'
    },
    map: {
        '*': {
            'story/main': 'article/story/main'
        }
    }
};
</script>
<!--[if (gte IE 9)|!(IE)]> <!-->
<script data-main="foundation/main" src="https://g1.nyt.com/assets/article/20180213-181600/js/foundation/lib/framework.js"></script>
<!--<![endif]-->
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script>
    require.map['*']['foundation/main'] = 'foundation/legacy_main';
</script>
<script data-main="foundation/legacy_main" src="https://g1.nyt.com/assets/article/20180213-181600/js/foundation/lib/framework.js"></script>
<![endif]-->
    <script>
    require(['foundation/main'], function () {
        require(['auth/mtr', 'auth/growl']);
    });
    </script>
</head>

<body>
    
    <style>
    .lt-ie10 .messenger.suggestions {
        display: block !important;
        height: 50px;
    }

    .lt-ie10 .messenger.suggestions .message-bed {
        background-color: #f8e9d2;
        border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
    }

    .lt-ie10 .messenger.suggestions .message-container {
        padding: 11px 18px 11px 30px;
    }

    .lt-ie10 .messenger.suggestions .action-link {
        font-family: "nyt-franklin", arial, helvetica, sans-serif;
        font-size: 10px;
        font-weight: bold;
        color: #a81817;
        text-transform: uppercase;
    }

    .lt-ie10 .messenger.suggestions .alert-icon {
        background: url('https://static01.nyt.com/images/icons/icon-alert-12x12-a81817.png') no-repeat;
        width: 12px;
        height: 12px;
        display: inline-block;
        margin-top: -2px;
        float: none;
    }

    .lt-ie10 .masthead,
    .lt-ie10 .navigation,
    .lt-ie10 .comments-panel {
        margin-top: 50px !important;
    }

    .lt-ie10 .ribbon {
        margin-top: 97px !important;
    }
</style>
<div id="suggestions" class="suggestions messenger nocontent robots-nocontent" style="display:none;">
    <div class="message-bed">
        <div class="message-container last-message-container">
            <div class="message">
                <span class="message-content">
                    <i class="icon alert-icon"></i><span class="message-title">NYTimes.com no longer supports Internet Explorer 9 or earlier. Please upgrade your browser.</span>
                    <a href="http://www.nytimes.com/content/help/site/ie9-support.html" class="action-link">LEARN MORE »</a>
                </span>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

    <div id="shell" class="shell">
    <header id="masthead" class="masthead masthead-theme-standard" role="banner">
    <div class="container">
        <div class="quick-navigation button-group">
            <button class="button sections-button"><i class="icon sprite-icon"></i><span class="button-text">Sections</span></button>
            <button class="button home-button" data-href="https://www.nytimes.com/" title="Go to the home page to see the latest top stories."><i class="icon sprite-icon"></i>
                <span class="button-text">Home</span>
            </button>
            <button class="button search-button"><i class="icon sprite-icon"></i><span class="button-text">Search</span></button>
            <a class="button skip-button skip-to-content visually-hidden focusable" href="#story-header">Skip to content</a>
                        <a class="button skip-button skip-to-navigation visually-hidden focusable" href="#site-index-navigation">Skip to navigation</a>
                                    <a class="button skip-button skip-to-mobile visually-hidden focusable" href="http://mobile.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html">View mobile version</a>
                    </div><!-- close button-group -->
        <div class="branding">
            <h2 class="branding-heading">
                <a id="branding-heading-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/">
                    <span class="visually-hidden">The New York Times</span>
                </a>
            </h2>
            <script>window.magnum.writeLogo('small', 'https://g1.nyt.com/assets/article/20180213-181600/images/foundation/logos/', 'us', 'masthead-theme-standard', 'standard', 'branding-heading-link', 'article');</script>
        </div><!-- close branding -->
                <div class="story-meta">
            <h6 class="kicker"><span class="kicker-label"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/us">U.S.</a></span><span class="pipe">|</span>High Levels of Carcinogen Found in Houston Area After Harvey</h6>
        </div><!-- close story-meta -->
        <div class="user-tools">
            <div id="Bar1" class="ad bar1-ad nocontent robots-nocontent"></div>
<div id="liftoff-nyt5-bar1" class="hidden"></div>
            <div id="sharetools-masthead" aria-label="tools" role="group" class="sharetools theme-classic  sharetools-masthead  "
data-shares="facebook,twitter,email,show-all,save"
data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html"
data-title="High Levels of Carcinogen Found in Houston Area After Harvey"
data-author="By HIROKO TABUCHI"
data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/06/us/00benzene_web1/00benzene_web1-jumbo.jpg"
data-description="Air sampling near a Valero Energy refinery in the Manchester district showed elevated levels of benzene, which has been linked to health problems."
	data-publish-date="September 6, 2017"
>
<div class="ad sharetools-inline-article-ad hidden nocontent robots-nocontent">
</div>
</div><!-- close shareTools -->
            <button class="button search-button"><i class="icon sprite-icon"></i><span class="button-text">Search</span></button>
            <div class="user-tools-button-group button-group">
                <button class="button subscribe-button hidden" data-href="https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp3004.html?campaignId=4XUYF">Subscribe Now</button>
                <button class="button login-button login-modal-trigger hidden">Log In</button>
                                                <button class="button notifications-button hidden"><i class="icon sprite-icon"></i><span class="button-text">0</span></button>
                <button class="button user-settings-button"><i class="icon sprite-icon"></i><span class="button-text">Settings</span></button>
            </div><!-- close user-tools-button-group -->
        </div><!-- close user-tools -->
    </div><!-- close container -->
    <div class="search-flyout-panel flyout-panel">
    <button class="button close-button" type="button"><i class="icon"></i><span class="visually-hidden">Close search</span></button>
    <nav class="search-form-control form-control layout-horizontal">
    <h2 class="visually-hidden">Site Search Navigation</h2>
    <form class="search-form" role="search">
        <div class="control">
            <div class="label-container visually-hidden">
                                <label for="search-input">Search NYTimes.com</label>
                            </div>
            <div class="field-container">
                                <input id="search-input" name="search-input" type="text" class="search-input text" autocomplete="off" placeholder="Search NYTimes.com" />
                
                <button type="button" class="button clear-button" tabindex="-1" aria-describedby="clear-search-input"><i class="icon"></i><span id="clear-search-input" class="visually-hidden">Clear this text input</span></button>
                <div class="auto-suggest" style="display: none;">
                    <ol></ol>
                </div>
                <button class="button submit-button" type="submit">Go</button>
            </div>
        </div><!-- close control -->
    </form>
</nav>


</div><!-- close flyout-panel -->
    <div id="notification-modals" class="notification-modals"></div>
<span class="story-short-url"><a href="https://nyti.ms/2xa9O3C">https://nyti.ms/2xa9O3C</a></span></header>
            <nav id="ribbon" class="ribbon ribbon-start nocontent robots-nocontent" aria-hidden="true">
    <div class="nocontent robots-nocontent">
        <ol class="ribbon-menu">
            <li class="collection ribbon-loader">
                <div class="loader loader-t-logo-32x32-ecedeb-ffffff"><span class="visually-hidden">Loading...</span></div>
            </li>
        </ol>
        <div class="ribbon-navigation-container">
            <nav class="ribbon-navigation next">
                <span class="visually-hidden">See next articles</span>
                <div class="arrow arrow-right">
                    <div class="arrow-conceal"></div>
                </div>
            </nav>
            <nav class="ribbon-navigation previous">
                <span class="visually-hidden">See previous articles</span>
                <div class="arrow arrow-left">
                    <div class="arrow-conceal"></div>
                </div>
            </nav>
        </div>
    </div><!-- close nocontent -->
</nav>

<script type="text/javascript">
(function () {
    var ribbon;
    if (window.magnum.getFlags().indexOf('adAggro') !== -1 &&
        (window.NYTD.Abra('www-story-pro-agro') !== 'control' &&
        window.NYTD.Abra('www-story-pro-agro') !== null &&
        window.NYTD.Abra('www-story-pro-agro') !== 'null' &&
        window.NYTD.Abra('www-story-pro-agro') !== '')) {
        ribbon = document.querySelector('#ribbon');
        if (ribbon && ribbon.parentNode) {
            ribbon.parentNode.removeChild(ribbon);
        }
    }
})();
</script>
        <nav id="navigation" class="navigation">
    <h2 class="visually-hidden">Site Navigation</h2>
</nav><!-- close navigation -->

<nav id="mobile-navigation" class="mobile-navigation hidden">
    <h2 class="visually-hidden">Site Mobile Navigation</h2>
</nav><!-- close mobile-navigation -->

    <div id="navigation-edge" class="navigation-edge"></div>
    <div id="page" class="page">
        <div id="TopAd" class="ad top-ad nocontent robots-nocontent">
    <div class="accessibility-ad-header visually-hidden">
    <p>Advertisement</p>
</div>
</div>

        <main id="main" class="main" role="main">
        <article id="story" class="story theme-main   ">

    <div id='TragedyAd' class='ad tragedy-ad nocontent robots-nocontent'></div>

                        
    <header id="story-header" class="story-header">
                                <div id="story-meta" class="story-meta ">
                            <div class="supported-by hidden nocontent robots-nocontent">
                    <span class="ad-label">Supported by</span>
                    <div id="supported-by-ad" class="supported-by-ad ad"></div>
                </div>
                                        <h3 id="kicker" class="kicker" role="kicker">
                                                                                            <span class="kicker-label"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/us">U.S.</a></span>
                                                                                                                                                                    </h3>
                        			<h1 itemprop="headline" id="headline" class="headline">High Levels of Carcinogen Found in Houston Area After Harvey</h1>
	                                                <div id="story-meta-footer" class="story-meta-footer">
                                                                                                    

<p class="byline-dateline"><span class="byline" itemprop="author creator" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"  itemid="https://www.nytimes.com/by/hiroko-tabuchi">By <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/hiroko-tabuchi" title="More Articles by HIROKO TABUCHI"><span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="HIROKO TABUCHI" itemprop="name" data-twitter-handle="HirokoTabuchi">HIROKO TABUCHI</span></a></span><time class="dateline" datetime="2017-09-07T01:32:32-04:00" itemprop="dateModified" content="2017-09-07T01:32:32-04:00">SEPT. 6, 2017</time>
</p>

                                    <div class="story-meta-footer-sharetools">
                        <div id="sharetools-story-meta-footer" aria-label="tools" role="group" class="sharetools theme-classic  sharetools-story-meta-footer  "
data-shares="facebook,twitter,email,show-all,save"
data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html"
data-title="High Levels of Carcinogen Found in Houston Area After Harvey"
data-author="By HIROKO TABUCHI"
data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/06/us/00benzene_web1/00benzene_web1-jumbo.jpg"
data-description="Air sampling near a Valero Energy refinery in the Manchester district showed elevated levels of benzene, which has been linked to health problems."
	data-publish-date="September 6, 2017"
>
<a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-1">Continue reading the main story</a>
<span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span>
<div class="ad sharetools-inline-article-ad hidden nocontent robots-nocontent">
<a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-1">Continue reading the main story</a>
</div>
</div><!-- close shareTools -->
                                                                                                </div>
                            </div><!-- close story-meta-footer -->
        </div><!-- close story-meta -->
    </header>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        if (
            window.magnum
            && window.magnum.getFlags().indexOf('headlineBalancer') > 0
            && window.magnum.headlineBalancer
            && window.magnum.headlineBalancer.initialize
            && window.magnum.headlineBalancer.shouldRun()
        ) {
            window.magnum.headlineBalancer.initialize();
        }
    </script>

        
    <div class="story-body-supplemental">
    <div class="story-body story-body-1">
        <figure id="media-100000005411197" class="media photo lede layout-large-horizontal" data-media-action="modal" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/06/us/00benzene_web1/00benzene_web1-master768.jpg" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" aria-label="media" role="group">
    <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span>
    <div class="image">
            <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/06/us/00benzene_web1/00benzene_web1-master768.jpg" alt="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/06/us/00benzene_web1/00benzene_web1-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="A Valero Energy refinery in Houston on Thursday. High levels of the carcinogen benzene were detected near the refinery, health officials said." data-mediaviewer-credit="Adrees Latif/Reuters"  itemprop="url" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/06/us/00benzene_web1/00benzene_web1-master768.jpg"/>
            <meta itemprop="height" content="512" />
            <meta itemprop="width" content="768" />
    </div>
        <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description">
                <span class="caption-text">A Valero Energy refinery in Houston on Thursday. High levels of the carcinogen benzene were detected near the refinery, health officials said.</span>
                        <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder">
            <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span>
            Adrees Latif/Reuters        </span>
            </figcaption>
    </figure>
<script type="text/javascript">
(function () {
        var figure, fragment, storyHeader;
        var html, header, headline, storyMeta, mediaActionOverlay, supportedBy;
        var story = document.getElementById('story');
        var adAggro = window.magnum.getFlags().indexOf('adAggro') !== -1 &&
            (window.NYTD.Abra('www-story-pro-agro') === 'pro-10' ||
            window.NYTD.Abra('www-story-pro-agro') === 'pro-8' ||
            window.NYTD.Abra('www-story-pro-agro') === 'pro-6' ||
            window.NYTD.Abra('www-story-pro-agro') === 'pro-4');
        var adAggro2 = window.magnum.getFlags().indexOf('story1427AdAggro') !== -1 &&
            (window.NYTD.Abra('www-story-1427-ad-aggro') === 'pro-10' ||
            window.NYTD.Abra('www-story-1427-ad-aggro') === 'pro-8' ||
            window.NYTD.Abra('www-story-1427-ad-aggro') === 'pro-6' ||
            window.NYTD.Abra('www-story-1427-ad-aggro') === 'pro-4');

        if ((adAggro || adAggro2) &&
            document.documentElement.className.indexOf('article-has-layout-large-horizontal') === -1
        ) {
                // only run this test if it's large or jumbo horizontal lede media
                figure = document.querySelectorAll('.lede.photo')[0];
                if (figure.className.indexOf('layout-large-horizontal') === -1 && figure.className.indexOf('layout-jumbo-horizontal') === -1) {
                    require(['foundation/main'], function (main) {
                        require(['foundation/tracking/tracking-mixin'], function (tracking) {
                            tracking.trackingTriggerRaw(
                                'not-running-pro-topper-ad-test',
                                {
                                    'module': 'not-running-pro-topper-ad-test',
                                    'region': 'not-running-pro-topper-ad-test'
                                },
                                'interaction'
                            );
                        });
                    });

                    return;
                }
                document.documentElement.className += ' article-has-layout-large-horizontal';

                // delete supported by
                supportedBy = document.querySelectorAll('.supported-by')[0];
                if (supportedBy) {
                        supportedBy.parentNode.removeChild(supportedBy);
                }

                fragment = document.createDocumentFragment(); // this will be the top ad
                fragment.appendChild(document.getElementById('TopAd'));

                storyHeader = document.getElementById('story-header');
                if (storyHeader.nextSibling) {
                  storyHeader.parentNode.insertBefore(fragment, storyHeader.nextSibling);
                }
                else {
                  storyHeader.parentNode.appendChild(fragment);
                }

                document.getElementById('TopAd').style.display = 'block';
                document.getElementById('TopAd').style.marginBottom = '45px';
        } // end ad if


        if ((adAggro || adAggro2) &&
            document.documentElement.className.indexOf('article-has-layout-large-horizontal') !== -1
        ) {

                html = document.documentElement;
                header = document.getElementById('story-header');
                figure = document.querySelectorAll('.lede.photo')[0];
                headline = document.getElementById('headline');
                storyMeta = document.getElementById('story-meta');

                mediaActionOverlay = figure.getElementsByClassName("media-action-overlay")[0];

                html.className += ' has-cover-media';

                story.className += " has-headline-image-topper bleed-align-left";

                header.appendChild(figure);

            if (window.magnum.getFlags().indexOf('story1427AdAggroTracking') !== -1) {
                require(['foundation/main'], function (main) {
                    require(['foundation/tracking/tracking-mixin'], function (tracking) {
                        tracking.trackingTriggerRaw(
                            'running-pro-topper-ad-test',
                            {
                                'module': 'running-pro-topper-ad-test',
                                'region': 'running-pro-topper-ad-test'
                            },
                            'interaction'
                        );
                    });
                });
            }

        }
})();
</script>
<p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="264" data-total-count="264">High levels of the carcinogen benzene were detected in a Houston neighborhood close to a Valero Energy refinery, local health officials said Tuesday, heightening concerns over potentially hazardous leaks from oil and gas industry sites damaged by Hurricane Harvey.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="325" data-total-count="589">Preliminary air sampling in the Manchester district of Houston showed concentrations of up to 324 parts per billion of benzene, said Loren Raun, chief environmental science officer for the Houston Health Department. That is above <a href="https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp3-c1-b.pdf"> the level</a> at which federal safety officials recommend special breathing equipment for workers.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="164" data-total-count="753">Health officials also detected high levels of volatile organic compounds, which have been linked to a variety of health problems, including liver damage and <a href="http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/cancer/overview.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="In-depth reference and news articles about Cancer." class="meta-classifier">cancer</a>.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="203" data-total-count="956">Dr. Raun said that monitoring would continue, and that some readings showed far lower levels of the pollutants, depending on which way the wind was blowing. Still, “these are high numbers,” she said.</p><div id="story-ad-1" class="story-ad ad ad-placeholder nocontent robots-nocontent ">
    <div class="accessibility-ad-header visually-hidden">
    <p>Advertisement</p>
</div>
<a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-1">Continue reading the main story</a>
</div>
<p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="338" data-total-count="1294" id="story-continues-1">The Environmental Protection Agency said it was also focusing on “an area of potential concern” linked to emissions from a Valero facility. E.P.A. air monitoring buses would continue to test pollution levels around the Valero refinery and others in the area as they start back up, David Gray, an agency spokesman, said in a statement.</p><figure class="promo media video embedded layout-large-horizontal "
    data-videoid="100000005325491"
    data-media-action="modal"
    data-autoplay="false"
    data-embedded="false"
    data-adsensitivity="noads"
    data-live="false"
    aria-label="media" role="group">
        <span class="visually-hidden">Video</span>


    
    <figcaption class="caption">
        <h4 class="headline">A Toxic Part of Texas</h4>

        <div class="caption-video">
            <div class="summary-credit">
                <p class="summary">This part of Houston is surrounded by gas and chemical plants, highways and shipping traffic, making it one of America’s most polluted neighborhoods.</p>
                <span class="credit video-credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder">
                    By TAMIR KALIFA, NATHAN GRIFFITHS and GUGLIELMO MATTIOLI on                                                                <span class="visually-hidden">Publish Date </span>August 3, 2017.
                                    </span>
                <span class="credit photo-credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder">
                    Photo by Alyssa Schukar for The New York Times. Technology by Samsung. .
                </span>
                                    <a class="video-link" href= https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000005325491/toxic-trespassing-in-texas-manchester-houston-air-pollution.html?action=click&amp;contentCollection=us&amp;module=embedded&amp;region=caption&amp;pgtype=article >Watch in Times Video &#187;</a>
                            </div>

            <div class="sharetools-video-container">
                                <div id="sharetools-video-tools-100000005325491"
                    class="sharetools sharetools-video-tools">
                    <ul>
                        <li class="sharetool embed-sharetool">
                            <a href="javascript:;" data-share="embed" data-modal-title="">
                                <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i>
                                <span class="sharetool-text ">embed</span>
                            </a>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
                                <div id="sharetools-video-inline-100000005325491"
                    class="sharetools sharetools-video-inline"
                    data-shares="facebook|,twitter|"
                    data-url="https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000005325491/toxic-trespassing-in-texas-manchester-houston-air-pollution.html?action=click&amp;contentCollection=us&amp;module=embedded&amp;region=caption&amp;pgtype=article"
                    data-title="A Toxic Part of Texas"
                    data-description="This part of Houston is surrounded by gas and chemical plants, highways and shipping traffic, making it one of America’s most polluted neighborhoods."
                    data-content-type="video">
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </figcaption>
</figure>
<p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="318" data-total-count="1612">Manchester, a low-income neighborhood hemmed in by two freeways, a shipping lane and the Valero refinery, has long suffered from industrial pollution. Researchers have found <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2592281/?tool=pubmed">elevated levels of childhood leukemia</a> in several areas in Houston, including Manchester, a plight blamed on high levels of chemicals in the air.</p>        <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-2">Continue reading the main story</a>
    </div><!-- close story-body -->
    <div class="supplemental first" id="supplemental-1">
    </div><!-- close supplemental -->
</div><!-- close story-body-supplemental -->
<div class="story-interrupter" id="story-continues-2">
    <div id="FlexAd" class="ad flex-ad nocontent robots-nocontent">
    <div class="accessibility-ad-header visually-hidden">
    <p>Advertisement</p>
</div>
<a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-3">Continue reading the main story</a>
    <div class="flex-ad-creative"></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="story-body-supplemental">
    <div class="story-body story-body-2">
        <p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="348" data-total-count="1960" id="story-continues-3">Valero Energy, a refiner based in San Antonio, had told local regulators that a floating roof covering a tank at its Houston refinery sank on Aug. 27 in the heavy rains brought by Harvey, causing benzene to leak into the air. The leak lasted only until the next day, Valero had said in its filing with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="203" data-total-count="2163">Since Aug. 23, 31 facilities in 10 counties have reported an estimated 4.5 million pounds of excess emissions to the commission, an analysis by the <a href="https://www.edf.org/">Environmental Defense Fund</a> and <a href="http://www.environmenttexas.org/home">Environment Texas</a> shows.</p><div class="newsletter-signup hidden auto-newsletter variant-1-hidden " id="newsletter-promo" data-newsletter-productCode="" data-newsletter-productTitle="" aria-labeledby="newsletter-promo-heading">
    <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="newsletter-promo-heading">Newsletter Sign Up</h2>
    <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#continues-post-newsletter">Continue reading the main story</a>
        <script type="application/json" id="auto-newsletter-rules">[{"headline":"California Today","summary":"The news and stories that matter to Californians (and anyone else interested in the state), delivered weekday mornings.","product-code":"CA","product-title":"California Today","sample-url":"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/newsletters\/sample\/california-today?pgtype=subscriptionspage&version=new&contentId=CA&eventName=sample&module=newsletter-sign-up"},{"headline":"Race\/Related Newsletter","summary":"Join a deep and provocative exploration of race with New York Times journalists.","product-code":"RR","product-title":"Race Related","sample-url":"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/newsletters\/sample\/race-related?pgtype=subscriptionspage&version=new&contentId=RR&eventName=sample&module=newsletter-sign-up"},{"headline":"The Interpreter Newsletter","summary":"Understand the world with sharp insight and commentary on the major news stories of the week.","product-code":"INT","product-title":"The Interpreter","sample-url":"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/newsletters\/sample\/the-interpreter?pgtype=subscriptionspage&version=new&contentId=INT&eventName=sample&module=newsletter-sign-up"}]</script>
        <h3 class="headline"></h3>    <p class="summary"></p>    <form name="regilite" class="newsletter-form" method="post" autocomplete="off">
        <div class="control input-control">
            <div class="form-errors">
                <p class="error captcha-error hidden">Please verify you're not a robot by clicking the box.</p>
                <p class="error invalid-email-error hidden">Invalid email address. Please re-enter.</p>
                <p class="error buffet-error hidden">You must select a newsletter to subscribe to.</p>
            </div>
            <div class="field-container">
                <input id="email" name="email" class="email-input" type="email" aria-required="true" placeholder="Enter your email address" value="">
                <button id="submit-button" type="submit" class="button submit-button">Sign Up</button>
            </div>
        </div><!-- close control -->
        <div class="control checkbox-control">
            <div class="field-container">
                <input id="special-offers" class="checkbox" type="checkbox" name="special-offers" value="MM">
            </div>
            <div class="label-container">
                <label class="checkbox-label" for="special-offers">You agree to receive occasional updates and special offers for The New York Times's products and services.</label>
            </div>
        </div><!-- close control -->
        <div class="g-recaptcha" id="captcha-container" data-sitekey="6LeN0R4TAAAAACwPa5WX2QYE0npOf2-2veTOm2Tp"></div>
    </form>
    <div class="messages">
        <h3 class="success-message hidden">Thank you for subscribing.</h3>
        <h3 class="error submit-error hidden">An error has occurred. Please try again later.</h3>
        <h3 class="subscriber hidden">You are already subscribed to this email.</h3>
        <p class="view-all-link hidden"><a href="/newsletters" target="_blank">View all New York Times newsletters.</a></p>
    </div><!-- close messages -->
    <ul class="footer">
                <li id="sample-newsletter-link" class="sample"><a href="" target="_blank">See Sample</a></li>
                <li class="manage-email"><a href="/mem/email.html" target="_blank">Manage Email Preferences</a></li>
        <li class="logout hidden"><a href="/logout" target="_blank">Not you?</a></li>
        <li class="privacy"><a href="/privacy" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a></li>
        <li class="contact">Opt out or <a href="/help/index.html" target="_blank">contact us</a> anytime</li>
    </ul><!-- close footer -->
    <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js" async="async" defer="defer"></script>
</div>
<div id="#continues-post-newsletter"></div>
<p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="346" data-total-count="2509">Lillian Riojas, a Valero spokeswoman, said that a “hurricane ride-out crew” of Valero workers had made sure that the oil that escaped from the roof was “quickly contained” and that “cleanup is well underway.” Valero was coordinating with both federal and local environmental regulators to monitor any emissions from the oil, she said.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="162" data-total-count="2671">Benzene, a toxic, flammable chemical found in crude oil and gasoline, is known to cause central nervous system damage and bone marrow damage, and is carcinogenic.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="262" data-total-count="2933">Elena Craft, a senior health scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund, said continued monitoring was essential; there were “a lot of unknowns” related to how long communities might have been exposed to the pollutants, and at what sustained concentrations.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="38" data-total-count="2971">The health risks were clear, she said.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="220" data-total-count="3191">“For the short term, the risks are <a href="http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/symptoms/dizziness/overview.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="In-depth reference and news articles about Dizziness." class="meta-classifier">dizziness</a>, nausea, lightheadedness. But this could also play into your long-term cancer risks,” she said. “We’re very concerned about people’s long-term health in the area.”</p>        <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#whats-next">Continue reading the main story</a>
    </div><!-- close story-body -->
    <div class="supplemental " id="supplemental-2">
    </div><!-- close supplemental -->
</div><!-- close story-body-supplemental -->

    
    <div class="reader-satisfaction-survey prompt feedback-prompt story-content hidden">
<a class="feedback-link" href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfLW30xgZodF1qRAg80oWEGuDpW-1HHaL0g42G3SmvB2f4lCw/viewform?entry.8537735=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/us/harvey-houston-valero-benzene.html" target="_blank">
    <p class="feedback-message">We&#8217;re interested in your feedback on this page. <strong>Tell us what you think.</strong></p>
</a>
</div>

    <div id="storage-drawer" class="hidden">
        <div class="supplemental-sub-item" data-attribute-position="0" data-attribute-name="CombinedMarginalia" data-attribute-type="Related" data-attribute-subtype="">
    <aside class="marginalia related-combined-coverage-marginalia marginalia-item nocontent robots-nocontent" data-marginalia-type="sprinkled" role="complementary" module="Related-CombinedMarginalia">
    <div class="nocontent robots-nocontent">
                <header>
            <h2 class="module-heading">Related Coverage</h2>
        </header>
        <ul>
                                                <li><article class="story theme-summary ">
    <a class="story-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/us/harvey-arkema-crosby-chemicals.html">

                    <div class="thumb">
                <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/06/science/06ARKEMA1/06ARKEMA1-thumbStandard.jpg" role="presentation" alt="" />
                <div class="media-action-overlay"></div>
            </div>
        
        <div class="story-body">
                        <h2 class="headline">
                <span class="title">Crisis Is Over at Texas Plant, but Chemical Safety Flaws Remain</span>
                                    <time class="dateline">SEPT. 5, 2017</time>
                                            </h2>
        </div>
    </a>
</article>
</li>
                                                                <li><article class="story theme-summary ">
    <a class="story-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/us/houston-harvey-disaster-lessons.html">

                    <div class="thumb">
                <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/03/us/00cities-01-ALT/00cities-01-ALT-thumbStandard.jpg" role="presentation" alt="" />
                <div class="media-action-overlay"></div>
            </div>
        
        <div class="story-body">
                        <h2 class="headline">
                <span class="title">In Houston, a Terrifying Real-Life Lesson for Disaster-Prone Cities</span>
                                    <time class="dateline">SEPT. 5, 2017</time>
                                            </h2>
        </div>
    </a>
</article>
</li>
                                                                <li><article class="story theme-summary ">
    <a class="story-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/28/climate/500-year-flood-hurricane-harvey-houston.html">

                    <div class="thumb">
                <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/28/climate/500-year-flood-hurricane-harvey-houston-1503964875753/500-year-flood-hurricane-harvey-houston-1503964875753-thumbStandard.jpg" role="presentation" alt="" />
                <div class="media-action-overlay"><i class="icon sprite-icon graphic-icon"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">graphic</span>
</div>
            </div>
        
        <div class="story-body">
                        <h2 class="headline">
                <span class="title">A ‘500-Year Flood’ Could Happen Again Sooner Than You Think. Here’s Why.</span>
                                    <time class="dateline">AUG. 28, 2017</time>
                                            </h2>
        </div>
    </a>
</article>
</li>
                                                                <li><article class="story theme-summary ">
    <a class="story-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/climate/how-hurricane-harvey-became-so-destructive.html">

                    <div class="thumb">
                <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/28/us/29CLIMATE-alpha/29CLIMATE-alpha-thumbStandard.jpg" role="presentation" alt="" />
                <div class="media-action-overlay"></div>
            </div>
        
        <div class="story-body">
                        <h2 class="headline">
                <span class="title">How Hurricane Harvey Became So Destructive</span>
                                    <time class="dateline">AUG. 28, 2017</time>
                                            </h2>
        </div>
    </a>
</article>
</li>
                                    </ul>
    </div>
</aside>
</div>
<div class="supplemental-sub-item" data-attribute-position="1" data-attribute-name="PaidPost" data-attribute-type="PaidPost" data-attribute-subtype="">
    <aside id='middle-right-paid-post-container' class='ad middle-right-ad paid-post-ad marginalia-item hidden nocontent robots-nocontent'>
    <h2 class='marginalia-heading'></h2>
    <ul class='story-menu'>
        <li id='MiddleRightPaidPost1' class='story-menu-item ad'></li>
        <li id='MiddleRightPaidPost2' class='story-menu-item ad'></li>
        <li id='MiddleRightPaidPost3' class='story-menu-item ad'></li>
        <li id='MiddleRightPaidPost4' class='story-menu-item ad'></li>
    </ul>
</aside>
</div>
    </div>

</article>
<section id="related-combined-coverage" class="related-combined-coverage nocontent robots-nocontent">
    <header class="section-header">
        <h2 class="section-heading">Related Coverage</h2>
    </header>
    <div class="section-body">
        <ol class="story-menu menu">
                                                <li><article class="story theme-summary ">
    <a class="story-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/us/harvey-arkema-crosby-chemicals.html">
        <div class="story-body">
                        <h2 class="headline">
                <span class="title">Crisis Is Over at Texas Plant, but Chemical Safety Flaws Remain</span>
                                    <time class="dateline">SEPT. 5, 2017</time>
                                            </h2>
        </div>

                    <div class="thumb">
                <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/06/science/06ARKEMA1/06ARKEMA1-thumbStandard.jpg" role="presentation" alt="" />
                <div class="media-action-overlay"></div>
            </div>
            </a>
</article>
</li>
                                                                <li><article class="story theme-summary ">
    <a class="story-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/05/us/houston-harvey-disaster-lessons.html">
        <div class="story-body">
                        <h2 class="headline">
                <span class="title">In Houston, a Terrifying Real-Life Lesson for Disaster-Prone Cities</span>
                                    <time class="dateline">SEPT. 5, 2017</time>
                                            </h2>
        </div>

                    <div class="thumb">
                <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/09/03/us/00cities-01-ALT/00cities-01-ALT-thumbStandard.jpg" role="presentation" alt="" />
                <div class="media-action-overlay"></div>
            </div>
            </a>
</article>
</li>
                                                                <li><article class="story theme-summary ">
    <a class="story-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/08/28/climate/500-year-flood-hurricane-harvey-houston.html">
        <div class="story-body">
                        <h2 class="headline">
                <span class="title">A ‘500-Year Flood’ Could Happen Again Sooner Than You Think. Here’s Why.</span>
                                    <time class="dateline">AUG. 28, 2017</time>
                                            </h2>
        </div>

                    <div class="thumb">
                <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/28/climate/500-year-flood-hurricane-harvey-houston-1503964875753/500-year-flood-hurricane-harvey-houston-1503964875753-thumbStandard.jpg" role="presentation" alt="" />
                <div class="media-action-overlay"><i class="icon sprite-icon graphic-icon"></i>
<span class="visually-hidden">graphic</span>
</div>
            </div>
            </a>
</article>
</li>
                                                                <li><article class="story theme-summary ">
    <a class="story-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/climate/how-hurricane-harvey-became-so-destructive.html">
        <div class="story-body">
                        <h2 class="headline">
                <span class="title">How Hurricane Harvey Became So Destructive</span>
                                    <time class="dateline">AUG. 28, 2017</time>
                                            </h2>
        </div>

                    <div class="thumb">
                <img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2017/08/28/us/29CLIMATE-alpha/29CLIMATE-alpha-thumbStandard.jpg" role="presentation" alt="" />
                <div class="media-action-overlay"></div>
            </div>
            </a>
</article>
</li>
                                    </ol>
            </div>
</section>

<!-- While running BundlePayFlow test, hide this module if user is in test) -->
<script type="text/javascript">
            if (window.NYTD && window.NYTD.Abra && window.NYTD.Abra('www-STORY_3bundlePayflow-v3') === '1') {
            (function() {
                require(['foundation/main'], function () {
                    require(['jquery/nyt', 'foundation/models/user-data'], function ($, userData) {
                        if (!userData.hasSynced) {
                            userData.on('change', function() {
                               checkSubStatus();
                            });
                        } else {
                            checkSubStatus();
                        }

                        function checkSubStatus() {
                            if (!userData.isHomeDeliverySubscriber() &&
                                !userData.isWebSubscriber() &&
                                !userData.isMobileSubscriber() &&
                                !userData.isTabletSubscriber()) {
                                    var relatedCoverage = document.querySelector('.related-combined-coverage');
                                    if (relatedCoverage && relatedCoverage.parentNode) {
                                        relatedCoverage.parentNode.removeChild(relatedCoverage);
                                    }
                            }
                        }
                    });
                });
            })();
        }
    </script>
<aside class="module trending-module hidden nocontent robots-nocontent" data-truncate-enabled="true"></aside><section id="whats-next" class="whats-next nocontent robots-nocontent">
    <h2 class="visually-hidden">What's Next</h2>
    <div class="nocontent robots-nocontent">
        <div class="loader-container">
            <div class="loader loader-t-logo-32x32-ecedeb-ffffff"><span class="visually-hidden">Loading...</span></div>
        </div>
    </div><!-- close nocontent -->
</section>
<div id="TopAd1" class="text-ad bottom-left-ad nocontent robots-nocontent"></div>
<div id="Top5" class="ad top5-ad hidden nocontent robots-nocontent"></div>
       <section class="module bundle-payflow-module">    <div class="bundle-payflow hidden"></div> <!-- end bundle-payflow -->
</section>


                    <div class="search-overlay"></div>
            </main><!-- close main -->
            <section id="site-index" class="site-index">
    <header class="section-header">
        <p class="user-action"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/">Go to Home Page &raquo;</a></p>
        <h2 class="section-heading">
            <span class="visually-hidden">Site Index</span>
            <a id="site-index-branding-link" href="https://www.nytimes.com/">
                <span class="visually-hidden">The New York Times</span>
            </a>
        </h2>
        <script>window.magnum.writeLogo('small', 'https://g1.nyt.com/assets/article/20180213-181600/images/foundation/logos/', '', '', 'standard', 'site-index-branding-link', '');</script>
    </header>

    <nav id="site-index-navigation" class="site-index-navigation" role="navigation">
        <h2 class="visually-hidden">Site Index Navigation</h2>
        <div class="split-6-layout layout">

                                                        
                    <div class="column">
                        <h3 class="menu-heading">News</h3>
                        <ul class="menu">

                                                                                                                                                                                    
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/world">World</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/us">U.S.</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/politics">Politics</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/nyregion">N.Y.</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/business">Business</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/technology">Tech</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/science">Science</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/health">Health</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/sports">Sports</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/education">Education</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/obituaries">Obituaries</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/pages/todayspaper/index.html">Today's Paper</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/corrections">Corrections</a>
                                    </li>

                                                            
                        </ul>
                    </div><!-- close column -->

                                            
                    <div class="column">
                        <h3 class="menu-heading">Opinion</h3>
                        <ul class="menu">

                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/index.html">Today's Opinion</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/opinion/columnists">Op-Ed Columnists</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/opinion/editorials">Editorials</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/opinion/contributors">Op-Ed Contributors</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/opinion/letters">Letters</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/opinion/sunday">Sunday Review</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/video/opinion">Video: Opinion</a>
                                    </li>

                                                            
                        </ul>
                    </div><!-- close column -->

                                            
                    <div class="column">
                        <h3 class="menu-heading">Arts</h3>
                        <ul class="menu">

                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/arts">Today's Arts</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/arts/design">Art & Design</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/books">Books</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/arts/dance">Dance</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/movies">Movies</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/arts/music">Music</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/events/">N.Y.C. Events Guide</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/arts/television">Television</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/theater">Theater</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/video/arts">Video: Arts</a>
                                    </li>

                                                            
                        </ul>
                    </div><!-- close column -->

                                            
                    <div class="column">
                        <h3 class="menu-heading">Living</h3>
                        <ul class="menu">

                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/automobiles">Automobiles</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/crosswords">Crossword</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/pages/dining/index.html">Food</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/education">Education</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/fashion">Fashion & Style</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/health">Health</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/jobs">Jobs</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/magazine">Magazine</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/events/">N.Y.C. Events Guide</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/realestate">Real Estate</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/t-magazine">T Magazine</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/travel">Travel</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/fashion/weddings">Weddings & Celebrations</a>
                                    </li>

                                                            
                        </ul>
                    </div><!-- close column -->

                                            
                    <div class="column">
                        <h3 class="menu-heading">Listings & More</h3>
                        <ul class="menu">

                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/reader-center">Reader Center</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/ref/classifieds/">Classifieds</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/marketing/tools-and-services/">Tools & Services</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/events/">N.Y.C. Events Guide</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/section/multimedia">Multimedia</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/">Photography</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/video">Video</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://store.nytimes.com/?action=click&contentCollection=NYT%20Store&contentPlacement=2&module=SectionsNav&pgtype=Homepage&region=TopBar&t=qry542&utm_campaign=NYT-HP&utm_content=hp_browsetree&utm_medium=HPB&utm_source=nytimes&version=BrowseTree">NYT Store</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/times-journeys/?utm_source=nytimes&utm_medium=HPLink&utm_content=hp_browsetree&utm_campaign=NYT-HP">Times Journeys</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/seeallnav">Subscribe</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/membercenter">Manage My Account</a>
                                    </li>

                                                                                            
                                    <li>
                                        <a href="http://www.nytco.com">NYTCo</a>
                                    </li>

                                                            
                        </ul>
                    </div><!-- close column -->

                            
            <div class="column last-column">
                
<h3 class="menu-heading">Subscribe</h3>

<ul class="menu primary-menu">
    <li class="menu-label">Subscribe</li>
    <li class="home-delivery">
        <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i>
                    <a class="nyt-home-delivery" href="https://www.nytimes.com/hdleftnav">Home Delivery</a>
            </li>
    <li class="digital-subscriptions">
        <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i>
                    <a class="digital-subscription" href="https://www.nytimes.com/digitalleftnav">Digital Subscriptions</a>
            </li>
    <li class="nyt-crossword last-item">
        <i class="icon sprite-icon"></i>
        <a id="nyt-crossword" href="https://www.nytimes.com/crosswords/index.html">Crossword</a>
    </li>
</ul>

<ul class="menu secondary-menu">

    <li class="email-newsletters">
        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/marketing/newsletters">Email Newsletters</a>
    </li>
    <li>
        <a href="https://myaccount.nytimes.com/mem/tnt.html">Alerts</a>
    </li>
    <li class="gift-subscription">
                    <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/giftleftnav">Gift Subscriptions</a>
            </li>
    <li>
                    <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/corporateleftnav">Group Subscriptions</a>
            </li>
    <li>
                    <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/educationleftnav">Education Rate</a>
            </li>

</ul>
<ul class="menu secondary-menu">
    <li>
        <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/services/mobile/index.html">Mobile Applications</a>
    </li>
    <li>
                    <a href="http://eedition.nytimes.com/cgi-bin/signup.cgi?cc=37FYY">Replica Edition</a>
            </li>
    
</ul>
            </div><!-- close column -->

        </div><!-- close split-6-layout -->

    </nav><!-- close nav -->

</section><!-- close site-index -->

            <footer id="page-footer" class="page-footer" role="contentinfo">
    <nav>
        <h2 class="visually-hidden">Site Information Navigation</h2>
         <ul>
             <li>
                <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/content/help/rights/copyright/copyright-notice.html" itemprop="copyrightNotice">
                    &copy; <span itemprop="copyrightYear">2018</span><span itemprop="copyrightHolder provider sourceOrganization" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" itemid="http://www.nytimes.com"><span itemprop="name"> The New York Times Company</span><meta itemprop="tickerSymbol" content="NYSE NYT"/></span>
                </a>
            </li>
            <li class="visually-hidden"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com">Home</a></li>
            <li class="visually-hidden"><a href="http://query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch/#/">Search</a></li>
            <li class="visually-hidden">Accessibility concerns? Email us at <a href="mailto:accessibility@nytimes.com">accessibility@nytimes.com</a>. We would love to hear from you.</li>
            <li class="wide-viewport-item"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/ref/membercenter/help/infoservdirectory.html">Contact Us</a></li>
            <li class="wide-viewport-item"><a href="http://www.nytco.com/careers">Work With Us</a></li>
            <li class="wide-viewport-item"><a href="http://nytmediakit.com/">Advertise</a></li>
            <li class="wide-viewport-item"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/content/help/rights/privacy/policy/privacy-policy.html#pp">Your Ad Choices</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/privacy">Privacy</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/ref/membercenter/help/agree.html" itemprop="usageTerms">Terms of Service</a></li>
            <li class="wide-viewport-item last-item"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/content/help/rights/sale/terms-of-sale.html">Terms of Sale</a></li>
         </ul>
    </nav>
    <nav class="last-nav">
        <h2 class="visually-hidden">Site Information Navigation</h2>
        <ul>
            <li><a href="http://spiderbites.nytimes.com">Site Map</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/membercenter/sitehelp.html">Help</a></li>
            <li><a href="https://myaccount.nytimes.com/membercenter/feedback.html">Site Feedback</a></li>
            <li class="wide-viewport-item last-item"><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp5558.html?campaignId=37WXW">Subscriptions</a></li>
        </ul>
    </nav>
</footer>
        </div><!-- close page -->
    </div><!-- close shell -->
        <script src="https://tags.bluekai.com/site/50550?ret=js&limit=1" type="text/javascript" async></script>
            <script src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/public/3013110282/s/article_prod.js" type="text/javascript" async></script>
    <script>
require(['foundation/main'], function () {
    require(['story/main']);


         

    require(['jquery/nyt', 'foundation/views/page-manager'], function ($, pageManager) {
        if (window.location.search.indexOf('disable_tagx') > 0) {
            return;
        }
        $(document).ready(function () {
            require(['https://a1.nyt.com/analytics/json-kidd.min.js'], function () {
                pageManager.trackingFireEventQueue();
            });
        });
    });
});
</script>
<!--esi                                                                                                                    
<esi:include src="/appconfig/https/show-modal.js" />                                                                       
-->

    <div id="Inv1" class="ad inv1-ad hidden"></div>
<div id="Inv2" class="ad inv2-ad hidden"></div>
<div id="Inv3" class="ad inv3-ad hidden"></div>
<div id="ab1" class="ad ab1-ad hidden"></div>
<div id="ab2" class="ad ab2-ad hidden"></div>
<div id="ab3" class="ad ab3-ad hidden"></div>
<div id="prop1" class="ad prop1-ad hidden"></div>
<div id="prop2" class="ad prop2-ad hidden"></div>
<div id="Anchor" class="ad anchor-ad hidden"></div>
<div id="ADX_CLIENTSIDE" class="ad adx-clientside-ad hidden"></div>
</body>
</html>
